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October, 1993  [Etext #87]



The World Factbook, US CIA, 1993 Edition



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This is a preliminary edition.  The final first edition should be on

file around midnight, October 31, 1993.



As usual, the margination in these reports may be rough, and another

edition should appear, somewhat neater in appearance, as a Gutenberg

volunteer will probably start work on this shortly.



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[some, not all] and extra spaces [some, not all], enough that a file

from Project Gutenberg should be enough smaller that storarge/search

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To search for information on a specific country from the list below,

search for *country:  *Afganistan, for example.  You can also search

directly for one of the categories of that country as follows:



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*Afghanistan, People

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*The Project Gutenberg Edition of the 1993 CIA World Factbook*







Central Intelligence Agency



The World Factbook 1993



Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations

A

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

American Samoa

Andorra

Angola

Anguilla

Antarctica

Antigua and Barbuda

Arctic Ocean

Argentina

Armenia

Aruba

Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Atlantic Ocean

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan



B

Bahamas, The

Bahrain

Baker Island

Bangladesh

Barbados

Bassas da India

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bermuda

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Bouvet Island

Brazil

British Indian Ocean Territory

British Virgin Islands

Brunei

Bulgaria

Burkina

Burma

Burundi



C

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Cape Verde

Cayman Islands

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

China (also see separate Taiwan entry)

Christmas Island

Clipperton Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Coral Sea Islands

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic



D

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic



E

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Europa Island



F

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Faroe Islands

Fiji

Finland

France

French Guiana

French Polynesia

French Southern and Antarctic Lands



G

Gabon

Gambia, The

Gaza Strip

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands

Greece

Greenland

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guam

Guatemala

Guernsey

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana



H

Haiti

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Holy See (Vatican City)

Honduras

Hong Kong

Howland Island

Hungary



I

Iceland

India

Indian Ocean

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank

entries)

Italy



J

Jamaica

Jan Mayen

Japan

Jarvis Island

Jersey

Johnston Atoll

Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry)

Juan de Nova Island



K

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kingman Reef

Kiribati

Korea, North

Korea, South

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan



L

Laos

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg



M

Macau

Macedonia

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Man, Isle of

Marshall Islands

Martinique

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mayotte

Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of

Midway Islands

Moldova

Monaco

Mongolia

Montserrat

Morocco

Mozambique



N

Namibia

Nauru

Navassa Island

Nepal

Netherlands

Netherlands Antilles

New Caledonia

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norfolk Island

Northern Mariana Islands

Norway



O

Oman



P

Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the

Pacific Ocean 2

Pakistan

Palmyra Atoll

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paracel Islands

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Pitcairn Islands

Poland

Portugal

Puerto Rico



Q

Qatar



R

Reunion

Romania

Russia

Rwanda



S

Saint Helena

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia and Montenegro

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Spain

Spratly Islands

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Svalbard

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syria



T

Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe

Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Togo

Tokelau

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tromelin Island

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Turks and Caicos Islands

Tuvalu



U

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

Uruguay

Uzbekistan



V

Vanuatu

Venezuela

Vietnam

Virgin Islands



W

Wake Island

Wallis and Futuna

West Bank

Western Sahara

Western Samoa

World



Y

Yemen



Z

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Taiwan



Appendixes

A: The United Nations System

B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups

C: International Organizations and Groups

D: Weights and Measures

E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names



Reference Maps

The World

North America

Central America and the

Caribbean

South America

Europe

Ethnic Groups in Eastern

Europe

Middle East

Africa

Asia

Commonwealth of Independent States--

European States

Commonwealth of Independent States--Central Asian States

Southeast Asia

Oceania

Arctic Region

Antarctic Region

Standard Time Zones of the World



There have been some significant changes in this edition. Czechoslovakia has

been superseded by the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Eritrea gained independence

from Ethiopia. The name of the Ivory Coast has been changed to Cote d'Ivoire and

the Vatican City became the Holy See. New entries include Location, Map

references, Abbreviation (often substituted for the country name), and Digraph

(two-letter country code). Names is a new entry which includes long and short

forms of both conventional and local names of countries as well as any former

names. Most diacritical marks have been omitted. The electronic files used to

produce the Factbook have been restructured into a database. As a result, the

formats of some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changes

will occur in the 1994 Factbook. Irrigated land is a new entry with the data

separate from the Land use entry. The Disputes entry is now International

disputes. The GNP/GDP entry was renamed National Product and the per capita and

real growth rate data placed in separate entries. Similar changes were made in

the Population and Diplomatic Representation entries.



Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups)



avdp.

avoirdupois



c.i.f.

cost, insurance, and freight



CY

calendar year



DWT

deadweight ton



est.

estimate



Ex-Im

Export-Import Bank of the United States



f.o.b.

free on board



FRG

Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3

October 1990 or CY91



FY

fiscal year



GDP

gross domestic product



GDR

German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3

October 1990 or CY91



GNP

gross national product



GRT

gross register ton



GWP

gross world product



km

kilometer



km2

square kilometer



kW

kilowatt



kWh

kilowatt hour



m

meter



NA

not available



NEGL

negligible



nm

nautical mile



NZ

New Zealand



ODA

official development assistance



OOF

other official flows



PDRY

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for

information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91



UAE

United Arab Emirates



UK

United Kingdom



US

United States



USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated

before 25 December 1991



YAR

Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used

for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91



Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order

administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on

Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by

BGN are noted.



Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by

international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all

surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding

inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based on

total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of

the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2,

69 miles 2) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, 0.23 miles 2,146 acres).



Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000

population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate.



Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1993 was

used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates for 1

July 1993, with population growth rates estimated for calendar year 1993. Major

political events have been updated through June 1993.



Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000

population at midyear; also known as crude death rate.



Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code'' that precisely identifies

every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is the

digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical data element

promulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS)

10-3 by the National Bureau of Standards (US Department of Commerce) and

maintained by the Office of the Geographer (US Department of State). The digraph

is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection,

processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful

for interchanging data between databases.



Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with 180

nations. The US has diplomatic relations with 174 of the 182 UN members

(excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status in the UN

is unclear)--the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Macedonia,

North Korea, and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 7

nations that are not in the UN-Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland,

Tonga, and Tuvalu.



Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official development

assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are administered

with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs as their main

objective and are concessional in character and contain a grant element of at

least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions by the official sector

whose main objective is other than development motivated or whose grant element

is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF transactions include official export

credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official equity and portfolio investment,

and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional

terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by

the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent.



Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty,

and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are

not officially recognized by the US Government. "Nation'' refers to a people

politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory.

"Dependent area" refers to a broad category of political entities that are

associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually

the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are

266 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows:



NATIONS



182

UN members (excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status

in the UN is unclear)



8

nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru,

Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu



OTHER



1

Taiwan



DEPENDENT AREAS



6

Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)

Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island



2

Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland



16

France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French

Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe,

Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre

and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna



2

Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles



3

New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau



3

Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard



1

Portugal--Macau



16

United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British

Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong

Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South

Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands



15

United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis

Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern

Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Palmyra Atoll,

Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island



MISCELLANEOUS



6

Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western

Sahara



OTHER ENTITIES



4

oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean



1

World



266

total



note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent

homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa.

Exchange rate: The value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or over a

given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and

as determined by international market forces or official fiat.



Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced

domestically in a given year.



Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced

domestically in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by

foreigners from domestic production.



Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and services

produced worldwide in a given year.



GNP/GDP methodology: In the "Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the

OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European countries are

derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from

conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally

involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are applied to the

quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. In addition to the

lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the statistician faces a

major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality of

goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate in dollars by the

corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP conversion rate. One

thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods in the US as one

thousand dollars--converted to the local currency at the PPP conversion rate--

will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the LDCs, on the other

hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in local currencies to

dollars at the official currency exchange rates. Because currency exchange rates

depend on a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often

have little relation to domestic output, use of these rates is less satisfactory

for calculating GNP/GDP than the PPP method. Furthermore, exchange rates may

suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat

whereas real output has remained unchanged. One additional caution: the

proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP in local

currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP

accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer estimates

the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; similar problems

exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency exchange rate

procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the PPP method, we

hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future editions of The

World Factbook.



Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, resulting

from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants

entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.



Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs--narcotics,

stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These

categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well

as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels.



Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides

hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot,

Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish

(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).



Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant

cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and

is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.



Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.



Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include

chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital),

benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide

(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).



Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or

behavioral change in an individual.



Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in

physical,

mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual.



Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and

emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc,

buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP,

angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others

(psilocybin, psilocyn).



Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).



Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.



Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).



Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium,

opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium

(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol

w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic

narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic

narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone

(Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil).



Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.



Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and

semisynthetic narcotics.



Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium

poppy.



Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is

chewed or drunk as tea.



Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity,

and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine),

phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert,

Sanorex, Tenuate).



Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in a

given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year.



International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that

range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one

sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international boundaries

and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the Department of State. References

to other situations may also be included that are border or frontier relevant,

such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues.

However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or

recognition by the US Government.



Irrigated land: The figure refers to the number of km 2 that is artifically

supplied with water.



Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land--land

cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice);

permanent crops--land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each

harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures--land permanently used

for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland land--under dense or open

stands of trees; and other--any land type not specifically mentioned above

(urban areas, roads, desert).



Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who represents

the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved with the day-

to-day activities of the government. The head of government is the

administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government.

In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the head

of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head

of government.



Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group of

people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in

the future.



Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless

otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition--the ability

to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual

countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of

this publication.



Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version of The World

Factbook for the foreseeable future.



Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national

claims from being extended the full distance.



Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial

vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing

vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by

nationality or register.



Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or

colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent

country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an

internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the

parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime

laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a

captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent

country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad.

The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it

is not the register of an independent state.



Flag of convenience register--A national register offering registration to a

merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC)

attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent

taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are

characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in

the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a

given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the

merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register.



Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal

jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Differences

in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned and taxed and

whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register.



Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national

register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that

nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on

the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of

profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag

state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship

Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of

an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the

national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreignowned ships to

the Norwegian and Danish flags.



Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonly

used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial

vessels only.



Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the

maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual

ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and

makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state)

regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.



Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise

indicated.



National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a given

year. See Gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national product (GNP), and

GNP/GDP methodology.



Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and

leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear

population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net

immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the

country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).



Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on

statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample

surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends.



Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per

woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore

children according to a given fertility rate at each age.



Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as

fiscal year (FY).



***



THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993



*Afghanistan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, between Iran and Pakistan

Map references:

  Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  647,500 km2

 land area:

  647,500 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan

  1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports clients

  in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources may also be active; power

  struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries

  among emerging warlords, traditional tribal disputes continue; support to

  Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan

  (Durand Line)

Climate:

  arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Terrain:

  mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

Natural resources:

  natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc,

  iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  46%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  39%

Irrigated land:

  26,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation,

  desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution, flooding

Note:

  landlocked



*Afghanistan, People



Population:

  16,494,145 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.45% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  19.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  158.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  44.41 years

 male:

  45.09 years

 female:

  43.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Afghan(s)

 adjective:

  Afghan

Ethnic divisions:

  Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar

  Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others)

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%

Languages:

  Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and

  Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much

  bilingualism

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  29%

 male:

  44%

 female:

  14%

Labor force:

  4.98 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%,

  commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.)



*Afghanistan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Islamic State of Afghanistan

 conventional short form:

  Afghanistan

 former:

  Republic of Afghanistan

Digraph:

  AF

Type:

  transitional government

Capital:

  Kabul

Administrative divisions:

  30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan,

  Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol,

  Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz,

  Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol

 note:

  there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan)

Independence:

  19 August 1919 (from UK)

Constitution:

  the old Communist-era constitution has been suspended; a new Islamic

  constitution has yet to be ratified

Legal system:

  a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has

  declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a)

National holiday:

  Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and

  Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August

Political parties and leaders:

  current political organizations include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society),

  Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic

  Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party)

  Yunis KHALIS faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic

  Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF;

  Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi

  MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National

  Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National

  Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party),

  Abdul Ali MAZARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif

  MOHSENI; a new northern organization consisting of resistance and former

  regional figures is Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement),

  Rashid DOSTUM

 note:

  the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded

Other political or pressure groups:

  the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the

  countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most

  cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders

Suffrage:

  undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50

Elections:

 President:   last held NA December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -

  Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected to a two-year term by a national shura



*Afghanistan, Government



Executive branch:

  president, prime minister; Afghan leaders are still in the process of

  choosing a cabinet (May 1993)

Legislative branch:

  a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members was chosen by the shura in

  January 1993; non-functioning as of June 1993

Judicial branch:

  an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new

  court system has not yet been organized

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Burhanuddin RABBANI (since 2 January 1993); First Vice President

  Mohammad NABI Mohammadi (since NA); First Vice President Mohammad SHAH Fazli

  (since NA)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister-designate Gulbaddin HIKMATYAR (since NA); Deputy Prime

  Minister Sulayman GAILANI (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Din MOHAMMAD

  (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad SHAH Ahmadzai (since NA)

Member of:

  AsDB (has previously been a member of), CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM

 chancery:

  2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-3770 or 3771

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  62230 through 62235 or 62436

 note:

  US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989

Flag:

  a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag

  consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green,

  with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black

  and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a

  radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band



*Afghanistan, Economy



Overview:

  Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly

  dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and

  goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and

  military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including the nearly

  10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the

  past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan

  sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 million. Another

  1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan.

  Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than

  12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of

  trade and transport.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $200 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  over 90% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton,

  hides, and pelts

 partners:

  former USSR, Pakistan

Imports:

  $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  food and petroleum products

 partners:

  former USSR, Pakistan

External debt:

  $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  480,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and

  cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper

Agriculture:

  largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products -

  wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton

Illicit drugs:

  an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug

  trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major

  source of hashish

Economic aid:   US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1

  billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million



*Afghanistan, Economy



Currency:

  1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls

Exchange rates:

  afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,019 (March 1993), 900 (November 1991), 850

  (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the free

  market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rates

Fiscal year:

  21 March - 20 March



*Afghanistan, Communications



Railroads:

  9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to

  Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment

  point on south bank of Amu Darya

Highways:

  21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated

  gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks

Inland waterways:

  total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to

  about 500 metric tons

Pipelines:

  petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand;

  natural gas 180 km

Ports:

  Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)

Airports:

 total:

  41

 usable:

  36

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  11

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  16

Telecommunications:

  limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television

  introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1

  TV; 1 satellite earth station



*Afghanistan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  the military still does not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of

  the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard

  Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias remain intact

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,094,481; fit for military service 2,196,136; reach

  military age (22) annually 153,333 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget



*Albania, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula between Serbia and Montenegro

  and Greece

Map references:

  Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  28,750 km2

 land area:

  27,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 720 km, Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km

  (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro)

Coastline:

  362 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with

  Greece

Climate:

  mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior

  is cooler and wetter

Terrain:

  mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel

Land use:

 arable land:

  21%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:   15%

 forest and woodland:

  38%

 other:

  22%

Irrigated land:

  4,230 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast

Note:

  strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea

  and Mediterranean Sea)



*Albania, People



Population:

  3,333,839 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.21% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  23.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  31.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73 years

 male:

  70.01 years

 female:

  76.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Albanian(s)

 adjective:

  Albanian

Ethnic divisions:

  Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians)

  (1989 est.)

Religions:

  Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%

 note:

  all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances

  prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious

  practice

Languages:

  Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek

Literacy:

  age 9 and over can read and write (1955)

 total population:

  72%

 male:

  80%

 female:

  63%

Labor force:

  1.5 million (1987)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986)



*Albania, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Albania

 conventional short form:

  Albania

 local long form:

  Republika e Shqiperise

 local short form:

  Shqiperia

 former:

  People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Digraph:

  AL

Type:

  nascent democracy

Capital:

  Tirane

Administrative divisions:

  26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan,

  Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd,

  Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar,

  Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore

Independence:

  28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

Constitution:

  an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991;

  a new constitution was to be drafted for adoption in 1992, but is still in

  process

Legal system:

  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 29 November (1944)

Political parties and leaders:

  there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian

  Socialist Party (ASP; formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first

  secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian

  Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek minority party), leader NA

  (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human Rights Party (UHP)); Social

  Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance Party (DAP),

  Spartak NGJELA, chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age, universal and compulsory

Elections:

 People's Assembly:

  last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP

  3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP

  1, UHP 2

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime

  ministers of the Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992)



*Albania, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since

  10 April 1992)

Member of:

  BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL,

  IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roland BIMO

 chancery:

  1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC

 telephone:

  (202) 223-4942

 FAX:

  (202) 223-4950

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William E. RYERSON

 embassy:

  Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane

 mailing address:

  PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624

 telephone:

  355-42-32875, 33520

 FAX:

  355-42-32222

Flag:

  red with a black two-headed eagle in the center



*Albania, Economy



Overview:

  The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in

  Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a

  fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over

  40 years, the Stalinist-type economy operated on the principle of central

  planning and state ownership of the means of production. Fitful economic

  reforms begun during 1991, including the liberalization of prices and trade,

  the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform, were crippled by

  widespread civil disorder. Following its overwhelming victory in the 22

  March 1992 elections, the new Democratic government announced a program of

  shock therapy to stabilize the economy and establish a market economy. In an

  effort to expand international ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic

  relations with the major republics of the former Soviet Union and the US and

  has joined the IMF and the World Bank. The Albanians have also passed

  legislation allowing foreign investment, but not foreign ownership of real

  estate. Albania possesses considerable mineral resources and, until 1990,

  was largely self-sufficient in food; however, the breakup of cooperative

  farms in 1991 and general economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign

  aid to maintain adequate supplies. In 1992 the government tightened

  budgetary contols leading to another drop in domestic output. The

  agricultural sector is steadily gaining from the privatization process. Low

  domestic output is supplemented by remittances from the 200,000 Albanians

  working abroad.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $760 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  210% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  40% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $45 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables,

  fruits, tobacco

 partners:

  Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania,

  Bulgaria, Hungary

Imports:

  $120 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery, consumer goods, grains

 partners:

  Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary,

  Bulgaria, Greece

External debt:

  $500 million (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -55% (1991 est.)

Electricity:   1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,520 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Albania, Economy



Industries:

  food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals,

  mining, basic metals, hydropower

Agriculture:

  arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now

  in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of

  temperate-zone crops and livestock

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  recipient - $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in

  loans/guarantees/credits

Currency:

  1 lek (L) = 100 qintars

Exchange rates:

  leke (L) per US$1 - 97 (January 1993), 50 (January 1992), 25 (September

  1991)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Albania, Communications



Railroads:

  543 km total; 509 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km

  narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and

  Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986

Highways:

  16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart

  roads (1990)

Inland waterways:

  43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa

  (1990)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)

Ports:

  Durres, Sarande, Vlore

Merchant marine:

  11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  12

 usable:

  10

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0  with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV;

  514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.)



*Albania, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 896,613; fit for military service 739,359; reach military

  age (19) annually 32,740 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  215 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Algeria, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia

Map references:

  Africa, Europe

Area:

 total area:

  2,381,740 km2

 land area:

  2,381,740 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco

  1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

Coastline:

  998 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; land boundary disputes with

  Tunisia under discussion

Climate:

  arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier

  with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot,

  dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Terrain:

  mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous

  coastal plain

Natural resources:   petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  13%

 forest and woodland:

  2%

 other:

  82%

Irrigated land:

  3,360 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification

Note:

  second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)



*Algeria, People



Population:

  27,256,252 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.34% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  30.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.35 years

 male:

  66.32 years

 female:

  68.41 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Algerian(s)

 adjective:

  Algerian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:   57%

 male:

  70%

 female:

  46%

Labor force:

  6.2 million (1992 est.)

 by occupation:

  government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works 16.2%,

  industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and

  communication 5.2% (1989)



*Algeria, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria

 conventional short form:

  Algeria

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah

 local short form:

  Al Jaza'ir

Digraph:

  AG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Algiers

Administrative divisions:

  48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain

  Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou

  Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued,

  El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara,

  Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi,

  Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset,

  Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen

Independence:

  5 July 1962 (from France)

Constitution:

  19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989

Legal system:

  socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative

  acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,

  including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)

Political parties and leaders:

  Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader

  HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR; National Liberation Front (FLN),

  Abdelhaid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine

  Ait AHMED, Secretary General

 note:   the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of

  31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National People's Assembly:

  first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military

  after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the

  231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and

  wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS

  55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating

 President of the High State Committee:

  next election to be held December 1993

Executive branch:

  President of the High State Committee, prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani)



*Algeria, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  High State Committee President Ali KAFI (since 2 July 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Belaid ABDESSELAM (since 8 July 1992)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC,

  UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mohamed ZARHOUNI

 chancery:

  2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-2800

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY

 embassy:

  4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers

 mailing address:

  B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers

 telephone:

  [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186

 FAX:

  [213] (2) 603979

 consulate:   Oran

Flag:

  two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red

  five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green

  are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)



*Algeria, Economy



Overview:

  The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy,

  hydrocarbons accounting for nearly all export receipts, about 30% of

  government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in

  oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious

  program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the

  mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the

  nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since full

  independence in 1988. The current government has put reform, including

  privatization of some public sector companies and an overhaul of the banking

  and financial system, on hold, but has continued efforts to admit private

  enterprise to the hydrocarbon industry.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $42 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,570 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  55% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  35% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $14.4 billion; expenditures $14.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum and natural gas 97%

 partners:

  Italy, France, US, Germany, Spain

Imports:

  $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer goods 11.8% (1990)

 partners:

  France, Italy, Germany, US, Spain

External debt:

  $26 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,834 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical,

  food processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 10.8% of GDP (1991) and employs 22% of labor force; products-

  wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, cattle; net

  importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7

  billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), -$375 million

Currency:

  1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes



*Algeria, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 22.787 (January 1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473

  (1991), 8.958 (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Algeria, Communications



Railroads:

  4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter

  gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track

Highways:

  90,031 km total; 58,868 km concrete or bituminous, 31,163 km gravel, crushed

  stone, unimproved earth (1990)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km

Ports:

  Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir,

  Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda

Merchant marine:

  75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT; includes 5

  short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 oil tanker, 9

  liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker

Airports:

 total:

  141

 usable:

  124

 with permanent-surface runways:

  53

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  32

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  65

Telecommunications:   excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the

  south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV;

  1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio

  relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to

  Morocco and Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 12 domestic; 20

  additional satellite earth stations are planned



*Algeria, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,610,342; fit for military service 4,063,261; reach

  military age (19) annually 291,685 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.36 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1993 est.)



*American Samoa, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*American Samoa, Geography



Location:

  in the South Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about

  halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  199 km2

 land area:

  199 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Rose Island and Swains Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  116 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall

  averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from

  May to October; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two

  coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)

Natural resources:

  pumice, pumicite

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  75%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  typhoons common from December to March

Note:

  Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific

  Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral

  mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean



*American Samoa, People



Population:

  53,139 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73 years

 male:

  71 years

 female:

  75 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  American Samoan(s)

 adjective:

  American Samoan

Ethnic divisions:

  Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5%

Religions:

  Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant

  denominations and other 30%

Languages:

  Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages),

  English; most people are bilingual

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  97%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  97%

Labor force:

  14,400 (1990)

 by occupation:

  government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)



*American Samoa, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of American Samoa

 conventional short form:

  American Samoa

Abbreviation:

  AS

Digraph:

  AQ

Type:

  unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US

  Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs

Capital:

  Pago Pago

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of the US)

Independence:

  none (territory of the US)

Constitution:

  ratified 1966, in effect 1967

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)

Political parties and leaders:

  NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Governor:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - A.

  P. LUTALI was elected (percent of vote NA)

 House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21

  total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swains Island)

 Senate:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate districts; seats - (18

  total) number of seats by party NA

 US House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni

  R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegate

Executive branch:

  popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate

  (appointed by county village chiefs) and a lower house or House of

  Representatives (elected)

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); Lieutenant Governor Tauese P.

  SUNIA (since 3 January 1993)



*American Samoa, Government



Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of the US)

Flag:

  blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and

  extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying

  toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of

  authority, a staff and a war club



*American Samoa, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa

  does 80-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants

  are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export.

  The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two largest employers.

  Other economic activities include a slowly developing tourist industry.

  Transfers from the US government add substantially to American Samoa's

  economic well-being.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $2,600 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  12% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $97,000,000 (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and $54,000,000

  in grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91)

Exports:

  $306 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  canned tuna 93%

 partners:

  US 99.6%

Imports:

  $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989)

 commodities:

  materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and

  parts 6%

 partners:

  US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  42,000 kW capacity; 100 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), meat canning,

  handicrafts

Agriculture:

  bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples,

  papayas, dairy farming

Economic aid:

  $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in construction funds for

  capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991)

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*American Samoa, Communications



Railroads:   none

Highways:

  350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved

Ports:

  Pago Pago, Ta'u, Ofu, Auasi, Aanu'u (new construction), Faleosao

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m :

  1 (international airport at Tafuna)

 with runways 1,200 to 2,439 m:

  0

 note:

  small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu

Telecommunications:

  8,399 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; good telex,

  telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1

  COMSAT earth station



*American Samoa, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Andorra, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, between France and Spain

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  450 km2

 land area:

  450 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:   temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers

Terrain:

  rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Natural resources:

  hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  56%

 forest and woodland:

  22%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  deforestation, overgrazing

Note:

  landlocked



*Andorra, People



Population:

  61,962 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.27% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  25.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  78.22 years

 male:

  75.35 years

 female:

  81.34 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Andorran(s)

 adjective:

  Andorran

Ethnic divisions:

  Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%

Religions:   Roman Catholic (predominant)

Languages:

  Catalan (official), French, Castilian

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Andorra, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Principality of Andorra

 conventional short form:

  Andorra

 local long form:

  Principat d'Andorra

 local short form:

  Andorra

Digraph:

  AN

Type:

  parliamentary coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France

  and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials

  called veguers; to be changed to a parliamentary form of government

Capital:

  Andorra la Vella

Administrative divisions:

  7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La

  Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Independence:

  1278

Constitution:

  Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March

  1993; to take effect within 15 days

Legal system:

  based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative

  acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September

Political parties and leaders:

  political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political

  parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General

  Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward

  Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first

  formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976

  and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party

Suffrage:

  18 years of age, universal

Elections:

 General Council of the Valleys:

  last held 12 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two

  designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent

  delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish

  vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government,

  Executive Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the

  Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil cases,

  Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases



*Andorra, Government



Leaders:

 Chiefs of State:

  French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by

  Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); Spanish Episcopal

  Co-Prince Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by

  Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata

 Head of Government:

  Executive Council President Oscar RIBAS Reig (since 10 Decmber 1989)

Member of:

  INTERPOL, IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  Andorra has no mission in the US

US diplomatic representation:

  Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the

  US Consul General visits Andorra periodically

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the

  national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features

  a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not

  have a national coat of arms in the center



*Andorra, Economy



Overview:

  The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million

  tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its

  summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status,

  also contributes significantly to the economy. Agricultural production is

  limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The

  principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly

  of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Although it is a member of the EC

  customs union, it is unclear what effect the European Single Market will

  have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free status.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $760 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $14,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  0%

Budget:

  revenues $119.4 million; expenditures $190 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990)

Exports:

  $23 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  electricity, tobacco products, furniture

 partners:

  France, Spain

Imports:

  $888.7 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  consumer goods, food

 partners:

  France, Spain

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,570 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking

Agriculture:

  sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and

  some vegetables

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  the French and Spanish currencies are used

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988); Spanish pesetas (Ptas)

  per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93

  (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Andorra, Communications



Highways:

  96 km

Telecommunications:

  international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to

  France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones



*Andorra, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France and Spain



*Angola, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia and

  Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,246,700 km2

 land area:

  1,246,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110

  km

Coastline:

  1,600 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  20 nm

International disputes:

  civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; a ceasefire held from 31

  May 1991 until October 1992, when the insurgent National Union for the Total

  Independence of Angola refused to accept its defeat in internationally

  monitored elections; fighting has since resumed across the countryside

Climate:

  semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May

  to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Natural resources:

  petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite,

  uranium

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  23%

 forest and woodland:   43%

 other:

  32%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification

Note:

  Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire



*Angola, People



Population:

  9,545,235 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.67% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  18.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  148.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  45.26 years

 male:

  43.26 years

 female:

  47.35 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Angolan(s)

 adjective:

  Angolan

Ethnic divisions:

  Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)

Languages:

  Portuguese (official), Bantu dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  42%

 male:

  56%

 female:

  28%

Labor force:

  2.783 million economically active

 by occupation:

  agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)



*Angola, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Angola

 conventional short form:

  Angola

 local long form:

  Republic de Angola

 local short form:

  Angola

 former:

  People's Republic of Angola

Digraph:

  AO

Type:

  transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong

  presidential system

Capital:

  Luanda

Administrative divisions:

  18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie,

  Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila,

  Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire

Independence:

  11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991

Legal system:

  based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to

  accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose EDUARDO

  DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National

  Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI,

  remains a legal party despite its returned to armed resistance to the

  government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National

  Assembly

Other political or pressure groups:

  Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), NZZIA Tiago, leader

 note:

  FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the

  independence of Cabinda Province

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

  first nationwide, multiparty elections were held in late September 1992 with

  disputed results; further elections are being discussed

Executive branch:   president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacrao)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992)



*Angola, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none

 representation:

  Jose PATRICIO, Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States

 address:

  Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States, 1899 L Street,

  NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038

 telephone:

  (202) 785-1156

 FAX:

  (202) 785-1258

US diplomatic representation:

 director:

  Edmund DE JARNETTE

 liaison office:

  Rua Major Kanhangolo, Nes 132/138, Luanda

 mailing address:

  CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); USLO Luanda, Department of

  State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch)

 telephone:

  [244] (2) 34-54-81

 FAX:

  [244] (2) 39-05-15

 note:

  the US maintains a liaison office in Luanda accredited to the Joint

  Political Military Commission that oversees implementation of the Angola

  Peace Accords; this office does not perform any commercial or consular

  services; the US does not maintain diplomatic relations with the Government

  of the Republic of Angola

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow

  emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a

  machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)



*Angola, Economy



Overview:

  Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the

  population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital

  to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal fighting

  continues to severely affect the nonoil economy, and food needs to be

  imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural

  resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To

  realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace

  but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and

  imbalances throughout the economy.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.7% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $950 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1,000% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $963 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish

  products, timber, cotton

 partners:

  US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil

Imports:

  $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and

  spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military

  deliveries

 partners:

  Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain

External debt:

  $8 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output

Electricity:

  510,000 kW capacity; 800 million kWh produced, 84 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  petroleum; mining diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite,

  uranium, and gold;, fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco;

  sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal products

Agriculture:

  cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar cane, manioc, tobacco; food

  crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production

  accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output;

  disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food

  imports

Economic aid:   US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements

  (1985-89), $750 million



*Angola, Economy



Currency:

  1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 kwei

Exchange rates:

  kwanza (Kz) per US$1 -4,000 (black market rate was 17,000 on 30 April 1993)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Angola, Communications



Railroads:

  3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge;

  limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil

  war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war

Highways:

  73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed

  stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  1,295 km navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 179 km

Ports:

  Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda

Merchant marine:

  12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11

  cargo, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  302

 usable:

  173

 with permanent-surface runways:

  32

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  17

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  57

Telecommunications:

  limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high

  frequency radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  stations



*Angola, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and

  Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,204,155; fit for military service 1,109,292; reach

  military age (18) annually 94,919 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Anguilla, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Anguilla, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 270 km east of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  91 km2

 land area:

  91 km2

 comparative area:

  about half the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  61 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Terrain:

  flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone

Natural resources:

  negligible; salt, fish, lobster

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt

  ponds)

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October)



*Anguilla, People



Population:

  7,006 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.64% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -9.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  17.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.89 years

 male:

  71.1 years

 female:

  76.7 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.09 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Anguillan(s)

 adjective:

  Anguillan

Ethnic divisions:

  black African

Religions:

  Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman

  Catholic 3%, other 12%

Languages:

  English (official)

Literacy:

  age 12 and over can read and write (1984)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  95%

 female:   95%

Labor force:

  2,780 (1984)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Anguilla, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Anguilla

Digraph:

  AV

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  The Valley

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  1 April 1982

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Anguilla Day, 30 May

Political parties and leaders:

  Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP),

  Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP

  1, independent 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan W.

  SHARE (since August 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from

  February 1977 to May 1980)

Member of:

  CARICOM (observer), CDB

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with

  three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the

  white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990



*Anguilla, Economy



Overview:

  Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on

  lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants.

  In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism.

  Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure,

  particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $47.4 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6.5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,800 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.6% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (1988 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital

  expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $1.4 million (f.o.b., 1987)

 commodities:

  lobster and salt

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $10.3 million (f.o.b., 1987)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 862 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, boat building, salt

Agriculture:

  pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry,

  fishing (including lobster)

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38

  million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Anguilla, Communications



Highways:

  60 km surfaced

Ports:

  Road Bay, Blowing Point

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1 (1,000 m at Wallblake Airport)

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,

  1 FM, no TV; radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin



*Anguilla, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Antarctica, Geography



Location:

  continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle

Map references:

  Antarctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  14 million km2 (est.)

 land area:

  14 million km2 (est.)

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

 note:

  second-smallest continent (after Australia)

Land boundaries:

  none, but see entry on International disputes

Coastline:

  17,968 km

Maritime claims:

  none, but see entry on International Disputes

International disputes:

  Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below);

  sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France

  (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and

  UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of

  other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve

  the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between

  90 degrees west and 150 degrees west, where, because of floating ice,

  Antarctica is unapproachable from the sea

Climate:

  severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the

  ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher

  elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher

  temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below

  freezing

Terrain:

  about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average

  elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897

  meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land,

  Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on

  McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline,

  and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent

Natural resources:

  none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum

  and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small,

  uncommercial quantities

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2



*Antarctica, Geography



Environment:

  mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from

  the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a

  circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic

  storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches

  the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an

  equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,

  which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had

  dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism

  on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic

  activity rare and weak

Note:

  the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent



*Antarctica, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally staffed research

  stations

 Summer (January) population:

  over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile

  256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12,

  India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264,

  Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116,

  Uruguay NA, US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90)

 Winter (July) population:

  over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China

  NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14,

  NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR

  313 (1989-90)

 Year-round stations:

  42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1,

  France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South

  Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, former USSR 6 (1990-91)

 Summer only stations:

   over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1,

  Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2,

  UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the

  former USSR has placed the status and future of its Antarctic facilities in

  doubt; stations may be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing

  economic difficulties



*Antarctica, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Antarctica

Digraph:

  AY

Type:

 Antarctic Treaty Summary:

  The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23

  June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica.

  Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 17th

  Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Venice in November 1992.

  Currently, there are 41 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 15

  acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim

  portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19

  nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims

  have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of

  others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted

  to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country

  was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina,

  Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant

  consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador

  (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan,

  South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South

  Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia.

  Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses,

  are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba

  (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala

  (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania

  (1971), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992).

 Article 1:

  area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as

  weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be

  used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose

 Article 2:

  freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue

 Article 3:

  free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and

  other international agencies

 Article 4:

  does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new

  claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force

 Article 5:

  prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes

 Article 6:

  includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00

  minutes south

 Article 7:

  treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to

  any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance

  notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must

  be given

 Article 8:

  allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states

 Article 9:

  frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations



*Antarctica, Government



 Article 10:

  treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that

  are contrary to the treaty

 Article 11:

  disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately,

  by the ICJ

 Article 12, 13, 14:

  deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved

  nations

 Other agreements:

  more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and

  ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of

  Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of

  Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine

  Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988

  but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental

  Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this

  agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through

  five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental

  impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits

  all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research;

  four parties have ratified Protocol as of June 1993

Legal system:

  US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such

  as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries.

  Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic

  Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and

  criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by

  regulation of statute: The taking of native mammals or birds; the

  introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially

  protected or scientific areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and

  the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of

  the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines

  and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation,

  and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US

  Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to

  Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs,

  Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such

  plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more

  information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National

  Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550.



*Antarctica, Economy



Overview:

  No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and

  small-scale tourism, both based abroad.



*Antarctica, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations

Airports:

  42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 national

  governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by

  commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of

  these locations; runways at 10 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice,

  or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved

  runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by

  ski-equipped planes--11 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways

  less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of

  unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe

  restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic

  conditions; airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from

  governments required for landing



*Antarctica, Defense Forces



Note:

  the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as

  the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of

  military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use

  of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other

  peaceful purposes



*Antigua and Barbuda, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  440 km2

 land area:

  440 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Redonda

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  153 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas

Natural resources:

  negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Land use:

 arable land:

  18%  permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  16%

 other:

  59%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient

  freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural

  harbors



*Antigua and Barbuda, People



Population:

  64,406 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.51% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.83 years

 male:

  70.81 years

 female:

  74.95 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)

 adjective:

  Antiguan, Barbudan

Ethnic divisions:

  black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Religions:

  Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic

Languages:

  English (official), local dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1960)

 total population:

  89%

 male:   90%

 female:

  88%

Labor force:

  30,000

 by occupation:

  commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)



*Antigua and Barbuda, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Antigua and Barbuda

Digraph:

  AC

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Saint John's

Administrative divisions:

  6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint,   John, Saint Mary, Saint

Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip

Independence:

  1 November 1981 (from UK)

Constitution:

  1 November 1981

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 November (1981)

Political parties and leaders:

  Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United

  Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER

Other political or pressure groups:

  United Progressive Party (UPP), headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition of

  three opposition political parties - the United National Democratic Party

  (UNDP); the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and the

  Progressive Labor Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU),

  headed by Noel THOMAS

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor

  since 1976)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime

  Minister Lester BIRD (since NA)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS



*Antigua and Barbuda, Government



 chancery:

  Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225

 consulate:

  Miami

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in

  his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant J. SALTER

 embassy:

  Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's

 mailing address:

  FPO AA 34054-0001

 telephone:

  (809) 462-3505 or 3506

 FAX:

  (809) 462-3516

Flag:

  red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag;

  the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and

  white with a yellow rising sun in the black band



*Antigua and Barbuda, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important

  determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP

  expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct

  contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors -

  particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although

  Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a

  labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it has been hurt in 1991-92

  by a downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US

  recession.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $424 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.4% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,600 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6.5% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (1988 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $105 million; expenditures $161 million, including capital

  expenditures of $56 million (1992)

Exports:

  $32 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%,

  machinery and transport equipment 17%

 partners:

  OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%

Imports:

  $317.5 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,

  chemicals, oil

 partners:

  US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50%

External debt:

  $250 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP

Electricity:

  52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household

  appliances)

Agriculture:

  accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and

  livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane;

  not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and

  OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Antigua and Barbuda, Communications



Railroads:   64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost

  exclusively for handling sugarcane

Highways:

  240 km

Ports:

  Saint John's

Merchant marine:

  149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 529,202 GRT/778,506 DWT; includes 96

  cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 21 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1

  multifunction large-load carrier, 2 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 2 bulk;

  note - a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter

  links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2

  shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Antigua and Barbuda, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police

  Force (including the Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY90/91)



*Arctic Ocean, Geography



Location:

  body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  14.056 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's

  four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)

 note:

  includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian

  Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and

  other tributary water bodies

Coastline:

  45,389 km

International disputes:

  some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a

  maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia

Climate:

  polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual

  temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and

  stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by

  continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or

  snow

Terrain:

  central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages

  about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times

  that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly

  straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark

  Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open

  seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and

  extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50%

  continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a

  central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera,

  Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the

  Fram Basin

Natural resources:

  sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and

  gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

Environment:

  endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands

  occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from

  glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow

  cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and

  lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from

  October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from

  disruptions or damage

Note:

  major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific

  Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from

  October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia;

  shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia,

  floating research stations operated by the US and Russia



*Arctic Ocean, Government



Digraph:

  XQ



*Arctic Ocean, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources,

  including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.



*Arctic Ocean, Communications



Ports:

  Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Telecommunications:

  no submarine cables

Note:

  sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage

  (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal

  waterways



*Argentina, Geography



Location:

  Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Chile and

  Uruguay

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,766,890 km2

 land area:

  2,736,690 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US

Land boundaries:

  total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay

  1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Coastline:

  4,989 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of

  the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland

  Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British-administered South Georgia and the

  South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica

Climate:

  mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Terrain:

  rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of

  Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border

Natural resources:

  fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese,

  petroleum, uranium

Land use:

 arable land:

  9%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  52%

 forest and woodland:

  22%

 other:

  13%

Irrigated land:

  17,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are

  violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil

  degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires



*Argentina, Geography



Note:

  second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location

  relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans

  (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)



*Argentina, People



Population:

  33,533,256 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.13% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.64 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  30 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.19 years

 male:

  67.91 years

 female:

  74.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.72 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Argentine(s)

 adjective:

  Argentine

Ethnic divisions:

  white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15%

Religions:

  nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%,

  Jewish 2%, other 6%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  96%

 female:

  95%

Labor force:

  10.9 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.)



*Argentina, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Argentine Republic

 conventional short form:

  Argentina

 local long form:

  Republica Argentina

 local short form:

  Argentina

Digraph:

  AR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Buenos Aires

Administrative divisions:

  23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 federal district*,   (distrito federal);

Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba,

  Corrientes, Distrito Federal*, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La,   Rioja, Mendoza,

Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis,

  Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego (Territorio

  Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur),

  Tucuman

 note:

  the national territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does

  not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:   9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  1 May 1853

Legal system:

  mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)

Political parties and leaders:

  Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political

  organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately

  left-of-center party; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO,

  conservative party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist

  party; Dignity and Independence Political Party (MODIN), Aldo RICO,

  right-wing party; several provincial parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  Peronist-dominated labor movement; General Confederation of Labor (CGT;

  Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Argentine Industrial Union

  (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'

  association); business organizations; students; the Roman Catholic Church;

  the Armed Forces

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats; seats (254

  total) - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 (1993)

 President:

  last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul

  MENEM was elected



*Argentina, Government



 Senate:

  last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for

  indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the

  national senate in May 1992; seats (46 total) - JP 27, UCR 14, others 5

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

  or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

  Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position

  vacant)

Member of:

  AG (observer), Australian Group, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19,

  G-24, AfDB, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA,

  LORCS, MERCOSUR, MINURSO, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS

 chancery:

  1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6400 through 6403

 consulates general:

  Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto

  Rico)

 consulates:

  Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador James CHEEK (since 28 May 1993)

 embassy:

  4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34034

 telephone:

  [54] (1) 774-7611 or 8811, 9911

 FAX:

  [54] (1) 775-4205

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue;

  centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known

  as the Sun of May



*Argentina, Economy



Overview:

  Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population,

  an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base.

  Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the

  economy in the late 1980s was plagued with huge external debts and recurring

  bouts of hyperinflation. Elected in 1989, in the depths of recession,

  President MENEM has implemented a comprehensive economic restructuring

  program that shows signs of putting Argentina on a path of stable,

  sustainable growth. Argentina's currency has traded at par with the US

  dollar since April 1991, and inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 20

  years. Argentines have responded to the relative price stability by

  repatriating flight capital and investing in domestic industry. Much remains

  to be done in the 1990s in dismantling the old statist barriers to growth

  and in solidifying the recent economic gains.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $112 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,400 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  17.7% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  6.9% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $33.1 billion; expenditures $35.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992)

Exports:

  $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool

 partners:

  US 12%, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Netherlands

Imports:

  $14.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants,

  agricultural products

 partners:

  US 22%, Brazil, Germany, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands

External debt:

  $54 billion (June 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 10% (1992 est.); accounts for 26% of GDP

Electricity:

  17,911,000 kW capacity; 51,305 million kWh produced, 1,559 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and

  petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Agriculture:

  accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both

  domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain

  and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets

Illicit drugs:

  increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and

  Europe



*Argentina, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million

Currency:

  1 peso = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  pesos per US$1 - 0.99000 (January1993), 0.99064 (1992), 0.95355 (1991),

  0.48759 (1990), 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Argentina, Communications



Railroads:

  34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of

  1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow

  gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge

Highways:

  208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved

  earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  11,000 km navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km

Ports:

  Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, La Plata, Rosario, Santa Fe

Merchant marine:

  60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,695,420 GRT/1,073,904 DWT; includes

  30 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 railcar carrier, 14 oil

  tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

 total:

  1,700

 usable:

  1,451

 with permanet-surface runways:

  137

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  31

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  326

Telecommunications:

  extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones);

  microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13

  shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite

  network has 40 earth stations



*Argentina, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,

  National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only),

  National Aeronautical Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 8,267,316; fit for military service 6,702,303; reach

  military age (20) annually 284,641 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Armenia, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, between Turkey and Azerbaijan

Map references:

  Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle

  East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  29,800 km2

 land area:

  28,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 1,254 km, Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia

  164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian

  exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in

  southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey

  have greatly subsided

Climate:

  continental, hot, and subject to drought

Terrain:

  high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing

  rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Natural resources:

  small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Land use:

 arable land:

  29%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  15%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  56%

Irrigated land:

  3,050 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan; energy

  blockade has led to deforestation as citizens scavenge for firewood, use of

  Lake Sevan water for hydropower has lowered lake level, threatened fish

  population

Note:

  landlocked



*Armenia, People



Population:

  3,481,207 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  28.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.77 years

 male:

  68.36 years

 female:

  75.36 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Armenian(s)

 adjective:

  Armenian

Ethnic divisions:

  Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Religions:

  Armenian Orthodox 94%

Languages:

  Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  1.63 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40%

  (1990)



*Armenia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Armenia

 conventional short form:

  Armenia

 local long form:

  Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

 local short form:   Hayastan

 former:

  Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic

Digraph:

  AM

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Yerevan

Administrative divisions:

  none (all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction)

Independence:

  23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted NA April 1978; post-Soviet constitution not yet adopted

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National Democratic

  Union; National Self-Determination Association; Armenian Democratic Liberal

  Organization, Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party (Armenian

  Revolutionary Federation, ARF), Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; Chairman of

  Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN; Christian Democratic Union;

  Constitutional Rights Union; Republican Party

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 16 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Levon Akopovich

  TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists about 7%; note - Levon TER-PETROSYAN

  was elected Chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet 4 August 1990

 Supreme Soviet:

  last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (240 total) non-aligned 149, Armenian National Movement

  52, Armenian Democratic Liberal Organization 14, Dashnatktsutyan 12,

  National Democratic Union 9, Christian Democratic Union 1, Constitutional

  Rights Union 1, National Self-Determination Association 1, Republican Party

  1

Executive branch:

  president, council of ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice

  President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991)



*Armenia, Government



 Head of Government:   Prime Minister Hrant BAGRATYAN (since NA February 1993); Supreme Soviet

  Chairman Babken ARARKTSYAN (since NA 1990)

Member of:

  BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Rouben SHUGARIAN

 chancery:

  122 C Street NW, Suite 360, Washington, DC 20001

 telephone:

  (202) 628-5766

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Designate Harry GILMORE

 embassy:

  18 Gen Bagramian, Yerevan

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  (7) (885) 215-1122, 215-1144

 FAX:

  (7) (885) 215-1122

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold



*Armenia, Economy



Overview:

  Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile,

  machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to

  sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials

  and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the

  republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has

  been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the

  Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave

  within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright

  warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the

  Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleaguered

  Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed

  about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has

  not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been

  disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central

  USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the

  earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of

  Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of

  the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of

  nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are

  largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem

  particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high

  dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of

  transformation. The dramatic drop in output in 1992 is attributable largely

  to the cumulative impact of the blockade; of particular importance was the

  shutting off in the summer of 1992 of rail and road links to Russia through

  Georgia due to civil strife in the latter republic.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -34% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  2% of officially registered unemployed but large numbers of underemployed

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $30 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b.,

  1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, light industrial products, processed food

  items (1991)

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $300 million from outside the successor statees of the former USSR (c.i.f.,

  1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991)

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $650 million (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -50% (1992 est.)



*Armenia, Economy



Electricity:

  2,875,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 2,585 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting

  machine tools (5.5%), forging-pressing machines (1.9%), electric motors

  (9%), tires (1.5%), knitted wear (4.4%), hosiery (3.0%), shoes (2.2%), silk

  fabric (0.8%), washing machines (2.0%), chemicals, trucks, watches,

  instruments, and microelectronics (1990)

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 20% of GDP; only 29% of land area is arable; employs 18%

  of labor force; citrus, cotton, and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan

  are famous for brandy and other liqueurs

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a

  transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  wheat from US, Turkey

Currency:   retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Armenia, Communications



Railroads:

  840 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  11,300 km total; 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  natural gas 900 km (1991)

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 total:

  12

 useable:

  10

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  progress on installation of fiber optic cable and construction of facilities

  for mobile cellular phone service remains in the negotiation phase for joint

  venture agreement; Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about

  110,000 are in Yerevan; average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons;

  international connections to other former republics of the USSR are by

  landline or microwave and to other countries by satellite and by leased

  connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; broadcast

  stations - 100% of population receives Armenian and Russian TV programs;

  satellite earth station - INTELSAT



*Armenia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 848,223; fit for military service 681,058; reach military

  age (18) annually 28,101 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  250 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the

  military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

  produce misleading results



*Aruba, Header



Affiliation:

  (part of the Dutch realm)



*Aruba, Geography



Location:

  in the southern Caribbean Sea, 28 km north of Venezuela and 125 km east of

  Colombia

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  193 km2

 land area:

  193 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  68.5 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  flat with a few hills; scant vegetation

Natural resources:

  negligible; white sandy beaches

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt



*Aruba, People



Population:

  65,117 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.66% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.3 years

 male:

  72.65 years

 female:

  80.13 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Aruban(s)

 adjective:

  Aruban

Ethnic divisions:

  mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, Jewish

Languages:

  Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English

  dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)



*Aruba, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Aruba

Digraph:

  AA

Type:

  part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986

  upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles

Capital:

  Oranjestad

Administrative divisions:

  none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)

Independence:

  none (part of the Dutch realm; in 1990, Aruba requested and received from

  the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give

  independence to the island in 1996)

Constitution:

  1 January 1986

Legal system:

  based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

National holiday:

  Flag Day, 18 March

Political parties and leaders:

  Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP),

  Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New

  Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny

  NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86

  (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OLA), Glenbert

  CROES

 note:

  governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislature:

  last held 8 January 1993 (next to be held by NA January 1997); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 9, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPA 1,

  OLA 1, other 1

Executive branch:

  Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral legislature (Staten)

Judicial branch:

  Joint High Court of Justice

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by

  Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since NA)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)

Member of:

  ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)

Flag:

  blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and

  a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner



*Aruba, Economy



Overview:

  Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil

  refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly

  between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has

  steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening

  of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign

  exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $14,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.6% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  3% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital

  expenditures of $42 million (1988)

Exports:

  $902.4 million, including oil re-exports (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  mostly petroleum products

 partners:

  US 64%, EC

Imports:

  $1,311.3 million, including oil for processing and re-export (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  food, consumer goods, manufactures, petroleum products

 partners:

  US 8%, EC

External debt:

  $81 million (1987)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 14,610 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining

Agriculture:

  poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the

  cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing

Illicit drugs:

  drug money laundering center

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220

  million

Currency:

  1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Aruba, Communications



Highways:

  NA km all-weather highways

Ports:

  Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

 note:

  government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights

Telecommunications:

  generally adequate; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links;

  72,168 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 submarine cable

  to Sint Maarten



*Aruba, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the Indian Ocean, 320 km off the northwest coast of Australia, between

  Australia and Indonesia

Map references:

  Oceania, Southeast Asia

Area:

 total area:

  5 km2

 land area:

  5 km2

 comparative area:

  about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  74.1 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  low with sand and coral

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (all grass and sand)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve

  established in August 1983



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are only seasonal caretakers



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

 conventional short form:

  Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Digraph:

  AT

Type:

  territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Arts,

  Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories

Capital:

  none; administered from Canberra, Australia

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)

Legal system:

  relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territory of Australia)



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only



*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal

  Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force



*Atlantic Ocean, Geography



Location:

  body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Europe/Africa

Map references:   Africa, Antarctic Region, Arctic Region, Central America and the Caribbean,

  Europe, North America, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  82.217 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the

  world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean

  or Arctic Ocean)

 note:

  includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait,

  Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea,

  Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Coastline:

  111,866 km

International disputes:

  some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Climate:

  tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape

  Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from

  May to December, but are most frequent from August to November

Terrain:

  surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and

  Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular

  system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre

  in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic

  Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin;

  maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench

Natural resources:

  oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel

  aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones

Environment:

  endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles,

  and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and

  eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake

  Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal

  sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs

  common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from

  February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the

  Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern

  Atlantic

Note:

  ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October

  to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be

  a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the

  Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals;

  strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona

  Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping

  lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the

  Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean



*Atlantic Ocean, Government



Digraph:   ZH



*Atlantic Ocean, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources,

  especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and

  natural gas production (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea).



*Atlantic Ocean, Communications



Ports:

  Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain),

  Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen

  (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki

  (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon

  (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal

  (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria),

  Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam

  (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm

  (Sweden)

Telecommunications:

  numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK,

  North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links

  across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network

Note:

  Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways



*Australia, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, between Indonesia and New Zealand

Map references:

  Southeast Asia, Oceania, Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  7,686,850 km2

 land area:

  7,617,930 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than the US

 note:

  includes Macquarie Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  25,760 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)

Climate:

  generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

Terrain:

  mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

Natural resources:

  bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten,

  mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  58%

 forest and woodland:

  14%

 other:

  22%

Irrigated land:

  18,800 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited

  freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical,

  invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along west coast in

  summer; desertification

Note:

  world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country



*Australia, People



Population:

  17,827,204 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.41% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  7.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.36 years

 male:   74.24 years

 female:

  80.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Australian(s)

 adjective:

  Australian

Ethnic divisions:

  Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1%

Religions:

  Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%

Languages:

  English, native languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  8.63 million (September 1991)

 by occupation:

  finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale

  and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1%

  (1987)



*Australia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Commonwealth of Australia

 conventional short form:

  Australia

Digraph:

  AS

Type:

  federal parliamentary state

Capital:

  Canberra

Administrative divisions:

  6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales,,   Northern

Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,,   Western Australia

Dependent areas:

  Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,

  Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island

Independence:

  1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

Constitution:   9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Legal system:

  based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Australia Day, 26 January

Political parties and leaders:

 government:

  Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING

 opposition:

  Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian

  Democratic Party, John COULTER

Other political or pressure groups:

  Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter

  group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party

  splinter group)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1996); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National 65,

  independent 2

 Senate:

  last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1999); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) Liberal-National 36, Labor 30,

  Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, independents 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a

  lower house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  High Court



*Australia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime

  Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM,

  CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador Michael J. COOK

 chancery:

  1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 797-3000

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American

  Samoa), and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96549

 telephone:

  [61] (6) 270-5000

 FAX:

  [61] (6) 270-5970

 consulates general:

  Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney

 consulate:

  Brisbane

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large

  seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a

  representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small

  five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars



*Australia, Economy



Overview:

  Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per

  capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries.

  Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural

  products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are

  primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world

  commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is

  pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in

  international markets continues to be severe.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $293.5 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  2.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $16,700 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  0.8% (September 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  11.3% (December 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $68.5 billion; expenditures $78.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY93)

Exports:   $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91)

 commodities:

  coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment

 partners:

  Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong

  Kong

Imports:

  $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, crude oil

  and petroleum products

 partners:

  US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990)

External debt:

  $130.4 billion (June 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 32% of GDP

Electricity:

  40,000,000 kW capacity; 150,000 million kWh produced, 8,475 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals,

  steel

Agriculture:

  accounts for 5% of GDP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter

  of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters;

  major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep,

  poultry

Illicit drugs:

  Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;

  government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation

  and output of poppy straw concentrate

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents



*Australia, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Australia, Communications



Railroads:

  40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified;

  government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned

  track) (1985)

Highways:

  837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or

  stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km

Ports:

  Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart,

  Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

Merchant marine:

  82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,271 GRT/3,534,926 DWT; includes

  2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 7 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle

  carrier, 17 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 30 bulk, 2

  combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  481

 usable:

  439

 with permanent-surface runways:

  243

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  268

Telecommunications:

  good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast

  stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New

  Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Australia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,830,068; fit for military service 4,198,622; reach

  military age (17) annually 135,591 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93)



*Austria, Geography



Location:

  Central Europe, between Germany and Hungary

Map references:

  Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:   83,850 km2

 land area:

  82,730 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:

  total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy

  430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland

  164 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands

  and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers

Terrain:

  in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and

  northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

Natural resources:

  iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite,

  copper, hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  17%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  24%

 forest and woodland:

  39%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  40 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor

  soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

Note:

  landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many

  easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube



*Austria, People



Population:

  7,915,145 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.55% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.4 years

 male:

  73.18 years

 female:

  79.8 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Austrian(s)

 adjective:

  Austrian

Ethnic divisions:

  German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9%

Languages:

  German

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1974)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  3.47 million (1989)

 by occupation:

  services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and forestry 8.1%

 note:

  an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries;

  foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988)



*Austria, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Austria

 conventional short form:

  Austria

 local long form:

  Republik Oesterreich

 local short form:

  Oesterreich

Digraph:

  AU

Type:   federal republic

Capital:

  Vienna

Administrative divisions:

  9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten,

  Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg,

  Wien

Independence:

  12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Constitution:

  1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945)

Legal system:

  civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts

  by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme

  courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 26 October (1955)

Political parties and leaders:

  Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman;

  Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of

  Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter

  SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER,

  chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation

  (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's

  Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League

  of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay

  organization, Catholic Action

Suffrage:

  19 years of age, universal; compulsory for presidential elections

Elections:

 President:

  last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of second ballot -

  Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43%

 National Council:

  last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%,

  OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total)

  SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10

Executive branch:

  president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council

  or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council

  (Nationalrat)



*Austria, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases,

  Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases,

  Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases

Leaders:

 Chief of State:   President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard

  BUSEK (since 2 July 1991)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM

  (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG,

  OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Friedrich HOESS

 chancery:

  3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035

 telephone:

  (202) 895-6700

 FAX:

  (202) 895-6750

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON

 chancery:

  Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Unit 27937, Vienna

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09222

 telephone:

  [43] (1) 31-339

 FAX:

  [43] (1) 310-0682

 consulate general:

  Salzburg

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red



*Austria, Economy



Overview:

  Austria boasts a prosperous and stable socialist market economy with a

  sizable proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits.

  Thanks to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor

  force, and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies

  specialized niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and

  produces almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force

  in agriculture. Increased export sales resulting from German unification,

  continued to boost Austria's economy through 1991. However, Germany's

  economic difficulties in 1992 slowed Austria's GDP growth to 2% from the 3%

  of 1991. Austria's economy, moreover, is not expected to grow by more than

  1% in 1993, and inflation is forecast to remain about 4%. Unemployment will

  likely remain at current levels at least until 1994. Living standards in

  Austria are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western

  Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level

  of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budgetary

  capabilities. The continued opening of Eastern European markets, however,

  will increase demand for Austrian exports. Austria, a member of the European

  Free Trade Association (EFTA), in 1992 ratified the European Economic Area

  Treaty, which will extend European Community rules on the free movement of

  people, goods, capital and services to the EFTA countries, and Austrians

  plan to hold a national referendum within the next two years to vote on EC

  membership.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $141.3 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $18,000 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  6.4% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $47.8 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $43.5 billion (1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products,

  chemicals

 partners:

  EC 65.8% (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan

  1.7%, US 2.8% (1991)

Imports:

  $50.7 billion (1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals,

  textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals

 partners:

  EC 67.8% (Germany 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, Japan

  4.8%, US 3.9% (1991)

External debt:

  $11.8 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.0% (1991)

Electricity:

  17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,300 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Austria, Economy



Industries:

  foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and

  pulp, tourism, mining, motor vehicles

Agriculture:

  accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals -

  grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry;

  80-90% self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion

Currency:

  1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschen

Exchange rates:

  Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.363 (January 1993), 10.989 (1992),

  11.676 (1991), 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Austria, Communications



Railroads:

  5,749 km total; 5,652 km government owned and 97 km privately owned (0.760-,

  1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,394 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which

  3,154 km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 339 km 0.760-meter

  narrow gauge of which 84 km is electrified

Highways:

  95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of

  autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this

  number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there

  are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)

Inland waterways:

  446 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km

Ports:

  Vienna, Linz (Danube river ports)

Merchant marine:

  29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,159 GRT/256,765 DWT; includes 23

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  55

 usable:

  55

 with permanent-surface runways:

  20

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6

  AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations

  for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems



*Austria, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (including Flying Division)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,016,464; fit for military service 1,694,140; reach

  military age (19) annually 50,259 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 0.9% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Azerbaijan, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, between Armenia and Turkmenistan, bordering the Caspian

  Sea

Map references:

  Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,

  Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle East, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  86,600 km2

 land area:

  86,100 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maine

 note:

  includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh

  Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijan Supreme

  Soviet on 26 November 1991

Land boundaries:

  total 2,013 km, Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia

  322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey

  9 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

 note:

  Azerbaijan does border the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)

Maritime claims:

  NA

 note:

  Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone provided for

  in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet Union and Iran

International disputes:

  violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of

  Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan; some Azerbaijanis

  desire absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of

  Iran; minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border

Climate:

  dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought

Terrain:

  large, flat Kura-Aras Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great

  Caucasus Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on

  Aspheson Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina

Land use:

 arable land:

  18%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  57%

Irrigated land:

  14,010 km2 (1990)



*Azerbaijan, Geography



Environment:

  local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait,

  and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world"

  because of severe air and water pollution

Note:

  landlocked



*Azerbaijan, People



Population:

  7,573,435 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.5% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.6 years

 male:

  66.77 years

 female:

  74.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.76 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Azerbaijani(s)

 adjective:   Azerbaijani

Ethnic divisions:

  Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%, note

  - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the

  ethnic violence since 1989 census

Religions:

  Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8%

Languages:

  Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6%

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  2.789 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, other 42%

  (1990)



*Azerbaijan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Azerbaijan

 conventional short form:

  Azerbaijan

 local long form:

  Azarbaijchan Respublikasy

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  AJ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Baku (Baky)

Administrative divisions:

  1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika); Nakhichevan (administrative

  center at Nakhichevan)

 note:

  all rayons except for the exclave of Nakhichevan are under direct republic

  jurisdiction; 1 autonomous oblast, Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by

  Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991) has declared itself

  Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Independence:

  30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted NA April 1978; writing a new constitution mid-1993

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  New Azerbaijan Party, ALIYEV; Musavat Party (Azerbaijan Popular Front -

  APF), Isa GAMBAROV; National Independence Party (main opposition party),

  Etibar MAMEDOV; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Zardusht Ali ZADE; Party of

  Revolutionary Revival (successor to the Communist Party), Sayad Afes OGLV,

  general secretary; Party of Independent Azerbaijan, SOVLEYMANOV

Other political or pressure groups:

  self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Abdulfaz Ali ELCHIBEY,

  won 60% of vote

 National Council:

  last held 30 September and 14 October 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next

  expected to be held late 1993 for the National Council); seats for Supreme

  Soviet - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of

  opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - on 19 May 1992 the Supreme

  Soviet was disbanded in favor of a Popular Front-dominated National Council;

  seats - (50 total) 25 Popular Front, 25 opposition elements

Executive branch:

  president, council of ministers

Legislative branch:

  National Parliament (National Assembly or Milli Mejlis)



*Azerbaijan, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ebulfez ELCHIBEY (since 7 June 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Penah HUSEYNOV (since 29 April 1993; resigned 7 June 1993;

  likely replacement - E'tibar MAMEDOV); National Parliament Chairman Isa

  GAMBAROV (since 19 May 1992; resigned 13 June 1993; likely replacement

  Geydar ALIYEV)

Member of:

  BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDB, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NACC, OIC,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV

 chancery:

  1615 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador Richard MILES

 embassy:

  Hotel Intourist, Baku

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  7-8922-91-79-56

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and

  eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band



*Azerbaijan, Economy



Overview:

  Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia,

  the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in

  its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low

  standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil,

  and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline

  for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate

  the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest,

  marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim

  Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan

  accounted for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former

  Soviet Union. Azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the ex-Soviet

  republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but

  its considerable energy resources brighten its propects somewhat. Old

  economic ties and structures have yet to be replaced. A particularly galling

  constraint on economic revival is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, said to

  consume 25% of Azerbaijan's economic resources.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -25% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20% per month (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  0.2% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

  underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $821 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b.,

  1992 est.)

 commodities:

  oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991)

 partners:

  mostly CIS and European countries

Imports:

  $300 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f.,

  1992 est.)

 commodities:   machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991)

 partners:

  European countries

External debt:

  $1.3 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -27% (1992)

Electricity:

  6,025,000 kW capacity; 22,300 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel,

  iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Agriculture:

  cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs,

  sheep and goats



*Azerbaijan, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit

  drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  wheat from Turkey

Currency:

  1 manat (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles; ruble still used

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Azerbaijan, Communications



Railroads:

  2,090 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,130 km, petroleum products 630 km, natural gas 1,240 km

Ports:

  inland - Baku (Baky)

Airports:

 total:

  65

 useable:

  33

 with permanent-surface runways:

  26

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:   8

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  23

Telecommunications:

  domestic telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; 644,000

  domestic telephone lines (density - 9 lines per 100 persons (1991)), 202,000

  persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991); connections to

  other former USSR republics by cable and microwave and to other countries

  via the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station

  installed in late 1992 in Baku with Turkish financial assistance with access

  to 200 countries through Turkey; domestic and Russian TV programs are

  received locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an INTELSAT

  satellite through a receive-only earth station



*Azerbaijan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,842,917; fit for military service 1,497,640; reach

  military age (18) annually 66,928 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  2,848 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the

  military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

  produce misleading results



*The Bahamas, Geography



Location:

  in the western North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida and northwest of

  Cuba

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  13,940 km2

 land area:

  10,070 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  3,542 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:   3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Terrain:

  long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills

Natural resources:

  salt, aragonite, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  32%

 other:

  67%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood

  damage

Note:

  strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain



*The Bahamas, People



Population:

  268,726 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.62% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  31.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.02 years

 male:

  68.19 years

 female:

  75.96 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bahamian(s)  adjective:

  Bahamian

Ethnic divisions:

  black 85%, white 15%

Religions:

  Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God

  6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2%

Languages:

  English, Creole, among Haitian immigrants

Literacy:

  age 15 and over but definition of literacy not available (1963)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  89%

Labor force:

  127,400

 by occupation:

  government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services 10%,

  agriculture 5% (1989)



*The Bahamas, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  The Commonwealth of The Bahamas

 conventional short form:

  The Bahamas

Digraph:

  BF

Type:

  commonwealth

Capital:

  Nassau

Administrative divisions:

  21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat Island, Exuma,

  Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green Turtle Cay, Harbour Island,

  High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New

  Providence, Nichollstown and Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy

  Point, San Salvador and Rum Cay

Independence:

  10 July 1973 (from UK)

Constitution:

  10 July 1973

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  National Day, 10 July (1973)

Political parties and leaders:

  Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National

  Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM; Vanguard Nationalist and

  Socialist Party (VNPS), Lionel CAREY, chairman; People's Democratic Force

  (PDF), Fred MITCHELL

Other political or pressure groups:

  Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party

  headed by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington

  MILLER

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 19 August 1992 (next to be held by August 1997); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) FNM 32, PLP 17

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an appointed upper house or Senate and a

  directly elected lower house or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Hubert INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO



*The Bahamas, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Timothy Baswell DONALDSON

 chancery:

  2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 319-2660

 consulates general:

  Miami and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Chic HECHT

 embassy:

  Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau

 telephone:

  (809) 322-1181 or 328-2206

 FAX:

  (809) 328-7838

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with

  a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side



*The Bahamas, Economy



Overview:

  The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income, developing nation whose economy is

  based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides

  about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or

  40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as

  the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, per

  capita GDP is one of the highest in the region.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $10,200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7.2% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  16% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital

  expenditures of $100 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish

 partners:

  US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4%

Imports:

  $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels, crude oil

 partners:

  US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11%

External debt:

  $1.2 billion (December 1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  424,000 kW capacity; 929 million kWh produced, 3,599 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production,

  rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe

Agriculture:

  accounts for 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; principal

  products-citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of food

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 million

Currency:   1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1-1.00 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*The Bahamas, Communications



Highways:

  2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel

Ports:

  Freeport, Nassau

Merchant marine:

  853 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,136,078 GRT/33,119,750 DWT;

  includes 53 passenger, 18 short-sea passenger, 159 cargo, 40

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 181 oil tanker, 14

  liquefied gas, 22 combination ore/oil, 43 chemical tanker, 1 specialized

  tanker, 159 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 102 refrigerated cargo; note-a flag of

  convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  60

 usable:

  55

 with permanent-surface runways:

  31

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system;

  tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast

  stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*The Bahamas, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 68,020; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion-$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990)



*Bahrain, Geography



Location:   Middle East, in the central Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and Qatar

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  620 km2

 land area:

  620 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  161 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary

  with Qatar

Climate:

  arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Terrain:

  mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Natural resources:

  oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  90%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of

  desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification

Note:

  close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in

  Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to

  reach open ocean



*Bahrain, People



Population:   568,471 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.01% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  3.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  7.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.12 years

 male:

  70.72 years

 female:

  75.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bahraini(s)

 adjective:

  Bahraini

Ethnic divisions:

  Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6%

Religions:

  Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%

Languages:

  Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  77%

 male:

  82%

 female:

  69%

Labor force:

  140,000

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982)

 note:

  42% of labor force is Bahraini



*Bahrain, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  State of Bahrain

 conventional short form:

  Bahrain

 local long form:   Dawlat al Bahrayn

 local short form:

  Al Bahrayn

Digraph:

  BA

Type:

  traditional monarchy

Capital:

  Manama

Administrative divisions:

  12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al

  Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al

  Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad,

  Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah

Independence:

  15 August 1971 (from UK)

Constitution:

  26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law and English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 16 December

Political parties and leaders:

  political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic

  fundamentalist groups are active

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  none

Executive branch:

  amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative

  powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established

  16 December 1992

Judicial branch:

  High Civil Appeals Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Amir 'ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD

  bin 'Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC,

  OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA

 chancery:

  3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008



*Bahrain, Government



 telephone:

  (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER

 embassy:

  Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli Sports Club), Zinj District, Manama

 mailing address:

  P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE 09834-6210

 telephone:

  [973] 273-300

 FAX:

  (973) 272-594

Flag:

  red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side



*Bahrain, Economy



Overview:

  Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export

  receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions

  have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example,

  during the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Bahrain with its highly developed

  communication and transport facilities is home to numerous multinational

  firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of

  petroleum products made from imported crude.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $7,800 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  8%-10% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

  $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7%

 partners:

  Japan 13%, UAE 12%, India 10%, Pakistan 8%

Imports:

  $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  nonoil 59%, crude oil 41%

 partners:

  Saudi Arabia 41%, US 14%, UK 7%, Japan 5%

External debt:

  $1.8 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,600,000 kW capacity; 4,700 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita

  (1992 est.)

Industries:

  petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship

  repairing

Agriculture:

  including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in

  food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables,

  poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in 1987

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion

Currency:

  1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

  Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Bahrain, Communications



Highways:

  200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia

  opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks

Pipelines:

  crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km

Ports:

  Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah

Merchant marine:

  9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,331 GRT/249,490 DWT; includes 5

  cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  modern system; good domestic services; 98,000 telephones (1 for every 6

  persons); excellent international connections; tropospheric scatter to

  Qatar, UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar,

  UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT,

  1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV



*Bahrain, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 194,770; fit for military service 107,696; reach military

  age (15) annually 5,043 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $245 million, 6% of GDP (1990)



*Baker Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Baker Island, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator, 2,575 km southwest of

  Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  1.4 km2

 land area:

  1.4 km2

 comparative area:

  about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  4.8 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:   low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Natural resources:

  guano (deposits worked until 1891)

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate

  vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting,

  roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife



*Baker Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air

  and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World

  War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit

  only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and

  cemetery ruinsare located near the middle of the west coast



*Baker Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Baker Island

Digraph:

  FQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife

  Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

  Wildlife Refuge system

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Baker Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Baker Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the

  west coast

Airports:

  1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m

Note:

  there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast



*Baker Island, Defense Forces



  defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast

  Guard



*Bangladesh, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, almost completely surrounded

  by India

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  144,000 km2

 land area:

  133,910 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Land boundaries:

  total 4,246 km, Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km

Coastline:

  580 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  18 nm

 continental shelf:

  up to outer limits of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water-sharing problems

  with upstream riparian India over the Ganges

Climate:

  tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to

  June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)

Terrain:   mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

Natural resources:

  natural gas, arable land, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  67%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  16%

 other:

  11%

Irrigated land:

  27,380 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer

  monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation



*Bangladesh, People



Population:

  122,254,849 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  109.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  54.7 years

 male:

  55 years

 female:

  54.38 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.55 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bangladeshi(s)

 adjective:

  Bangladesh

Ethnic divisions:

  Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, tribals less than 1 million

Religions:

  Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, other

Languages:

  Bangla (official), English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  35%

 male:

  47%

 female:

  22%

Labor force:

  35.1 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86)

 note:

  extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991)



*Bangladesh, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  People's Republic of Bangladesh

 conventional short form:

  Bangladesh

 former:

  East Pakistan

Digraph:

  BG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Dhaka

Administrative divisions:

  64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna,

  Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram,

  Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha,

  Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati,

  Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur,

  Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar,

  Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator,

  Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram,

  Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur,

  Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon

Independence:

  16 December 1971 (from Pakistan)

Constitution:

  4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24

  March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 26 March (1971)

Political parties and leaders:

  Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAur Rahman; Awami League (AL),

  Sheikh Hasina WAJED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (in jail);

  Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin

  Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA;

  Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (JSD), Serajul ALAM KHAN; Ganotantri Party, leader

  NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National Democratic Party (NDP), leader

  NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE

  Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party,

  Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Parliament:

  last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats

  reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, BCP 5, National Awami

  Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, JSD 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami Oikya

  Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3

 President:

  last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results -

  Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad)



*Bangladesh, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAur Rahman (since 20 March 1991)

Member of:

  AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  MINURSO, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM,

  UNTAC, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WCL, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Abul AHSAN

 chancery:

  2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 342-8372 through 8376

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William B. MILAM

 embassy:

  Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka

 mailing address:

  G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212

 telephone:   [880] (2) 884700-22

 FAX:

  [880] (2) 883648

Flag:

  green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is

  the traditional color of Islam



*Bangladesh, Economy



Overview:

  Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest, most densely populated, and least

  developed nations. Its economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. Major

  impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, government

  interference with the economy, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be

  absorbed by agriculture, a low level of industrialization, failure to fully

  exploit energy resources (natural gas), and inefficient and inadequate power

  supplies. An excellent rice crop and expansion of the export garment

  industry helped growth in FY91/92. Policy reforms intended to reduce

  government regulation of private industry and promote public-sector

  efficiency have been announced but are being implemented only slowly.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $23.8 billion (FY92)

National product real growth rate:

  3.8% (FY92)

National product per capita:

  $200 (FY92)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.09% (FY92)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY92)

Exports:

  $2.0 billion (FY92)

 commodities:

  garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp

 partners:

  US 28%, Western Europe 39% (FY91)

Imports:

  $3.4 billion (FY91/92)

 commodities:

  capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles

 partners:

  Japan 10.0%, Western Europe 17%, US 5.0% (FY91)

External debt:

  $11.8 billion (FY92 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.0% (FY92 est.); accounts for less than 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  2,400,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer

Agriculture:   accounts for about 40% of GDP, 60% of employment, and one-fifth of exports;

  imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute;

  commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef,

  milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils, cotton; fish catch

  778,000 metric tons in 1986

Illicit drugs:

  transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5

  billion

Currency:

  1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise



*Bangladesh, Economy



Exchange rates:

  taka (Tk) per US$1 - 39.000 (January 1993), 38.951 (1992), 36.596 (1991),

  34.569 (1990), 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Bangladesh, Communications



Railroads:

  2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad

  gauge

Highways:

  7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved

Inland waterways:

  5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo

  routes)

Pipelines:

  natural gas 1,220 km

Ports:

  Chittagong, Chalna

Merchant marine:

  42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 314,228 GRT/461,607 DWT; includes 34

  cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  16

 usable:

  12

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:   6

Telecommunications:

  adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair

  domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250

  telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

  satellite earth stations



*Bangladesh, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

 paramilitary forces:

  Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Defense Parties,

  National Cadet Corps

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 30,909,597; fit for military service 18,348,702 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $355 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92/93)



*Barbados, Geography



Location:

  in the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea, about 375 km northeast of Venezuela

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  430 km2

 land area:

  430 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  97 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Terrain:

  relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region

Natural resources:

  petroleum, fishing, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:   77%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  14%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes (especially June to October)

Note:

  easternmost Caribbean island



*Barbados, People



Population:

  255,338 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.18% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  21.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.49 years

 male:

  70.75 years

 female:

  76.46 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.77 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Barbadian(s)

 adjective:

  Barbadian

Ethnic divisions:

  African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4%

Religions:

  Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%),

  Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980)

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:   99%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  120,900 (1991)

 by occupation:

  services and government 37%, commerce 22%, manufacturing and construction

  22%, transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%,

  agriculture 8%, utilities 2% (1985 est.)



*Barbados, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Barbados

Digraph:

  BB

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Bridgetown

Administrative divisions:

  11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint

  John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip,

  Saint Thomas

 note:

  the new city of Bridgetown may be given parish status

Independence:

  30 November 1966 (from UK)

Constitution:

  30 November 1966

Legal system:

  English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 30 November (1966)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP),

  Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES

Other political or pressure groups:

  Barbados Workers Union, Leroy TROTMAN; People's Progressive Movement, Eric

  SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George BELLE; Clement Payne Labor

  Union, David COMMISSIONG

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP

  49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Judicature

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES,

  LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER



*Barbados, Government



 chancery:

  2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-9200 through 9202

 consulate general:

  New York

 consulate:

  Los Angeles

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES

 embassy:

  Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 302, Box B, FPO AA 34054

 telephone:

  (809) 436-4950 through 4957

 FAX:

  (809) 429-5246

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the

  head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head

  represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms

  contained a complete trident)



*Barbados, Economy



Overview:

  A per capita income of $7,000 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of

  living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean.

  Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and

  related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified

  into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer

  of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy

  slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency

  reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an

  austere economic reform program.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion ( 1991)

National product real growth rate:

  -4% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $7,000 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8.1% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  23% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $547 million; expenditures $620 million (FY92-93), including

  capital expenditures of $60 million

Exports:

  $205.8 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum,

  machinery and transport equipment

 partners:

  CARICOM 31%, US 16%, UK 13%

Imports:

  $697 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil,

  construction materials, chemicals

 partners:

  US 34%, CARICOM 16%, UK 11%, Canada 6%

External debt:

  $750 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1.3% (1991); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  152,100 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 2,118 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export,

  petroleum

Agriculture:

  accounts for 8% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops -

  vegetables, cotton; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million

Currency:

  1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Barbados, Communications



Highways:

  1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Bridgetown

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,710 GRT79,263 DWT; includes 1 cargo,

  2 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric

  scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2

  (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Barbados, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Barbados Defense Force, including the Ground Forces and Coast Guard,

  Royal Barbados Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 70,254; fit for military service 49,096 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989)



*Bassas da India, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Bassas da India, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between

  Madagascar and Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  NA km2

 land area:

  NA km2

 comparative area:

  NA

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  35.2 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Madagascar

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  a volcanic rock 2.4 meters high

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (all rock)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones

Note:

  navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide



*Bassas da India, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Bassas da India, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Bassas da India

Digraph:

  BS

Type:

  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques

  DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion

Capital:

  none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Bassas da India, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Bassas da India, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only



*Bassas da India, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Belarus, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, between Poland and Russia

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  207,600 km2

 land area:

  207,600 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Kansas

Land boundaries:   total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959

  km, Ukraine 891 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime

Terrain:

  generally flat and contains much marshland

Natural resources:

  forest land, peat deposits

Land use:

 arable land:

  29%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  15%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  56%

Irrigated land:

  1,490 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  southern part of Belarus highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear

  reactor accident at Chornobyl'

Note:

  landlocked



*Belarus, People



Population:

  10,370,269 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.34% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.28 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.73 years

 male:

  66.04 years

 female:

  75.66 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Belarusian(s)

 adjective:

  Belarusian

Ethnic divisions:

  Belarusian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, other 1.9%

Religions:

  Eastern Orthodox NA%, other NA%

Languages:

  Byelorussian, Russian, other

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  5.418 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38%

  (1990)



*Belarus, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Belarus

 conventional short form:

  Belarus

 local long form:

  Respublika Belarus

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  BO

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Minsk

Administrative divisions:

  6 oblasts (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady,,   singular - horad);

Brestskaya, Homyel'skaya, Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya,,   Mahilyowskaya, Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya

 note:

  each voblasts' has the same name as its administrative center

Independence:

  25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted NA April 1978

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  24 August (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

  Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon PAZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic

  Party of Belarus (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman; Social Democratic

  Party of Belarus (SDBP), Mikhail TKACHEV, chairman; Belarus Workers Union,

  Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman; Belarus Peasants Party; Party of People's Unity,

  Gennadiy KARPENKO; Communist Party of Belarus

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Supreme Soviet:

  last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communists 87%; seats

  - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats are for public

  bodies; the Communist Party obtained an overwhelming majority

Executive branch:

  chairman of the Supreme Soviet, chairman of the Council of Ministers; note -

  Belarus has approved a directly elected presidency but so far no elections

  have been scheduled

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since 18 September

  1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy

  Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since NA 1991)



*Belarus, Government



Member of:

  CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU,

  NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Designate Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV

 chancery:

  1511 K Street NW, Suite 619, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 638-2954

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador David H. SWARTZ

 embassy:

  Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862  telephone:

  7-0172-34-65-37

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white



*Belarus, Economy



Overview:

  In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its

  industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its

  critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw

  materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet

  republics, having produced 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor

  force in the old USSR. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies

  important producer and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to

  the other states. Belarus had a significant share of the machine-building

  capacity of the former USSR. It is especially noted for production of

  tractors, large trucks, machine tools, and automation equipment. The soil in

  Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by emphasizing

  favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), Belarus has

  become a net exporter to the other former republics of meat, milk, eggs,

  flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and gas and

  receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil pipeline and

  the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit Belarus en route

  to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic

  fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and fertilizer (20% of former

  Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited to potash and peat

  deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for the former Soviet

  Union) is used in domestic heating, as boiler fuel for electric power

  stations, and in the production of chemicals. The potash supports fertilizer

  production. In 1992 GDP fell an estimated 13%, largely because the country

  is highly dependent on the ailing Russian economy for raw materials and

  parts.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -13% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  30% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.5% of officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed

  workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $1.1 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b.,

  1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

 partners:

  NA

Imports:   $751 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f.,

  1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, chemicals, textiles

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (end of 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -9.6%; accounts for about 50% of GDP (1992)



*Belarus, Economy



Electricity:

  8,025,000 kW capacity; 37,600 million kWh produced, 3,626 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products

  essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total

  output of former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools

  (11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%);

  wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight-

  wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for

  use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and

  livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%);

  chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric

  (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods

Agriculture:

  accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output of

  former Soviet Union; employs 20% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the

  following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes

  (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat,

  milk, eggs, flour, potatoes

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for the domestic market;

  transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 rubel (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles

 note:

  the rubel circulates with the Russian ruble; certain purchase are made only

  with rubels; government has established a different, and varying, exchange

  rate for trade between Belarus and Russia

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Belarus, Communications



Railroads:   5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  98,200 km total; 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,470 km, refined products 1,100 km, natural gas 1,980 km (1992)

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Merchant marine:

  claims 5% of former Soviet fleet

Airports:

 total:

  124

 useable:

  55

 with permanent-surface runways:

  31

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  28

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  20

Telecommunications:

  construction of NMT-450 analog cellular network proceeding in Minsk, in

  addition to installation of some 300 km of fiber optic cable in the city

  network; telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched

  automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately

  17 per 100 persons; as of 1 December 1991, 721,000 applications from

  households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections

  to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other

  countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway

  switch; Belarus has not constructed ground stations for international

  telecommunications via satellite to date



*Belarus, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,491,039; fit for military service 1,964,577; reach

  military age (18) annually 71,875 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the

  military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

  produce misleading results



*Belgium, Geography



Location:   Western Europe, bordering on the North Sea, between France and the

  Netherlands

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  30,510 km2

 land area:

  30,230 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,

  Netherlands 450 km

Coastline:

  64 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  equidistant line with neighbors

 exclusive fishing zone:

  equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast)

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Terrain:

  flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of

  Ardennes Forest in southeast

Natural resources:

  coal, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  24%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  21%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  air and water pollution

Note:

  crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within

  1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EC



*Belgium, People



Population:   10,040,939 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.94 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.72 years

 male:

  73.41 years

 female:

  80.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Belgian(s)

 adjective:

  Belgian

Ethnic divisions:

  Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Languages:

  Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided

  along ethnic lines

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  4.126 million

 by occupation:

  services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% (1988)



*Belgium, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Belgium

 conventional short form:

  Belgium

 local long form:

  Royaume de Belgique  local short form:

  Belgique

Digraph:

  BE

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Brussels

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Flemish: provincien,

  singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg,

  Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen

Independence:

  4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)

Constitution:

  7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the

  process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the

  Belgian state

Legal system:

  civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial

  review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831)

Political parties and leaders:

  Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman VAN ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social

  Christian (PSC) , Melchior WATHELET, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),

  Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS;

  Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Walloon

  Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president; Francophone Democratic Front

  (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS,

  president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis VAN GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok

  (VB), Karel VAN DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National

  Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently (AGALEV; Flemish Green

  party), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO; Francophone Green party), NA; other minor

  parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries;

  numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers,

  middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various

  organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia;

  various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear

  Weapons and Pax Christi

Suffrage:

  18 years of age, universal and compulsory

Elections:

 Senate:

  last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly

  elected) CVP 20, SP 14, PVV (now VLD) 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS

  18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO 6, FDF 1



*Belgium, Government



 Chamber of Representatives:

  last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - CVP

  16.7%, PS 13.6%, SP 12.0%, PVV (now VLD) 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%,

  VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats -

  (212 total) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, PVV (now VLD) 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, FB 12,

  VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, FN 1

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish -

  Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives

  (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des

  Representants)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de

  Cassation)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege

  (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992)

Member of:

  AG (observer), ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australian Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE,

  CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,

  OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP,

  UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,

  ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Juan CASSIERS

 chancery:

  3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 333-6900

 FAX:

  (202) 333-3079

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Bruce S. GELB

 embassy:

  27 Boulevard du Regent, Brussels

 mailing address:

  B-1000 Brussels, PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09724

 telephone:

  [32] (2) 513-3830

 FAX:

  [32] (2) 511-2725

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the

  design was based on the flag of France



*Belgium, Economy



Overview:

  This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central

  geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified

  industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the

  populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging

  reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources

  Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely

  dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC

  countries. The economy grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90,

  but economic growth slowed to a 1% pace in 1991-92. The economy is expected

  to turn in another sluggish 1% performance in 1993. Belgium's public debt

  remains high at 120% of GDP and the government is trying to control its

  expenditures to bring the figure more into line with other industrialized

  countries.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $177.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  0.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $17,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  9.8% (end 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $97.8 billion; expenditures $109.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

  $118 billion (f.o.b., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

 commodities:

  iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum

  products

 partners:

  EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991)

Imports:

  $121 billion (c.i.f., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

 commodities:

  fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs

 partners:

  EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist

  countries 1.8% (1991)

External debt:

  $31.3 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  17,500,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 6,790 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, processed food and

  beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal

Agriculture:   accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal,

  pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain,

  tobacco; net importer of farm products

Illicit drugs:

  source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors;

  increasingly important gateway country for cocaine entering the European

  market



*Belgium, Economy



Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion

Currency:

  1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148

  (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Belgium, Communications



Railroads:

  Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,568 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 2,207 km electrified

Highways:

  103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km

  national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000

  km unpaved rural roads

Inland waterways:

  2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km

Ports:

  Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Merchant marine:

  23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 96,949 GRT/133,658 DWT; includes 10

  cargo, 5 oil tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  42

 usable:

  42

 with permanent-surface runways:

  24

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  14

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:   highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated

  domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive

  cable network; limited microwave radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite

  earth stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide

  mobile phone system



*Belgium, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,556,189; fit for military service 2,133,051; reach

  military age (19) annually 63,532 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $4 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)



*Belize, Geography



Location:

  Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and Mexico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  22,960 km2

 land area:

  22,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Massachusetts

Land boundaries:

  total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km

Coastline:

  386 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south

 note:

  from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial

  sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose

  of this limitation is to provide a framework for

  the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with

  Guatemala

International disputes:

  border with Guatemala in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have

  begun

Climate:

  tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)

Terrain:

  flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south

Natural resources:   arable land potential, timber, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  44%

 other:

  52%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding

  (especially in south); deforestation

Note:

  national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of

  hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North

  Pacific Ocean



*Belize, People



Population:

  203,957 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.42% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.85 years

 male:

  65.91 years

 female:

  69.88 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.53 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Belizean(s)

 adjective:

  Belizean

Ethnic divisions:

  Mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, other 8%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite

  4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other

  2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980)

Languages:

  English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  91%

 male:

  91%

 female:

  91%

Labor force:

  51,500

 by occupation:

  agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%,

  manufacturing 10.3%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985)



*Belize, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Belize

 former:

  British Honduras

Digraph:

  BH

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Belmopan

Administrative divisions:

  6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo

Independence:

  21 September 1981 (from UK)

Constitution:

  21 September 1981

Legal system:

  English law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 21 September

Political parties and leaders:

  People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA;

  United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW;

  National Alliance for Belizean Rights, leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN;

  United Workers Front, leader NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in

  January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count

  PUP 16, UDP 12

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower

  house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Dame Minita Elmira GORDON (since 21 September 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador James V. HYDE



*Belize, Government



 chancery:

  2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-9636

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA

 embassy:

  Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 286, Belize City

 telephone:

  [501] (2) 77161 through 77163

 FAX:

  [501] (2) 30802

Flag:

  blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered

  is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a

  shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related

  motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom,

  all encircled by a green garland



*Belize, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and

  merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance.

  Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export

  earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard

  currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in

  efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification

  program.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $373 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  10% (1990)

National product per capita:

  $1,635 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.5% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  12% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital

  expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $95.6 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  sugar, citrus, clothing, bananas, fish products, molasses

 partners:

  US 49%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)

Imports:

  $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels,

  chemicals, pharmaceuticals

 partners:

  US 60%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)

External debt:

  $143.7 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of GDP

Electricity:

  34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 393 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages,

  tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 22% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops

  include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber

  and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods

Illicit drugs:

  an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;

  eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to

  about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million

Currency:

  1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate)



*Belize, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Belize, Communications



Highways:

  2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and

  310 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable

Ports:

  Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol,

  Punta Gorda, Big Creek

Merchant marine:

  4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768 GRT/12,721 DWT; includes 3 cargo,

  1 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

 total:

  42

 usable:

  32

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,229-2,439 mr:

  2

Telecommunications:

  8,650 telephones; above-average system based on microwave radio relay;

  broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Belize, Defense Forces



Branches:

  British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air

  Force, and Volunteer Guard), Belize National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 47,135; fit for military service 28,070; reach military age

  (18) annually 2,066 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:   exchange rate conversion - $5.4 million, 2% of GDP (1992)



*Benin, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Nigeria and Togo

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  112,620 km2

 land area:

  110,620 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

  total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km

Coastline:

  121 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:

  mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Natural resources:

  small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  45%

Irrigated land:

  60 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation;

  desertification

Note:

  recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no

  natural harbors



*Benin, People



Population:

  5,166,735 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.33% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  48.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  14.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  51.31 years

 male:

  49.51 years

 female:

  53.16 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Beninese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Beninese

Ethnic divisions:

  African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba,

  Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15%

Languages:

  French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal

  languages (at least six major ones in north)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  23%

 male:

  32%

 female:

  16%

Labor force:

  1.9 million (1987)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less

  than 2%

 note:

  49% of population of working age (1985)



*Benin, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Republic of Benin

 conventional short form:

  Benin

 local long form:

  Republique Populaire du Benin

 local short form:

  Benin

 former:

  Dahomey

Digraph:

  BN

Type:

  republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December

  1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty

  system completed 4 April 1991

Capital:

  Porto-Novo

Administrative divisions:

  6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou

Independence:

  1 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  2 December 1990

Legal system:

  based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 1 August (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

  Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee

  ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger

  AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of

  the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic

  Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic

  Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno

  AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for

  Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for

  Democracy and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union,

  and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National

  Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and National

  Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for

  National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the Alliance for

  Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy (BSD),

  Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP),

  Akindes ADEKPEDJOU; Democratic Union for Social Renewal (UDRS), Bio Gado

  Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Robert

  TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, Theophile NATA; numerous other

  small parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats

  - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7,

  MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1



*Benin, Government



 President:

  last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu

  KEREKOU 32%

Executive branch:

  president, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,

  ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU

 chancery:

  2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-6656

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS

 embassy:

  Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou

 mailing address:

  B. P. 2012, Cotonou

 telephone:

  [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92

 FAX:

  [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green

  band on the hoist side



*Benin, Economy



Overview:

  Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of

  limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture

  accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and

  generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector

  contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low

  prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's

  major exports of agricultural products and crude oil.

National product:   GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $410 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital

  expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa

 partners:

  FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4%

Imports:

  $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods,

  capital goods, light consumer goods

 partners:

  France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4%

External debt:

  $1 billion (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production,

  petroleum

Agriculture:

  accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of agricultural output;

  production is dominated by food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, rice;

  cash crops include cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output

  has not kept up with consumption

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)



*Benin, Economy



Fiscal year:   calendar year



*Benin, Communications



Railroads:

  578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

  5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth

Inland waterways:

  navigable along small sections, important only locally

Ports:

  Cotonou

Airports:

 total:

  7

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay microwave;

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Benin, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,075,053; females age 15-49 1,170,693; males fit for

  military service 550,645; females fit for military service 591,506; males

  reach military age (18) annually 56,872; females reach military age (18)

  annually 55,141 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.)



*Bermuda, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Bermuda, Geography



Location:

  in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1,050 km east of North Carolina

Map references:

  North America

Area:

 total area:

  50 km2

 land area:

  50 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  103 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Terrain:

  low hills separated by fertile depressions

Natural resources:

  limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  20%

 other:

  80%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360

  small coral islands

Note:

  some reclaimed land leased by US Government



*Bermuda, People



Population:

  60,686 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.78% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.03 years

 male:

  73.36 years

 female:

  76.97 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bermudian(s)

 adjective:

  Bermudian

Ethnic divisions:

  black 61%, white and other 39%

Religions:

  Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%,

  Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28%

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  32,000

 by occupation:

  clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%,

  administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2%

  (1984)



*Bermuda, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Bermuda

Digraph:

  BD

Type:   dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Hamilton

Administrative divisions:

  9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget,,   Pembroke, Saint

George*, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick, Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  8 June 1968

Legal system:

  English law

National holiday:

  Bermuda Day, 22 May

Political parties and leaders:

  United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP),

  Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL

Other political or pressure groups:

  Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONS

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other

  1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier,

  Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord

  David WADDINGTON (since NA)

 Head of Government:

  Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982)

Member of:

  CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are

  represented by the UK

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES

 consulate general:

  Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton



*Bermuda, Government



 mailing address:   P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002

 telephone:

  (809) 295-1342

 FAX:

  (809) 295-1592

Flag:

  red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a

  scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in

  1609) centered on the outer half of the flag



*Bermuda, Economy



Overview:

  Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having

  successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities

  and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its

  business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture

  is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are

  imported.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  -1.5% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $22,000 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.4% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  6% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $327.5 million; expenditures $308.9 million, including capital

  expenditures of $35.4 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $50 million (f.o.b., FY89)

 commodities:

  semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of pharmaceuticals

 partners:

  US 55%, UK 32%, Canada 11%, other 2%

Imports:

  527.2 million (f.o.b., FY89)

 commodities:

  fuel, foodstuffs, machinery

 partners:

  US 60%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7%, Canada 5%, Japan 5%, other 15%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,370 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals,

  ship repairing

Agriculture:

  accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported;

  produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million

Currency:

  1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Bermuda, Communications



Highways:

  210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)

Ports:

  Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George

Merchant marine:

  72 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,451.099 GRT/5,937,636 DWT; includes

  5 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 21 oil

  tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 16 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

  earth stations



*Bermuda, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Bhutan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  47,000 km2

 land area:

  47,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than half the size of Indiana

Land boundaries:

  total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central

  valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Terrain:

  mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna

Natural resources:

  timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  70%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  340 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country

  name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon

Note:

  landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key

  Himalayan mountain passes



*Bhutan, People



Population:

  700,000 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.33% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  39.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.26 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  123.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  50.17 years

 male:

  50.74 years

 female:

  49.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bhutanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Bhutanese

Ethnic divisions:

  Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Religions:

  Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%

Languages:

  Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; Nepalese speak

  various Nepalese dialects

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%

 note:

  massive lack of skilled labor



*Bhutan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Bhutan

 conventional short form:

  Bhutan

Digraph:

  BT

Type:

  monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

Capital:

  Thimphu

Administrative divisions:

  18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang,

  Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi,

  Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang

Independence:

  8 August 1949 (from India)

Constitution:

  no written constitution or bill of rights

Legal system:

  based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary

  king)

Political parties and leaders:

  no legal parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations

  leading militant antigovernment campaign

Suffrage:

  each family has one vote in village-level elections

Elections:

  no national elections

Executive branch:

  monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council

  (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

  (Lhengye Shungtsog)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)

Member of:

  AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU,

  NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  no formal diplomatic relations; the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York

  has consular jurisdiction in the US

US diplomatic representation:

  no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained

  between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India)

Flag:

  divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is

  orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a

  large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side



*Bhutan, Economy



Overview:

  The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and

  forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and

  account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make

  the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The

  economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and

  monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward,

  with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development

  projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's

  hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important

  natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to

  3,000/year to minimize foreign influence.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $320 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.1% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10% (FY91 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital

  expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $74 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India)

 partners:

  India 90%

Imports:

  $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics

 partners:

  India 83%

External debt:

  $120 million (June 91)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 18% of GDP; primarily cottage industry and

  home based handicrafts

Electricity:

  336,000 kW capacity; 1,542.2 million kWh produced, 2,203 kWh per capita

  (25.8% is exported to India, leaving only 1,633 kWh per capita) (1990-91)

Industries:

  cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium

  carbide

Agriculture:

  accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry;

  self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice,

  corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggs

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million

Currency:

  1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender



*Bhutan, Economy



Exchange rates:

  ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742

  (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988); note - the Bhutanese

  ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Bhutan, Communications



Highways:

  2,165 km total; 1,703 km surfaced

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use;

  international telephone and telegraph service is by land line through India;

  a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1

  FM, no TV (1990)



*Bhutan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 415,315; fit for military service 222,027; reach military

  age (18) annually 17,344 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Bolivia, Geography



Location:

  Central South America, between Brazil and Chile

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:   1,098,580 km2

 land area:

  1,084,390 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Land boundaries:

  total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay

  750 km, Peru 900 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama

  area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water

  rights

Climate:

  varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Terrain:

  rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland

  plains of the Amazon basin

Natural resources:

  tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore,

  lead, gold, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  52%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  1,650 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion;

  overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,

  with Peru



*Bolivia, People



Population:

  7,544,099 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.31% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  32.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.77 years

 male:

  60.34 years

 female:

  65.33 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bolivian(s)

 adjective:

  Bolivian

Ethnic divisions:

  Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Languages:

  Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  78%

 male:

  85%

 female:

  71%

Labor force:

  1.7 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%,

  other 10% (1983)



*Bolivia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Bolivia

 conventional short form:

  Bolivia

 local long form:

  Republica de Bolivia

 local short form:

  Bolivia

Digraph:

  BL

Type:

  republic

Capital:   La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

Administrative divisions:

  9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,

  Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Independence:

  6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  2 February 1967

Legal system:

  based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Political parties and leaders:

  Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist

  Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary

  Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max

  FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE

  Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia

  Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist

  parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P), Walter

  DELGADILLO and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), Humberto RAMIREZ;

  Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory (married) 21 years of age;

  universal and compulsory (single)

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a

  unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on

  presidential election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33,

  IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3

 Chamber of Senators:

  last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a

  unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on

  presidential election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8,

  CONDEPA 2, PDC 1



*Bolivia, Government



 President:

  last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Gonzalo

  SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora

  (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ

  Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support,

  PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was

  inaugurated on 6 August 1989

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

  or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber

  of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO

  Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)

Member of:

  AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM,

  OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO,

  WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jorge CRESPO

 chancery:

  3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-4410 through 4412

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS

 embassy:

  Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032

 telephone:

  [591] (2) 350251 or 350120

 FAX:

  [591] (2) 359875

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat

  of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has

  a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band



*Bolivia, Economy



Overview:

  With its long history of semifeudalistic social controls, dependence on

  volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation,

  Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American

  countries. Since August 1989, President PAZ Zamora, despite his Marxist

  origins, has maintained a moderate policy of repressing domestic terrorism,

  containing inflation, and achieving annual GDP growth of 3 to 4%. For many

  farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop

  is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  3.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $670 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10.5% (December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.57 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $627 million (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $609 million (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  metals 46%, hydrocarbons 21%, other 33% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton,

  timber)

 partners:

  US 15%, Argentina

Imports:

  1.185 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods

 partners:

  US 22%

External debt:

  $3.7 billion (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 32% of GDP

Electricity:

  865,000 kW capacity; 1,834 million kWh produced, 250 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts,

  clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its revenues

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal

  commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber;

  self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated

  47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program

  unable to prevent production from rising to 82,000 metric tons in 1992 from

  74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;

  intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and

  Brazil to the US and other international drug markets

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million



*Bolivia, Economy



Currency:

  1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.9437 (August 1992), 3.85 (1992), 3.5806 (1991),

  3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Bolivia, Communications



Railroads:

  3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km

  0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track

Highways:

  38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km

Ports:

  none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo

  in Peru

Merchant marine:

  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/22,155 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  1,225

 usable:

  1,043

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  161

Telecommunications:

  microwave radio relay system being expanded; improved international

  services; 144,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68

  shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Bolivia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (Fuerza Navala), Air Force

  (Fuerza Aereo de Bolivia), National Police Force (Boliviano Policia

  Nacional)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,786,137; fit for military service 1,162,160; reach

  military age (19) annually 78,125 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Header



Note:

  Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife which

  began in March 1992 after the Bosnian Government held a referendum on

  independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded

  with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines

  and joining Serb held areas to a "greater Serbia". Since the onset of the

  conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war population of

  4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian Croats

  have asserted control of more than three-quarters of the territory formerly

  under the control of the Bosnian Government. The UN and the EC are

  continuing to try to mediate a plan for peace.



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and

  Montenegro

Map references:

  Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  51,233 km2

 land area:

  51,233 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

  total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia

  and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)

Coastline:

  20 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth

 exclusive economic zone:

  12 nm

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina;

  Muslim majority being forced from many areas

Climate:

  hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool

  summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain:

  mountains and valleys

Natural resources:

  coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium,

  lead, zinc

Land use:

 arable land:   20%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  36%

 other:

  17%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing

  of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, People



Population:

  4,618,804 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of

  the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

Population growth rate:

  0.72% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.8 years

 male:

  72.11 years

 female:

  77.67 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)

 adjective:

  Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic divisions:

  Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%

Religions:

  Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%

Languages:

  Serbo-Croatian 99%

Literacy:

 total population:   NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1,026,254

 by occupation:

  agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 conventional short form:

  Bosnia and Herzegovina

 local long form:

  Republika Bosna i Hercegovina

 local short form:

  Bosna i Hercegovina

Digraph:

  BK

Type:

  emerging democracy

Capital:

  Sarajevo

Administrative divisions:

  109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac,

  Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa,

  Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko

  Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice,

  Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica,

  Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak

  Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc,

  Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare,

  Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum,

  Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor,

  (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar,

  Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad,

  Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo,

  Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik,

  Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno,

  Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad,

  Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice

 note:

  currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators

Independence:

  NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

  NA

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:   NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of

  Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of

  Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president;

  Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic

  Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic

  Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC;

  Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ

  BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ),

  Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government



Elections:

 Chamber of Municipalities:

  last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total)

  SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1

 Chamber of Citizens:

  last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH

  34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1,

  DSZ 1, LS 1

Executive branch:

  collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of

  Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens

  (Vijece Gradanstvo)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the

  collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December

  1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA

  December 1992), Fikret ABDIC

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister

  Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since

  NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA)

Member of:

  CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  NA

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:   the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and

Herzegovina but

  has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo

Flag:

  white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with

  a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly

  side



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy



Overview:

  Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in

  the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in

  private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic

  traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly

  overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning

  and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in

  the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of

  Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was

  being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused

  production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery

  to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available,

  although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -37% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  80% per month (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  28% (February 1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $2,054 million (1990)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw

  materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%,

  fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2%

 partners:

  principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Imports:

  $1,891 million (1990)

 commodities:

  fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other

  manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals

  5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9%

 partners:

  principally the other former Yugoslav republics

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and

  interrepublic warfare (1991-92)

Electricity:

  3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and

  bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,

  wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and

  aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food

  needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards,

  livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation

  leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms

  are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive

Illicit drugs:

  NA

Economic aid:

  $NA

Currency:

  Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all

  other areas

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications



Railroads:

  NA km

Highways:

  21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth;

  note - highways now disrupted

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted

Ports:

  coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

Airports:

 total:

  27

 useable:

  22

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3659:

  0  with runways 2440-3659 m:

  4

 with runways 1220-2439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion,

  many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former

  Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6

  TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite

  ground stations - none



*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach

  military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Botswana, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  600,370 km2

 land area:

  585,370 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; disputed island with

  Namibia in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

  is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Sidudu

  Island in Linyanti River

Climate:

  semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Terrain:

  predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

Natural resources:

  diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Land use:  arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  75%

 forest and woodland:

  2%

 other:

  21%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  overgrazing, desertification

Note:

  landlocked



*Botswana, People



Population:

  1,325,920 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.53% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.54 years

 male:

  59.52 years

 female:

  65.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

 adjective:

  Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Ethnic divisions:

  Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Languages:

  English (official), Setswana

Literacy:

  age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990)

 total population:   72%

 male:

  67%

 female:

  74%

Labor force:

  400,000

 by occupation:

  198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising

  and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in various

  mines in South Africa (1990)



*Botswana, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Botswana

 conventional short form:

  Botswana

 former:

  Bechuanaland

Digraph:

  BC

Type:

  parliamentary republic

Capital:

  Gaborone

Administrative divisions:

  10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng,

  Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town

  councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe

Independence:

  30 September 1966 (from UK)

Constitution:

  March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Legal system:

  based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to

  matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 30 September (1966)

Political parties and leaders:

  Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National

  Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE;

  Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3

 President:

  last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President

  Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly

Executive branch:   president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs

  and a lower house or National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  High Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Sir Ketunile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus

  MOGAE (since 9 March 1992 )

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE

 chancery:

  Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008



*Botswana, Government



 telephone:

  (202) 244-4990 or 4991

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador David PASSAGE

 embassy:

  address NA, Gaborone

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 90, Gaborone

 telephone:

  [267] 353-982

 FAX:

  [267] 356-947

Flag:

  light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center



*Botswana, Economy



Overview:

  The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops.

  Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population,

  but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the

  rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry.

  This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating

  25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such

  growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and

  poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond

  production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and

  manufacturing helped boost the economy

National product:   GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.8% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,450 (FY92 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  16.5% (December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  25% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.99 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $652 million (FY94)

Exports:

  $1.6 billion (f.o.b. 1991)

 commodities:

  diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 8%, meat 4%

 partners:

  Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)

Imports:

  $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products

 partners:

  Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US

External debt:

  $344 million (December 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6.9% (1991); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including mining

Electricity:

  220,000 kW capacity; 1,123 million kWh produced, 846 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock

  processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle

  raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food

  needs

Economic aid:

  US aid, $13 million (1992); US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257

  million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

  (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $29 million; in 1992: Norway (largest donor)

  $16 million, Sweden $15.5 million, Germany $3.6 million, EC/Lome-IV $3-6

  million in grants, $28.7 million in long-term projects

Currency:

  1 pula (P) = 100 thebe



*Botswana, Economy



Exchange rates:

  pula (P) per US$1 - 2.31 (February 1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991),

  1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Botswana, Communications



Railroads:

  712 km 1.067-meter gauge

Highways:

  11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km

  improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth

Airports:

 total:

  100

 usable:

  87

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  29

Telecommunications:

  the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay

  links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Botswana, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National

  Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 282,885; fit for military service 148,895; reach military

  age (18) annually 14,868 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)



*Bouvet Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Norway)



*Bouvet Island, Geography



Location:

  in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good

  Hope (South Africa)

Map references:   Antarctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  58 km2

 land area:

  58 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  29.6 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  4 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  antarctic

Terrain:

  volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (all ice)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  covered by glacial ice

Note:

  located in the South Atlantic Ocean



*Bouvet Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Bouvet Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:   Bouvet Island

Digraph:

  BV

Type:

  territory of Norway

Capital:

  none; administered from Oslo, Norway

Independence:

  none (territory of Norway)



*Bouvet Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Bouvet Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Telecommunications:

  automatic meteorological station



*Bouvet Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Norway



*Brazil, Geography



Location:

  Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  8,511,965 km2

 land area:

  8,456,510 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than the US

 note:

  includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da

  Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

Land boundaries:

  total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km,

  French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km,

  Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Coastline:   7,491 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on

  the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay

  are in dispute - Arrio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio

  Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai

  (Rio Cuareim) and the Uruguay

Climate:

  mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain:

  mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and

  narrow coastal belt

Natural resources:

  iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower,

  gold, platinum, petroleum, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  19%

 forest and woodland:

  67%

 other:

  6%

Irrigated land:

  27,000 km2 (1989 est.)



*Brazil, Geography



Environment:

  recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in

  Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and

  several other large cities

Note:

  largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South

  American country except Chile and Ecuador



*Brazil, People



Population:

  156,664,223 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  21.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  61.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.7 years

 male:

  58.28 years

 female:

  67.33 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.49 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Brazilian(s)

 adjective:

  Brazilian

Ethnic divisions:

  Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%,

  mixed 38%, other 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic (nominal) 90%

Languages:

  Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  81%

 male:

  82%

 female:

  80%

Labor force:

  57 million (1989 est.)

 by occupation:

  services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%



*Brazil, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Federative Republic of Brazil

 conventional short form:

  Brazil

 local long form:

  Republica Federativa do Brasil

 local short form:   Brasil

Digraph:

  BR

Type:

  federal republic

Capital:

  Brasilia

Administrative divisions:

  26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito,   federal); Acre,

Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*,,   Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato

Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas

  Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande

  do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo,

  Sergipe, Tocantins

Independence:

  7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  5 October 1988

Legal system:

  based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian

  Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Roberto ROLLEMBERG, president; Liberal

  Front Party (PFL), Jose Mucio MONTEIRO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis

  Ignacio (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz

  GONZAGA de Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel

  BRIZOLA, president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president;

  Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president;

  Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of

  Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party

  (PDC), Siqueira CAMPOS, president

Other political or pressure groups:

  left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's

  Party are critical of government's social and economic policies

Suffrage:

  voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and

  under 70 years of age

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB

  21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats -

  (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40,

  PTB 35, PT 35, other 109

 Federal Senate:

  last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL

  15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16



*Brazil, Government



 President:

  last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held

  November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA

  47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper

  chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of

  Deputies (Camara dos Deputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Federal Tribunal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,

  IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

  MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO

 chancery:

  3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 745-2700

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New York

 consulates:

  Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard MELTON

 embassy:

  Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34030

 telephone:

  [55] (61) 321-7272

 FAX:

  [55] (61) 225-9136

 consulates general:

  Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

 consulates:

  Porto Alegre, Recife

Flag:

  green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial

  globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the

  same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial

  band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)



*Brazil, Economy



Overview:

  The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered

  the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable

  foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition,

  the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by

  substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and

  mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several

  multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are

  private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts

  between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent

  violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990,

  launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and

  reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy,

  and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also

  obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with

  commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction

  of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation - the rate doubled in

  1992 - continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed

  the presidency following President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992,

  has promised to support the basic premises of COLLOR'S reform program but

  has yet to define clearly his economic policies. Brazil's natural resources

  remain a major, long-term economic strength.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $369 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.2% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $2,350 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1,174% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  5.9% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990)

Exports:

  $35.0 billion (1992)

 commodities:

  iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts

 partners:

  EC 32.3%, US 20.3%, Latin America 11.6%, Japan 9% (1991)

Imports:

  $20.0 billion (1992)

 commodities:

  crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal

 partners:

  Middle East 12.4%, US 23.5%, EC 21.8%, Latin America 18.8%, Japan 6% (1991)

External debt:

  $123.3 billion (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -3.8% (1992); accounts for 39% of GDP

Electricity:

  63,765,000 kW capacity; 242,184 million kWh produced, 1,531 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron

  ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin



*Brazil, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and

  orange juice concentrate and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other

  products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food,

  except for wheat

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption;

  government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca

  cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian

  cocaine headed for the US and Europe

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89),

  $1.3 billion

Currency:

  1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 13,827.06 (January 1993), 4,506.45 (1992), 406.61

  (1991), 68.300 (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Brazil, Communications



Railroads:

  28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74

  km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km

  electrified

Highways:

  1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth

Inland waterways:

  50,000 km navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km

Ports:

  Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de

  Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos

Merchant marine:

  232 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,335,234 GRT/8,986,734 DWT; includes

  5 passenger-cargo, 42 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 11

  roll-on/roll-off, 58 oil tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil,

  65 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 11 vehicle carrier; in addition, 1 naval tanker

  is sometimes used commercially

Airports:

 total:

  3,613

 usable:   3,031

 with permanent-surface runways:

  431

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  22

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  584

Telecommunications:

  good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million

  telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3

  coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64

  domestic satellite earth stations



*Brazil, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force,

  Military Police (paramilitary)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 42,623,934; fit for military service 28,721,849; reach

  military age (18) annually 1,655,918 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography



Location:

  in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and

  Indonesia

Map references:

  Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  60 km2

 land area:

  60 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes the island of Diego Garcia

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:   698 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius

Climate:

  tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)

Natural resources:

  coconuts, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  archipelago of 2,300 islands

Note:

  Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location

  in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility



*British Indian Ocean Territory, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants

 note:

  there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the

  Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military

  facilities



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  British Indian Ocean Territory

 conventional short form:

  none

Abbreviation:

  BIOT

Digraph:   IO

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  none

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS (since NA); Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS

  (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UK

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of UK)

Flag:

  white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue

  wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the

  outer half of the flag



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy



Overview:

  All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia,

  where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and

  various services needed to support the military installations are done by

  military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and

  the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands.

Electricity:

  provided by the US military



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications



Highways:

  short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia

Ports:

  Diego Garcia

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1 on Diego Garcia

 with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,229-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1

  TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*British Virgin Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*British Virgin Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  150 km2

 land area:

  150 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes the island of Anegada

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  80 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:   33%

 forest and woodland:

  7%

 other:

  33%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October

Note:

  strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico



*British Virgin Islands, People



Population:

  12,707 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.22% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19.68 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.62 years

 male:

  70.77 years

 female:

  74.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.28 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  British Virgin Islander(s)

 adjective:

  British Virgin Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  black 90%, white, Asian

Religions:

  Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day

  Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic

  6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)

Languages:

  English (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%  female:

  98%

Labor force:

  4,911 (1980)

 by occupation:

  NA



*British Virgin Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  British Virgin Islands

Abbreviation:

  BVI

Digraph:

  VI

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Road Town

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  1 June 1977

Legal system:

  English law

National holiday:

  Territory Day, 1 July

Political parties and leaders:

  United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity

  STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Peter

  Alfred PENFOLD (since NA 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)

Member of:   CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO

  (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of UK)

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin

  Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of

  arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil

  lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)



*British Virgin Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly

  dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national

  income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies

  wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation

  fees generated about $2 million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because

  of the poor performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank

  credit. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The

  islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  2% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $10,600 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.5% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NEGL% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital

  expenditures of $38 million (1991)

Exports:

  $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals

 partners:

  Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Imports:

  $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery

 partners:

  Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

External debt:

  $4.5 million (1985)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.0% (1985)

Electricity:

  10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore

  financial center

Agriculture:

  livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  US currency is used

Exchange rates:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*British Virgin Islands, Communications



Highways:

  106 km motorable roads (1983)

Ports:

  Road Town

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable

  communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV



*British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Brunei, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely surrounded

  by Malaysia

Map references:

  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  5,770 km2  land area:

  5,270 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Delaware

Land boundaries:

  total 381 km, Malysia 381 km

Coastline:

  161 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of

  the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them

  are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an

  exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly

  claimed the island

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Terrain:

  flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  79%

 other:

  18%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Note:

  close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific

  Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of

  Malaysia



*Brunei, People



Population:

  276,984 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.77% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:   5.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  25.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.94 years

 male:

  69.27 years

 female:

  72.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bruneian(s)

 adjective:

  Bruneian

Ethnic divisions:

  Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%

Religions:

  Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and

  other 15% (1981)

Languages:

  Malay (official), English, Chinese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  77%

 male:

  85%

 female:

  69%

Labor force:

  89,000 (includes members of the Army)

 by occupation:

  government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction

  41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)

 note:

  33% of labor force is foreign (1988)



*Brunei, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Negara Brunei Darussalam

 conventional short form:

  Brunei

Digraph:

  BX

Type:

  constitutional sultanate

Capital:   Bandar Seri Begawan

Administrative divisions:

  4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara,

  Temburong, Tutong

Independence:

  1 January 1984 (from UK)

Constitution:

  29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency

  since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law

National holiday:

  23 February (1984)

Political parties and leaders:

  Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei

  National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned),

  leader NA

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive

  body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned

Executive branch:

  sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji

  HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)

Member of:

  APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO

  (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud

 chancery:

  2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 342-0159

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Donald Burnham ENSENAT

 embassy:

  Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan



*Brunei, Government



 mailing address:

  American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440

 telephone:   [673] (2) 229-670

 FAX:

  [673] (2) 225-293

Flag:

  yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black

  starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is

  superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top

  of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by

  two upraised hands



*Brunei, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship,

  government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is

  almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with

  revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per

  capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and

  substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production.

  The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and

  housing.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $8,800 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.3% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

  3.7% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products

 partners:

  Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990)

Imports:

  $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals

 partners:

  Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990)

External debt:

  $0

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP

Electricity:

  310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Agriculture:

  imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include

  rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million

Currency:

  1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992),

  1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988); note - the

  Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Brunei, Communications



Railroads:

  13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line

Highways:

  1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under

  construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved

Inland waterways:

  209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters

Pipelines:

  crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km

Ports:

  Kuala Belait, Muara

Merchant marine:

  7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635

  DWT

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runway over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runway 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runway 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international

  service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000

  telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio

  receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1

  Pacific Ocean INTELSAT



*Brunei, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 77,407; fit for military service 45,112; reach military age

  (18) annually 2,676 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990)



*Bulgaria, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey

Map references:

  Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle East,

  Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  110,910 km2

 land area:

  110,550 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

  total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and

  Montenegro 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 km

Coastline:

  354 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia

Climate:

  temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south

Natural resources:

  bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Land use:

 arable land:

  34%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution

Note:

  strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from

  Europe to Middle East and Asia



*Bulgaria, People



Population:

  8,831,168 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.39% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.82 years

 male:

  69.55 years

 female:

  76.26 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.71 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Bulgarian(s)

 adjective:

  Bulgarian

Ethnic divisions:

  Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%,

  Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%

Religions:

  Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%, Uniate

  Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5%

Languages:

  Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  4.3 million  by occupation:

  industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)



*Bulgaria, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Bulgaria

 conventional short form:

  Bulgaria

Digraph:

  BU

Type:

  emerging democracy

Capital:

  Sofia

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo,

  Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna

Independence:

  22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)

Constitution:

  adopted 12 July 1991

Legal system:

  based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  3 March (1878)

Political parties and leaders:

  Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, an alliance of

  approximately 20 pro-Democratic parties including United Democratic Center,

  Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, Christian Democratic Union,

  Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican Party, Civic Initiative

  Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen other groups; Movement

  for Rights and Freedoms (ethnic Turkish party) (MRF), Ahmed DOGAN, chairman;

  Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan VIDENOV, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union;

  Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation

  of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for

  Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian

  National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov"

  Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary

  Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional,

  ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held January 1992; results - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote

 National Assembly:

  last held 13 October 1991; results - UDF 34%, BSP 33%, MRF 7.5%; seats -

  (240 total) UDF 110, BSP 106, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24

Executive branch:   president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), three

  deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President Blaga

  Nikolova DIMITROVA (since NA)



*Bulgaria, Government



 Head of Government:

  Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV

  (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

  (Deputy Prime Ministers) Valentin KARABASHEV, Neycho NEEV, and Evgeniy

  MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992)

Member of:

  BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV

 chancery:

  1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 387-7969

 FAX:

  (202) 234-7973

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL

 embassy:

  1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia, Unit 25402

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09213-5740

 telephone:

  [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05

 FAX:

  [359] (2) 80-19-77

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national

  emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it

  contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red

  five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian

  state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)



*Bulgaria, Economy



Overview:

  Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in

  the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion

  - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and

  leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments.

  The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging

  industrial plant; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological

  developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of

  electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and

  motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their

  enterprises. Political bickering in Sofia and the collapse of the DIMITROV

  government in October 1992 have slowed the economic reform process. New

  Prime Minister BEROV, however, has pledged to continue the reforms initiated

  by the previous government. He has promised to continue cooperation with the

  World Bank and IMF, advance negotiations on rescheduling commercial debt,

  and push ahead with privatization. BEROV's government - whose main

  parliamentary supporters are the former Communist Bulgarian Socialist Party

  (BSP) - nonetheless appears likely to pursue more interventionist tactics in

  overcoming the country's economic problems.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.1 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -7.7% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $3,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  80% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $8 billion; expenditures $5 billion, including capital expenditures

  of $NA (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured

  consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 10.5%;

  other 12.7% (1991)

 partners:

  former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia 0.9%);

  developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less developed

  countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991)

Imports:

  $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment 15.8%;

  manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%; other 5.9%

 partners:

  former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); developed

  countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed countries 16.2%

  (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%)

External debt:

  $12 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -21% (1992 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990)

Electricity:   11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,070 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Bulgaria, Economy



Industries:

  machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles,

  building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals

Agriculture:

  accounts for 22% of GDP (1990); climate and soil conditions support

  livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds,

  vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land

  devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food

  producer

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed

  countries (1956-89)

Currency:

  1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki

Exchange rates:

  leva (Lv) per US$1 - 24.56 (January 1993),17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 (March

  1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note -

  floating exchange rate since February 1991

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Bulgaria, Communications



Railroads:

  4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km electrified

Highways:

  36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways);

  3,373 km earth roads (1987)

Inland waterways:

  470 km (1987)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the

  Danube

Merchant marine:

  112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,262,320 GRT/1,887,729 DWT;

  includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo

  training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 railcar

  carrier, 50 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717

  DWT operating under Liberian registry

Airports:

 total:

  380  usable:

  380

 with permanent-surface runways:

  120

 with runways over 3659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  20

Telecommunications:

  extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and mirowave

  radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone

  density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost two-thirds of the lines

  are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988);

  telephone service is available in most villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM,

  15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets

  (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1

  satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a

  Greek earth station



*Bulgaria, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,178,136; fit for military service 1,819,901; reach

  military age (19) annually 69,495 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Burkina, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, between Ghana and Mali

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  274,200 km2

 land area:

  273,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Colorado

Land boundaries:

  total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000

  km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:   none; landlocked

International disputes:

  the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted

  to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ

  issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;

  Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the

  tripoint with Niger

Climate:

  tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:

  mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast

Natural resources:

  manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper,

  nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  37%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  27%

Irrigated land:

  160 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural

  activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation

Note:

  landlocked



*Burkina, People



Population:

  9,852,529 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  48.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  18.19 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  119.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  47.47 years

 male:

  46.66 years

 female:

  48.3 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Burkinabe (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Burkinabe

Ethnic divisions:

  Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%

Languages:

  French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90%

  of the population

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  18%

 male:

  28%

 female:

  9%

Labor force:

  3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners

 by occupation:

  agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5%

 note:

  20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for

  seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985)



*Burkina, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Burkina Faso

 conventional short form:

  Burkina

 former:

  Upper Volta

Digraph:

  UV

Type:

  parliamentary

Capital:

  Ouagadougou

Administrative divisions:

  30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou,

  Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga,

  Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie,

  Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo

Independence:

  5 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  June 1991

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)

Political parties and leaders:

  Organization for People's Democracy-Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party,

  Marc Christian Roch KABORE; National Convention of Progressive

  Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Pierre TAPSOBA; African

  Democratic Assembly (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy

  and Federation (ADF), Herman YAMEOGO

Other political or pressure groups:

  committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political action

  groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

 President:

  last held December 1991

 Assembly of People's Deputies:

  last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  Assembly of People's Deputies

 note:

  the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which had

  not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992

Judicial branch:

  Appeals Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)



*Burkina, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-5577 or 6895

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN

 embassy:

  Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou

 mailing address:   01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou

 telephone:

  [226] 30-67- 23 through 25

 FAX:

  [226] 31-23-68

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed

  star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Burkina, Economy



Overview:

  One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population

  density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic

  development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked

  country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a

  subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable

  government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  1.3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $350 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  -1% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $495 million; expenditures $786 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

  $304.8 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  cotton, gold, animal products

 partners:

  EC 45%, Taiwan 15%, Cote d'Ivoire 15% (1987)

Imports:

  $593 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery, food products, petroleum

 partners:

  EC 51%, Africa 25%, US 6% (1987)

External debt:

  $865 million (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 23% of GDP (1989)

Electricity:

  120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles,

  gold mining and extraction

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 30% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame,

  cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not

  self-sufficient in food grains

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11

  (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Burkina, Communications



Railroads:

  620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km

  Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track

Highways:

  16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved

  (1985)

Airports:

 total:

  48

 usable:

  38

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication

  stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Burkina, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's Militia

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,947,935; fit for military service 995,532 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Burma, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  678,500 km2

 land area:

  657,740 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235

  km, Thailand 1,800 km

Coastline:

  1,930 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or to the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June

  to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower

  humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Terrain:

  central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Natural resources:

  petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some

  marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  15%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  49%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  10,180 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides

  common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation

Note:

  strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes



*Burma, People



Population:

  43,455,953 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.88% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  28.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  65.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  59.5 years

 male:

  57.5 years

 female:

  61.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Burmese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Burmese

Ethnic divisions:

  Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%,

  other 5%

Religions:

  Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%,

  animist beliefs 1%, other 2%

Languages:

  Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  81%

 male:

  89%

 female:

  72%

Labor force:

  16.007 million (1992)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1%

  (FY89 est.)



*Burma, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Union of Burma

 conventional short form:

  Burma

 local long form:

  Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of

  Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)

 local short form:

  Myanma Naingngandaw

 former:

  Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

Digraph:

  BM

Type:

  military regime

Capital:

  Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)

Administrative divisions:

  7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -,   pyine); Chin State,

Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State,,   Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine,

State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan,   State, Tenasserim*, Independence:

  4 January 1948 (from UK)

Constitution:

  3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National Convention

  started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a new constitution

Legal system:

  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 4 January (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for

  Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB),

  SEIN WIN (which consists of individuals legitimately elected to parliament,

  but not recognized by military regime) fled to border area and joined with

  insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government

Other political or pressure groups:

  Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National

  Union (KNU - the only non-drug group); several Shan factions, including the

  Mong Tai Army (MTA)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 People's Assembly:

  last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats

  - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79

Executive branch:

  chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order

  Restoration Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup

  of 18 September 1988

Judicial branch:   none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18

  September 1988



*Burma, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE

  (since 23 April 1992)

Member of:

  AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador U THAUNG

 chancery:

  2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-9044 through 9046

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr.

 embassy:

  581 Merchant Street, Rangoon

 mailing address:

  GPO Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546

 telephone:

  [95] (1) 82055, 82181

 FAX:

  [95] (1) 80409

Flag:

  red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in

  white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of

  rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions



*Burma, Economy



Overview:

  Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $660. The

  nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export

  earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports.

  For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices

  has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In

  1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this

  position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which

  generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work

  force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces

  and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little

  success.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.3% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $660 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  50% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  9.6% (FY89 est.) in urban areas

Budget:

  revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $11.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $535.1 million (FY92)

 commodities:

  teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems

 partners:

  China, India, Thailand, Singapore

Imports:

  $907.0 million (FY92)

 commodities:

  machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products

 partners:

  Japan, China, Singapore

External debt:

  $4 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,100,000 kW capacity; 2,800 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products;

  petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction

  materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in

  food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses;

  world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of

  export revenues

Illicit drugs:

  world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of

  cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production has nearly

  doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs



*Burma, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million

Currency:

  1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas

Exchange rates:   kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990),

  6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987); unofficial - 105

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Burma, Communications



Railroads:

  3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km

  narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track

Highways:

  27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel,

  6,100 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km

Ports:

  Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein

Merchant marine:

  62 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 940,264 GRT/1,315,156 DWT; includes 3

  passenger-cargo, 18 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 2

  container, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 23 bulk, 1

  combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  83

 usable:

  78

 with permanent-surface runways:

  26

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  38

Telecommunications:

  meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and

  government; international service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986);

  radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; broadcast

  stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Burma, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 11,004,419; females age 15-49 10,945,899; males fit for

  military service 5,894,514; females fit for military service 5,847,958;

  males reach military age (18) annually 435,030; females reach military age

  (18) annually 420,487 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military

  service

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP (1992)



*Burundi, Geography



Location:

  Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  27,830 km2

 land area:

  25,650 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands

Terrain:

  mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains

Natural resources:

  nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet

  exploited), vanadium

Land use:

 arable land:

  43%

 permanent crops:

  8%

 meadows and pastures:

  35%

 forest and woodland:

  2%

 other:

  12%

Irrigated land:

  720 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation

Note:

  landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed



*Burundi, People



Population:

  5,985,308 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.34% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  21.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  40.75 years

 male:

  38.79 years

 female:

  42.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.76 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Burundian(s)

 adjective:

  Burundi

Ethnic divisions:

 Africans:

  Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans

  include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians)

 non-Africans:

  Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Religions:

  Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%,

  Muslim 1%

Languages:

  Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in

  the Bujumbura area)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  50%

 male:

  61%

 female:

  40%

Labor force:

  1.9 million (1983 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services

  1.5%

 note:

  52% of population of working age (1985)



*Burundi, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Burundi

 conventional short form:

  Burundi

 local long form:

  Republika y'u Burundi

 local short form:

  Burundi

Digraph:

  BY

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Bujumbura

Administrative divisions:

  15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi,

  Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi

Independence:

  1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Constitution:

  13 March 1992 draft provides for establishment of plural political system

Legal system:

  based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

  only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI,

  secretary general;

 note:

  although Burundi is still officially a one-party state, at least four

  political parties were formed in 1991 and set the precedent for

  constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU),

  Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of Burundi

  (PSB), Royalist Parliamentary Party (PRP) - the most significant opposition

  party is FRODEBU, led by Melchior NDADAYE; the Party for the Liberation of

  the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early 1980s, is an

  ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; the government

  has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic politics and

  fomenting violence against the state; PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist charter makes

  it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new constitution that

  will require party membership open to all ethnic groups

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  note - The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for

  constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February

  1991; new elections to the National Assembly are to take place 29 June 1993;

  presidential elections are to take place 1 June 1993

Executive branch:

  president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity

  and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister



*Burundi, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following

  the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from

  27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity

  and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National

  Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to

  constitutional government

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Major Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE

 chancery:

  Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 342-2574

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY

 embassy:

  Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura

 mailing address:

  B. P. 1720, Bujumbura

 telephone:

  [257] (223) 454

 FAX:

  [257] (222) 926

Flag:

  divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green

  panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the

  center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a

  triangular design (one star above, two stars below)



*Burundi, Economy



Overview:

  A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic

  development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic

  industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts

  for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to

  pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the

  climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform

  agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi

  is trying to diversify its agricultural exports and attract foreign

  investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized

  via public auction in September 1991.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.23 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $205 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $318 million; expenditures $326 million, including capital

  expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $91.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  coffee 81%, tea, hides, and skins

 partners:

  EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%

Imports:

  $246 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods

 partners:

  EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%

External debt:

  $1 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  real growth rate 11.0% (1991 est.); accounts for about 5% of GDP

Electricity:

  55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;

  public works construction; food processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming;

  marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton,

  tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock

  - meat, milk, hides and skins

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175

  million

Currency:

  1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes



*Burundi, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 235.75 (January 1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51

  (1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Burundi, Communications



Highways:

  5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved

  or unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  Lake Tanganyika

Ports:

  Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and

  Zaire

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave radio

  relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Burundi, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,283,308; fit for military service 670,381; reach military

  age (16) annually 62,700 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989)



*Cambodia, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand and Vietnam

Map references:   Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  181,040 km2

 land area:

  176,520 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Land boundaries:

  total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

Coastline:

  443 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in

  dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined

Climate:

  tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to

  March); little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Natural resources:

  timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower

  potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  16%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  76%

 other:

  4%

Irrigated land:

  920 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap

Note:

  buffer between Thailand and Vietnam



*Cambodia, People



Population:

  9,898,900 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  4.41% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  15.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  111.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  49.06 years

 male:

  47.6 years

 female:

  50.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cambodian(s)

 adjective:

  Cambodian

Ethnic divisions:

  Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Religions:

  Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%

Languages:

  Khmer (official), French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  35%

 male:

  48%

 female:

  22%

Labor force:

  2,500,000 to 3,000,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 80% (1988 est.)



*Cambodia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Cambodia

Digraph:

  CB

Type:

  transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National

  Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation

  for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including

  representatives from each of the country's four political factions

Capital:

  Phnom Penh

Administrative divisions:

  20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang,

  Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal,

  Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey

  Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev

Independence:

  9 November 1949 (from France)

Constitution:

  a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

 NGC:

  Independence Day, 17 April (1975)

 SOC:

  Liberation Day, 7 January (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU

  SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under

  CHEA SIM; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN;

  National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative

  Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Liberal Democratic

  Party (LDP) under SAK SUTSAKHAN

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

  UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on

  proportional representation within each province is scheduled for 23-27 May

  1993; the assembly will draft and approve a constitution and then transform

  itself into a legislature that will create a new Cambodian Government

Executive branch:

  a 12 member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM

  SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political

  factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC)

  - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer

  People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front

  for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)

  - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH

Legislative branch:

  pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's unicameral

  National Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body

Judicial branch:

  Supreme People's Court pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent

  SOC faction's Supreme People's Court is the only functioning national

  judicial body



*Cambodia, Government



Leaders:  Chief of State:

  SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under UN supervision

 Head of Government:

  NGC - vacant, but will be determined following the national election in

  1993; SOC - Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January

  1985)

Member of:

  AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international

  organizations

US diplomatic representation:

 US representative:

  Charles TWINNING

 mission:

  27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh

 mailing address:

  Box P, APO AP 96546

 telephone:

  (855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438

 FAX:

  (855) 23-26437

Flag:

  SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal

  horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered

  temple representing Angkor Wat in the center



*Cambodia, Economy



Overview:

  Cambodia remains a desperately poor country whose economic recovery is held

  hostage to continued political unrest and factional hostilities. The

  country's immediate economic challenge is an acute financial crisis that is

  undermining monetary stability and preventing disbursement of foreign

  development assistance. Cambodia is still recovering from an abrupt shift in

  1990 to free-market economic mechanisms and a cutoff in aid from former

  Soviet bloc countries; these changes have severely impacted on public sector

  revenues and performance. The country's infrastructure of roads, bridges,

  and power plants has been severely degraded, now having only 40-50% of

  prewar capacity. The economy remains essentially rural, with 90% of the

  population living in the countryside and dependent mainly on subsistence

  agriculture. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and

  unreliable.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $280 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  250-300% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $120 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $59 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood

 partners:

  Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

Imports:

  $170 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery

 partners:

  Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

External debt:

  $717 million (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining

Agriculture:

  mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice,

  rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products,

  sugar, flour

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US

  countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8

  billion

Currency:

  1 riel (CR) = 100 sen



*Cambodia, Economy



Exchange rates:

  riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560

  (1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Cambodia, Communications



Railroads:

  612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned

Highways:

  13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or

  improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair

Inland waterways:

  3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to

  craft drawing 1.8 meters

Ports:

  Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh

Airports:

 total:

  15

 usable:

  9

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually

  nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and

  other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV



*Cambodia, Defense Forces



Branches:

 SOC:

  Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF)

 Communist resistance forces:

  National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)

 non-Communist resistance forces:

  Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as

  National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), Khmer People's National

  Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,883,679; fit for military service 1,033,168; reach

  military age (18) annually 74,585 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Cameroon, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial Guinea

  and Nigeria

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  475,440 km2

 land area:

  469,440 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:   total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523

  km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km

Coastline:

  402 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  50 nm

International disputes:

  demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has

  led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification

  by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with

  Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet

  convened

Climate:

  varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Terrain:

  diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center,

  mountains in west, plains in north

Natural resources:

  petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  13%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  54%

 other:

  13%

Irrigated land:

  280 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation;

  overgrazing; desertification

Note:

  sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa



*Cameroon, People



Population:

  12,755,873 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  40.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:  total population:

  56.66 years

 male:

  54.65 years

 female:

  58.74 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cameroonian(s)

 adjective:

  Cameroonian

Ethnic divisions:

  Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%,

  Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African

  less than 1%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%

Languages:

  24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  54%

 male:

  66%

 female:

  43%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983)

 note:

  50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)



*Cameroon, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Cameroon

 conventional short form:

  Cameroon

 former:

  French Cameroon

Digraph:

  CM

Type:

  unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties

  legalized 1990)

Capital:

  Yaounde

Administrative divisions:

  10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord,

  Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest

Independence:

  1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)

Constitution:

  20 May 1972

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 20 May (1972)

Political parties and leaders:

  Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is

  government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition

  parties were legalized in 1990

 major opposition parties:

  National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP)

 major oppositon parties:

  Social Democratic Front (SDF)

 major opposition parties:

  Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC)

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180

  seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6

 President:

  last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with

  about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate

  John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19%

  of the vote

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)



*Cameroon, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77,

  GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador Paul PONDI

 chancery:

  2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-8790 through 8794

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Harriet ISOM

 embassy:

  Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde

 mailing address:

  B. P. 817, Yaounde

 telephone:

  [237] 234-014

 FAX:

  [237] 230-753

 consulate:

  Douala

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a

  yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular

  pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Cameroon, Economy



Overview:

  Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest

  incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious

  problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political

  instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate

  for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid

  economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986

  precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee,

  cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and

  inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support

  from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms

  designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture,

  and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by

  opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,040 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  25% (1990 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $422 million (FY90 est.)

Exports:

  $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products, timber

 partners:

  EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countries

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment

 partners:

  EC about 60%, France 41%, Germany 9%, African countries, Japan, US 4%

External debt:

  $6 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity:

  755,000 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer goods,

  textiles, sawmills

Agriculture:

  the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of

  the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree

  of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include

  coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock,

  root starches

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125

  million



*Cameroon, Economy



Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Cameroon, Communications



Railroads:

  1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge

Highways:

  about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and

  improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  2,090 km; of decreasing importance

Ports:   Douala

Merchant marine:

  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  59

 usable:

  51

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  51

Telecommunications:

  good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio relay;

  26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available only to

  business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Cameroon, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie,

  Presidential Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,844,280; fit for military service 1,432,563; reach

  military age (18) annually 125,453 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Canada, Geography



Location:

  Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific

  Ocean north of the US

Map references:

  Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  9,976,140 km2

 land area:

  9,220,970 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than US

Land boundaries:

  total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Coastline:

  243,791 km

Maritime claims:  continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus

  of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France

Climate:

  varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain:

  mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

Natural resources:

  nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber,

  wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  57%

Irrigated land:

  8,400 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous

  permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development

Note:

  second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between

  Russia and US via north polar route



*Canada, People



Population:

  27,769,993 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.28% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.98 years

 male:   74.54 years

 female:

  81.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Canadian(s)

 adjective:

  Canadian

Ethnic divisions:

  British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous

  Indian and Eskimo 1.5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28%

Languages:

  English (official), French (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  13.38 million

 by occupation:

  services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4%

  (1988)



*Canada, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Canada

Digraph:

  CA

Type:

  confederation with parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Ottawa

Administrative divisions:

  10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New,   Brunswick,

Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario,,   Prince Edward Island, Quebec,

Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*, Independence:

  1 July 1867 (from UK)

Constitution:

  amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982;

  charter of rights and unwritten customs

Legal system:   based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based

  on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Political parties and leaders:

  Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean

  CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston

  MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Commons:

  last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results -

  Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party

  20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159,

  Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate

  (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June

  1993



*Canada, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB

  (non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state),

  FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL,

  PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN

 chancery:

  501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001

 telephone:

  (202) 682-1740

 FAX:

  (202) 682-7726

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles,

  Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD

 embassy:

  100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430

 telephone:

  (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470

 FAX:

  (613) 238-5720

 consulates general:

  Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver

Flag:

  three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and

  red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band



*Canada, Economy



Overview:

  As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles

  the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of

  production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing,

  mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural

  economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada

  registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations,

  averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force,

  and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However,

  the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking

  areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn

  investors have become edgy.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  0.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $19,600 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  11.5% (December 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)

Exports:

  $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas,

  aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment

 partners:

  US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China

Imports:

  $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods,

  electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts

 partners:

  US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea

External debt:

  $247 billion (1987)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP

Electricity:

  109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products,

  transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural

  gas

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and

  exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural

  imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial

  fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is

  exported



*Canada, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of

  hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of

  high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin

  and cocaine entering the US market

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion

Currency:

  1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992),

  1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Canada, Communications



Railroads:

  146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems -

  Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger

  service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified

Highways:

  884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth

Inland waterways:

  3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway

Pipelines:

  crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km

Ports:

  Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's

  (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver

Merchant marine:

  63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1

  passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar

  carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil

  tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not

  include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes

Airports:

 total:

  1,420

 useable:

  1,142

 with permanent-surface runways:

  457

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  30

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  330

Telecommunications:

  excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones;

  broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial

  submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4

  Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems



*Canada, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air

  Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted

  Police (RCMP)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach

  military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93)



*Cape Verde, Geography



Location:

  in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west of Senegal in Western

  Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  4,030 km2

 land area:

  4,030 km2  comparative area:

  slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  965 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic

Terrain:

  steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

Natural resources:

  salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  9%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  85%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility;

  volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing

Note:

  strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south

  sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air

  refueling site



*Cape Verde, People



Population:

  410,535 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.03% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  47.02 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.43 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:   59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.18 years

 male:

  60.3 years

 female:

  64.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cape Verdean(s)

 adjective:

  Cape Verdean

Ethnic divisions:

  Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs

Languages:

  Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1989)

 total population:

  66%

 male:

  NA

 female:

  NA

Labor force:

  102,000 (1985 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981)

 note:

  51% of population of working age (1985)



*Cape Verde, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Cape Verde

 conventional short form:

  Cape Verde

 local long form:

  Republica de Cabo Verde

 local short form:

  Cabo Verde

Digraph:

  CV

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Praia

Administrative divisions:   14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo,

Maio,

  Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz,

  Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal

Independence:

  5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September

  1990 (legalized opposition parties)

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and

  chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona

  Rodrigues PIRES, chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 People's National Assembly:

  last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this

  multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule

 President:

  last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results -

  Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January

  1991)



*Cape Verde, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape

  Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council on 1 January

  1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA

 chancery:

  3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 965-6820  consulate general:

  Boston

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Joseph SEGARS

 embassy:

  Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia

 mailing address:

  C. P. 201, Praia

 telephone:

  [238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17

 FAX:

  [238] 61-13-55

Flag:

  a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag

  consisted of two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a

  vertical red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is

  a black five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell;

  uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of

  Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in

  the red band



*Cape Verde, Economy



Overview:

  Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a

  serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service

  oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 60%

  of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas,

  agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts for 4%.

  About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster

  and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of

  GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances

  from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the new

  democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the private

  sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $310 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $800 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8.7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  25% (1988)

Budget:

  revenues $104 million; expenditures $133 million, including capital

  expenditures of $72 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $5.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  fish, bananas, hides and skins

 partners:   Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.)

Imports:

  $120 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment

 partners:

  Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US

  (1990 est.)

External debt:

  $156 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 4% of GDP

Electricity:

  15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction

  materials, food and beverage production

Agriculture:

  accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming;

  bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes,

  coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and

  scanty rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both

  domestic consumption and small exports

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36

  million



*Cape Verde, Economy



Currency:

  1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 75.47 (January 1993), 73.10 (1992),

  71.41 (1991), 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Cape Verde, Communications



Ports:

  Mindelo, Praia

Merchant marine:

  7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  6

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6  with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal

  and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1

  TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Cape Verde, Defense Forces



Branches:

  People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy),

  Security Service

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 75,431; fit for military service 44,358 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Cayman Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Cayman Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between Cuba and Honduras

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  260 km2

 land area:

  260 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  160 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively

  dry winters (November to April)

Terrain:

  low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs

Natural resources:

  fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  8%

 forest and woodland:

  23%

 other:

  69%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  within the Caribbean hurricane belt

Note:

  important location between Cuba and Central America



*Cayman Islands, People



Population:

  30,440 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  4.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.1 years

 male:

  75.37 years

 female:

  78.81 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.48 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Caymanian(s)

 adjective:

  Caymanian

Ethnic divisions:   mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20%

Religions:

  United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman

  Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  8,061

 by occupation:

  service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and

  investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)



*Cayman Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Cayman Islands

Digraph:

  CJ

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  George Town

Administrative divisions:

  8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West

  End, Western

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  1959, revised 1972

Legal system:

  British common law and local statutes

National holiday:

  Constitution Day (first Monday in July)

Political parties and leaders:

  no formal political parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected)

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since NA May

  1992)

Member of:

  CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are

  represented by the UK

Flag:

  blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the

  flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with

  three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom

  bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS



*Cayman Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export

  earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed

  at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America.

  About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported.

  The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.4% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $23,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  7% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $141.5 million; expenditures $160.7 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

  $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.)

 commodities:

  turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

 partners:

  mostly US

Imports:

  $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, manufactured goods

 partners:   US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan

External debt:

  $15 million (1986)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 8,780 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials,

  furniture making

Agriculture:

  minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million

Currency:

  1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Cayman Islands, Communications



Highways:

  160 km of main roads

Ports:

  George Town, Cayman Brac

Merchant marine:

  29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,738 GRT/468,659 DWT; includes 1

  passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 oil tanker, 2 chemical

  tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 4 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag

  of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access

  international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV



*Cayman Islands, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Central African Republic, Geography



Location:

  Central Africa, between Chad and Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  622,980 km2

 land area:

  622,980 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165

  km, Zaire 1,577 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Terrain:

  vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and

  southwest

Natural resources:

  diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  64%

 other:

  28%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has

  diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification

Note:

  landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa



*Central African Republic, People



Population:

  3,073,979 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  42.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  20.49 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  138.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  42.94 years

 male:

  41.46 years

 female:

  44.45 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Central African(s)

 adjective:

  Central African

Ethnic divisions:

  Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans

  6,500 (including 3,600 French)

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%,

  other 11%

 note:

  animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority

Languages:

  French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic,

  Hunsa, Swahili

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  27%

 male:

  33%

 female:

  15%

Labor force:

  775,413 (1986 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3%

 note:

  about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985)



*Central African Republic, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Central African Republic

 conventional short form:

  none

 local long form:

  Republique Centrafricaine

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Central African Empire

Abbreviation:

  CAR

Digraph:

  CT

Type:

  republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986

Capital:

  Bangui

Administrative divisions:

  14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*,   (prefectures

economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1

  commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,,   Haute-Sangha,

Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,

  Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga, Independence:

  13 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  21 November 1986

Legal system:

  based on French law

National holiday:

  National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic)

Political parties and leaders:

  Central African Democratic Party (RDC), the government party, Laurent

  GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates Coalition includes; Union of the People

  for Economic and Social Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal

  Republican Party (PARELI), Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist

  Movement (MSCA), Michel BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a

  coalition of 13 parties, including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress

  (ADP), Francois PEHOUA; Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth

  ROLLAND; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum

  (FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor

  KOMBOT-NAGUEMON

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to

  dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17

  October 1993

 National Assembly:   last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to

  dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17

  October 1993

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)



*Central African Republic, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic

  and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit

  together this is known as the Congress (Congres)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE (since 2 March 1993)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET

 chancery:

  1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-7800 or 7801

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN

 embassy:

  Avenue David Dacko, Bangui

 mailing address:

  B. P. 924, Bangui

 telephone:

  [236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10

 FAX:

  [236] 61-44-94

Flag:

  four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a

  vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the

  hoist side of the blue band



*Central African Republic, Economy



Overview:

  Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR

  economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In

  1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural

  products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry

  for 30%. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's

  landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a weak human resource

  base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, particularly from

  France, plays a major role in providing capital for new investment.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $440 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  -3% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  30% (1988 est.) in Bangui

Budget:

  revenues $175 million; expenditures $312 million, including capital

  expenditures of $122 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $138 million (1991 est.)

 commodities:

  diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco

 partners:

  France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US

Imports:

  $205 million (1991 est.)

 commodities:

  food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor

  vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products

 partners:

  France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria

External debt:

  $859 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP

Electricity:

  40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of

  bicycles and motorcycles

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for

  grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops -

  manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)



*Central African Republic, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Central African Republic, Communications



Highways:

  22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts;

  Oubangui is the most important river

Airports:

 total:

  66

 usable:

  51

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  20

Telecommunications:

  fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with

  low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations -

  1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Central African Republic, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National

  Gendarmerie, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 685,575; fit for military service 358,836 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Chad, Geography



Location:

  Central Africa, between the Central African Republic and Libya

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  1.284 million km2

 land area:

  1,259,200 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries:

  total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya

  1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north;

  demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has

  led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification

  by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria

Climate:

  tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain:

  broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,

  lowlands in south

Natural resources:

  petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin,

  fish (Lake Chad)

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  36%

 forest and woodland:

  11%

 other:

  51%

Irrigated land:

  100 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification

  adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts

Note:

  landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel



*Chad, People



Population:

  5,350,971 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.13% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  42.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:   20.93 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  134 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  40.41 years

 male:

  39.36 years

 female:

  41.5 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Chadian(s)

 adjective:

  Chadian

Ethnic divisions:

 north and center:

  Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,

  Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba)

 south:

  non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa)

  nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French

Religions:

  Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23%

Languages:

  French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in south),

  more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (1990)

 total population:

  30%

 male:

  42%

 female:

  18%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and

  fishing)



*Chad, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Chad

 conventional short form:

  Chad

 local long form:

  Republique du Tchad  local short form:

  Tchad

Digraph:

  CD

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  N'Djamena

Administrative divisions:

  14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine,

  Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental,

  Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile

Independence:

  11 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1

  March 1991; national conference drafting new constitution to submit to

  referendum January 1993

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  11 August

Political parties and leaders:

  Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY,

  chairman

 note:

  President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and

  free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident groups; 26 opposition

  political parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  universal at age NA

Elections:

 National Consultative Council:

  last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990

 President:

  last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein

  HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then

  President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3

  December 1990; national conference opened 15 January 1993; election to

  follow by end of year

Executive branch:

  president, Council of State (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was

  disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the

  Republic, with 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal



*Chad, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Joseph YODOYMAN (since NA August 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

  OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kombaria Loumaye MEKONYO

 chancery:

  2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 462-4009

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN

 embassy:

  Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

 mailing address:

  B. P. 413, N'Djamena

 telephone:

  [235] (51) 62-18, 40-09, or 51-62-11

 FAX:

  [235] 51-33-72

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to

  the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a

  national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow

  band; design was based on the flag of France



*Chad, Economy



Overview:

  The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural

  resources make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world.

  Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya,

  drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level,

  with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of

  the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is

  based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including

  cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with

  its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil

  companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in

  the south. Good crop weather led to 8.4% growth in 1991.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  8.4% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $215 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   2%-3% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $115 million; expenditures $412 million, including capital

  expenditures of $218 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $193.9 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish

 partners:

  France, Nigeria, Cameroon

Imports:

  $294.1 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum

  products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment

 partners:

  US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon

External debt:

  $492 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate),

  soap, cigarettes

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most

  important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice,

  potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient

  in food in years of adequate rainfall

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes



*Chad, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Chad, Communications



Highways:

  31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  2,000 km navigable

Airports:

 total:

  69

 usable:

  55

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  24

Telecommunications:

  fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast

  stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative;

  1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Chad, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,246,617; fit for military service 647,908; reach military

  age (20) annually 52,870 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $58 million, 5.6% of GDP (1989)



*Chile, Geography



Location:

  Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Argentina

  and Peru

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  756,950 km2

 land area:

  748,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

 note:

  includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez

Land boundaries:

  total 6,171 km, Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km

Coastline:   6,435 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia

  has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama

  area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water

  rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory)

  partially overlaps Argentine and British claims

Climate:

  temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south

Terrain:

  low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east

Natural resources:

  copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  16%

 forest and woodland:

  21%

 other:

  56%

Irrigated land:

  12,650 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one

  of world's driest regions; desertification

Note:

  strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

  (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)



*Chile, People



Population:

  13,739,759 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.54% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.55 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.15 years

 male:

  71.16 years

 female:

  77.29 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.51 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Chilean(s)

 adjective:

  Chilean

Ethnic divisions:

  European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish

Languages:

  Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  94%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  4.728 million

 by occupation:

  services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%,

  agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4%

  (1990)



*Chile, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Chile

 conventional short form:

  Chile

 local long form:

  Republica de Chile

 local short form:

  Chile

Digraph:

  CI

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Santiago

Administrative divisions:

  13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez

  del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador

  General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena,

  Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso

 note:

  the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:

  18 September 1810 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989

Legal system:

  based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes

  influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts

  in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

Political parties and leaders:

  Concertation of Parties for Democracy consists mainly of four parties: PDC,

  PPD, PR, PS; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle;

  Party for Democracy (PPD), Sergio BITAR; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ

  Marquez; Sociaistl Party (PS), German CORREA; Independent Democratic Union

  (UDI), Jovino NOVOA; National Renovation (RN), Andree ALLAMAND;

  Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco Juner ERRAZURIZ; Communist Party of

  Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; Allende Leftist Democratic Movement

  (MIDA), Mario PALESTRO

Other political or pressure groups:

  revitalized university student federations at all major universities

  dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT)

  includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor

  confederations; Roman Catholic Church

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of Parties for

  Democracy 71 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 11), RN 29, UDI 11, right-wing

  independents 9

 President:

  last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results -

  Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4%



*Chile, Government



 Senate:

  last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) Concertation of

  Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD 1), RN 6, UDI 2,

  right-wing independents 8

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house

  or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

  Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990)

Member of:

  CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES,

  LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UNMOGIP, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique

 chancery:

  1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 785-1746

 consulates general:

  Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Curtis W. KAMMAN

 embassy:

  Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, Santiago

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34033

 telephone:

  [56] (2) 671-0133

 FAX:

  [56] (2) 699-1141

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square

  the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band;

  the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based

  on the US flag



*Chile, Economy



Overview:

  The government of President AYLWIN, which took power in 1990, retained the

  economic policies of PINOCHET, although the share of spending for social

  welfare has risen steadily. In 1991 growth in GDP recovered to 6% (led by

  consumer spending) after only 2% growth in 1990. The pace accelerated in

  1992 as the result of strong investment and export growth, and GDP rose

  10.4%. Nonetheless, inflation fell further, to 12.7%, compared with 27.3% in

  1990 and 18.7% in 1991. The buoyant economy spurred a 25% growth in imports,

  and the trade surplus fell in 1992, although international reserves

  increased. Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1993, and

  economic growth is likely to approach 7%.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.7 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:   10.4% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $2,550 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  12.7% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  4.9% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $10.9 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $1.2 billion (1993)

Exports:

  $10 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products 7.1%, fish and

  fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991)

 partners:

  EC 32%, US 18%, Japan 18%, Brazil 5% (1991)

Imports:

  $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%,

  foodstuffs 5.7%

 partners:

  US 21%, EC 18%, Brazil 9%, Japan 8% (1991)

External debt:

  $16.9 billion (year end 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 14.56% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,769,000 kW capacity; 22,010 million kWh produced, 1,630 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood

  and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major

  exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn,

  grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products -

  beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1991 fish catch of 6.6

  million metric tons; net agricultural importer

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million



*Chile, Economy



Currency:

  1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 384.04 (January 1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37

  (1991), 305.06 (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Chile, Communications



Railroads:

  7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; 1,865 km 1.676-meter gauge and 80 km

  1.000-meter gauge electrified

Highways:

  79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and

  unimproved earth (1984)

Inland waterways:

  725 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

Ports:

  Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio,

  Talcahuano, Arica

Merchant marine:

  31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 445,330 GRT/756,018 DWT; includes 8

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3

  chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 bulk; note

  - in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used

  commercially

Airports:

 total:

  396

 usable:

  351

 with permanent-surface runways:

  48

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  13

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  57

Telecommunications:

  modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities;

  768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11

  shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3

  domestic



*Chile, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and

  Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police),

  Investigative Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3.653 million; fit for military service 2,722,479; reach

  military age (19) annually 119,434 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:   exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)



*China, Header



Affiliation:

  (also see separate Taiwan entry)



*China, Geography



Location:

  East Asia, between India and Mongolia

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  9,596,960 km2

 land area:

  9,326,410 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries:

  total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong

  Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,

  Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal

  1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest)

  40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

Coastline:

  14,500 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve

  disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan

  under dispute; a short section of the boundary with North Korea is

  indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with

  Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime

  boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands

  occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims

  Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu

  Tai)

Climate:

  extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Terrain:

  mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills

  in east

Natural resources:

  coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,

  molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's

  largest hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  31%

 forest and woodland:

  14%

 other:

  45%

Irrigated land:

  478,220 km2 (1991 - Chinese statistic)



*China, Geography



Environment:

  frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern

  coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil

  erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution;

  desertification

Note:

  world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)



*China, People



Population:

  1,177,584,537 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.74 years

 male:

  66.78 years

 female:

  68.8 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Chinese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Chinese

Ethnic divisions:

  Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,

  Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Religions:

  Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.)

 note:

  officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

Languages:

  Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue

  (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),

  Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  73%

 male:

  84%

 female:

  62%

Labor force:

  567.4 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and

  mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)



*China, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  People's Republic of China

 conventional short form:

  China

 local long form:

  Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

 local short form:

  Zhong Guo

Abbreviation:

  PRC

Digraph:

  CH

Type:

  Communist state

Capital:

  Beijing

Administrative divisions:

  23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,,   singular and

plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);,   Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu,,

Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,,   Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,

Jilin, Liaoning,

  Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,,   Sichuan, Tianjin

Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang,  note:

  China considers Taiwan its 23rd province

Independence:   221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing

  Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic

  established 1 October 1949)

Constitution:

  most recent promulgated 4 December 1982

Legal system:

  a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary

  civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1

  January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil,

  administrative, criminal, and commercial law

National holiday:

  National Day, 1 October (1949)

Political parties and leaders:

  Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central

  Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by

  CCP

Other political or pressure groups:

  such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually

  within the party and government organization, that vary by issue

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National People's Congress:

  last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only

  party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at

  county or xian level)

 President:

  last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was

  nominally elected by the Eighth National People's Congress

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, premier, four vice premiers, State Council



*China, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme People's Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren

  (since 27 March 1993)

 Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto):

  DENG Xiaoping (since NA 1977)

 Head of Government:

  Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9

  April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU

  Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993);

  Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993)

Member of:

  AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM

  (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UN Security

  Council, UNTAC, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador LI Daoyu

 chancery:

  2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 328-2500 through 2502

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY

 embassy:

  Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing

 mailing address:

  100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002

 telephone:

  [86] (1) 532-3831

 FAX:

  [86] (1) 532-3178

 consulates general:

  Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang

Flag:

  red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow

  five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the

  flag) in the upper hoist-side corner



*China, Economy



Overview:

  Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the

  economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more

  productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the

  framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have

  switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of

  the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and

  plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale

  enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign

  economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying

  result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in

  the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal

  areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and

  modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and

  export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the

  darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the

  worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of

  capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has

  periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and

  thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again

  in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal

  areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority

  by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is

  essential to the nation's long-term economic viability.

National product:   GNP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  12.8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.4% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  2.3% in urban areas (1992)

Budget:

  deficit $16.3 billion (1992)

Exports:

  $85.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum,

  minerals

 partners:

  Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1992)

Imports:

  $80.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel,

  textile yarn, fertilizer

 partners:

  Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Taiwan, Germany, Russia (1992)

External debt:

  $69.3 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 20.8% (1992)

Electricity:

  158,690,000 kW capacity; 740,000 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*China, Economy



Industries:

  iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum,

  cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice,

  potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops

  include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock

  products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million

  metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991)

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium in at least 18 provinces and administrative

  regions; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province; transshipment point for

  heroin produced in the Golden Triangle

Economic aid:

  donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments,

  including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA

  and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion

Currency:

  1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao

Exchange rates:

  yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.7640 (January 1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991),

  4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*China, Communications



Railroads:

  total about 64,000 km; 54,000 km of common carrier lines, of which 53,400 km

  are 1.435-meter gauge (standard) and 600 km are 1.000-meter gauge (narrow);

  11,200 km of standard gauge common carrier route are double tracked and

  6,900 km are electrified (1990); an additional 10,000 km of varying gauges

  (0.762 to 1.067-meter) are dedicated industrial lines

Highways:

  about 1,029,000 km (1990) total; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km

  (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads

  and tracks

Inland waterways:

  138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km

Ports:

  Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang,

  Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou

Merchant marine:

  1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,029,320 GRT/21,120,522 DWT;

  includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6

  cargo/training, 811 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 81 container, 18

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 oil tanker, 11

  chemical tanker, 263 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination

  bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an additional 227

  ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 6,187,117 DWT that operate

  under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot,

  Saint Vincent, Bahamian, and Romanian registry

Airports:

 total:

  330

 usable:

  330

 with permanent-surface runways:

  260

 with runways over 3,500 m:

  fewer than 10

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  90

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  200

Telecommunications:

  domestic and international services are increasingly available for private

  use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities,

  industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December

  1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV;

  more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth

  stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT,

  and 55 domestic



*China, Defense Forces



Branches:

  People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 343,361,925; fit for military service 190,665,512; reach

  military age (18) annually 10,844,047 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP



*Christmas Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Christmas Island, Geography



Location:

  in the Indian Ocean, between Australia and Indonesia

Map references:

  Southeast Asia

Area:

 total area:

  135 km2

 land area:

  135 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  138.9 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

Natural resources:

  phosphate

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  almost completely surrounded by a reef

Note:

  located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean



*Christmas Island, People



Population:

  1,685 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -2.44% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Christmas Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Christmas Island

Ethnic divisions:

  Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous population

Religions:

  Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church

  of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%,

  Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas

  Island, Ltd.



*Christmas Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Christmas Island

 conventional short form:

  Christmas Island

Digraph:

  KT

Type:

  territory of Australia

Capital:

  The Settlement

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

  Christmas Island Act of 1958

Legal system:

  under the authority of the governor general of Australia

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory

  Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  none

Judicial branch:

  none

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

  the flag of Australia is used



*Christmas Island, Economy



Overview:

  Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in

  December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer

  economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also

  to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date

  during the first half of 1992.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  phosphate

 partners:

  Australia, NZ

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  consumer goods

 partners:

  principally Australia

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 17,800 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Agriculture:

  NA

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Christmas Island, Communications



Highways:

  adequate road system

Ports:

  Flying Fish Cove

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439:

  1

Telecommunications:

  4,000 radios (1982); broadcasting stations - 1 AM, 1 TV



*Christmas Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia



*Clipperton Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Clipperton Island, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico

Map references:

  World

Area:

 total area:

  7 km2

 land area:

  7 km2

 comparative area:

  about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  11.1 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Mexico

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  coral atoll

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (all coral)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  reef about 8 km in circumference



*Clipperton Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Clipperton Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Clipperton Island

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ile Clipperton

 former:

  sometimes called Ile de la Passion

Digraph:   IP

Type:

  French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High

  Commissioner of the Republic

Capital:

  none; administered by France from French Polynesia

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Clipperton Island, Economy



Overview:

  The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station.



*Clipperton Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only



*Clipperton Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the Indian Ocean, 1,070 km southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between

  Australia and Sri Lanka

Map references:

  Southeast Asia

Area:

 total area:

  14 km2

 land area:

  14 km2

 comparative area:

  about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

 note:

  includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island

Land boundaries:   0 km

Coastline:

  2.6 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine months of the

  year; moderate rain fall

Terrain:

  flat, low-lying coral atolls

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, People



Population:

  593 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.53% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/women

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cocos Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Cocos Islander

Ethnic divisions:

 West Island:

  Europeans

 Home Island:

  Cocos Malays

Religions:

  Sunni Muslims

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands

 conventional short form:

  Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Digraph:

  CK

Type:

  territory of Australia

Capital:

  West Island

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

  Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

Legal system:

  based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  NA

Suffrage:

  NA

Elections:   NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of

  the Islands Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Islands Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji

  WAHIN bin Bynie (since NA)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

  the flag of Australia is used



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and

  fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing

  contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other

  necessities must be imported from Australia.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  copra

 partners:

  Australia

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  foodstuffs

 partners:

  Australia

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  copra products

Agriculture:

  gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Communications



Ports:

  none; lagoon anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications

  via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV



*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia



*Colombia, Geography



Location:

  Northern South America, between Panama and Venezuela

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  1,138,910 km2

 land area:

  1,038,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Montana

 note:

  includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank

Land boundaries:

  total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900

  km, Venezuela 2,050 km

Coastline:

  3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;

  territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y

  Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank

Climate:

  tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Terrain:

  flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern

  lowland plains

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  29%

 forest and woodland:

  49%

 other:

  16%

Irrigated land:

  5,150 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from

  overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts

Note:

  only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and

  Caribbean Sea



*Colombia, People



Population:

  34,942,767 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.72 years

 male:

  68.99 years

 female:

  74.53 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Colombian(s)

 adjective:

  Colombian

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian

  1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

  Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  87%

 male:

  88%

 female:

  86%

Labor force:

  12 million (1990)

 by occupation:

  services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990)



*Colombia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Colombia

 conventional short form:

  Colombia  local long form:

  Republica de Colombia

 local short form:

  Colombia

Digraph:

  CO

Type:

  republic; executive branch dominates government structure

Capital:

  Bogota

Administrative divisions:

  23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats*,   (comisarias, singular

- comisaria), 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular,   - intendencia), and 1 special district***,

(distrito especial); Amazonas*,,   Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bogota***, Bolivar, Boyaca,,

Caldas, Caqueta,

  Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*,,   Huila, La Guajira,

Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**,,   Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y

Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima,,   Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*,  note:

  the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and

  intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito

  capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997

Independence:

  20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  5 July 1991

Legal system:

  based on Spanish law; judicial review of executive and legislative acts;

  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

Political parties and leaders:

  Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative

  Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN),

  Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th

  of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small

  leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union

  (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of

  Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO

Other political or pressure groups:

  three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces

  of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation

  Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized

  People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA

  Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement)

  24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12%



*Colombia, Government



 Senate:

  last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19

  9, MSN 5, UP 1, other 7

 House of Representatives:

  last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19

  13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17

Executive branch:

  president, presidential designate, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber

  or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of

  Representatives (Camara de Representantes)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court,

  Council of State

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)

Member of:

  AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL,

  PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra

 chancery:

  2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 387-8338

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan

  (Puerto Rico)

 consulates:

  Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Tampa

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY

 embassy:

  Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038

 telephone:

  [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688

 FAX:

  [57] (1) 288-5687

 consulate:

  Barranquilla

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar

  to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of

  arms superimposed in the center



*Colombia, Economy



Overview:

  Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates

  remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have

  kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid

  development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries in recent

  years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's major

  export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of

  1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, energy rationing, and drug-related

  violence have dampened growth. The level of violence, in Bogota in

  particular, surged to higher levels in the first quarter of 1993, further

  delaying the economic resurgence expected from government reforms. These

  reforms center on fiscal restraint, trade and investment liberalization,

  financial and labor reform, and privatization of state utilities and

  commercial banks.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $51 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  25% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  10% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $5.0 billion; current expenditures $5.1 billion, capital

  expenditures $964 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers

 partners:

  US 44%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% (1991)

Imports:

  $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals,

  paper products

 partners:

  US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% (1991)

External debt:

  $17 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -0.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  10,193,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,

  metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver,

  salt

Agriculture:

  growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds

  and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a

  wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa

  beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming

  more important



*Colombia, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca

  under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into

  cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion,

  Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million

Currency:

  1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 820.08 (January 1993), 759.28 (1992),

  633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Colombia, Communications



Railroads:

  3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km

  1.435-meter gauge

Highways:

  75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces

Inland waterways:

  14,300 km, navigable by river boats

Pipelines:

  crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural

  gas liquids 125 km

Ports:

  Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta,

  Tumaco

Merchant marine:

  27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 227,719 GRT/356,665 DWT; includes 9

  cargo, 3 oil tanker, 8 bulk, 7 container

Airports:

 total:

  1,233

 usable:

  1,059

 with permanent-surface:

  69

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1  with runways 2,440-2,459 m:

  9

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  200

Telecommunications:

  nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations -

  413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

  and 11 domestic satellite earth stations



*Colombia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air

  Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 9,428,358; fit for military service 6,375,944; reach

  military age (18) annually 356,993 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $630 million, 1.3% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Comoros, Geography



Location:

  in the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way

  between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,170 km2

 land area:

  2,170 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  340 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims French-administered Mayotte

Climate:

  tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Terrain:

  volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:  arable land:

  35%

 permanent crops:

  8%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  16%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy

  season

Note:

  important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel



*Comoros, People



Population:

  511,651 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.54% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  46.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  57.35 years

 male:

  55.23 years

 female:

  59.55 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Comoran(s)

 adjective:

  Comoran

Ethnic divisions:

  Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and

  Arabic)

Literacy:   age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  48%

 male:

  56%

 female:

  40%

Labor force:

  140,000 (1982)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 80%, government 3%

 note:

  51% of population of working age (1985)



*Comoros, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros

 conventional short form:

  Comoros

 local long form:

  Republique Federale Islamique des Comores

 local short form:

  Comores

Digraph:

  CN

Type:

  independent republic

Capital:

  Moroni

Administrative divisions:

  three islands; Njazidja (Grand Comore), Nzwani (Anjouan), and Mwali (Moheli)

 note:

  there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and

  Mutsamudu

Independence:

  6 July 1975 (from France)

Constitution:

  7 June 1992

Legal system:

  French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  over 20 political parties are currently active, the most important of which

  are; Comoran Union for Progress (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity

  and Unity Party (CHUMA), Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and

  Progress (PCDP), Ali MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO),

  Mouazair ABDALLAH; Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH;

  Dialogue Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change

  and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and

  Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Maecha Bora, leader

  NA; MDP/NGDC (expansion NA), leader NA; Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed

  HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary General)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Federal Assembly:

  last held November-December 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) UNDC 7, CHUMA 3, ADP 2,

  MDP/NGDC 5, FDC 2, MAECHA BORA 2, FPC 2, RACHADE 1, UWEZO 1, MWANGAZA 1, 16

  other seats to smaller parties

 President:

  last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed

  DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)



*Comoros, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); Prime Minister Ibrahim

  HALIDI (since 1 January 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN

 chancery:

  (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th

  Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017

 telephone:

  (212) 972-8010

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER

 embassy:

  address NA, Moroni

 mailing address:

  B. P. 1318, Moroni

 telephone:

  [269] 73-22-03, 73-29-22

 FAX:

  no service available at this time

Flag:

  green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent

  points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white

  five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the

  crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four

  stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja,

  Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but

  claimed by the Comoros)



*Comoros, Economy



Overview:

  One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands

  that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing

  population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the

  labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high

  unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical

  assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the

  leading sector of the economy. It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the

  labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not

  self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for

  90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an

  annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in

  1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for

  about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of

  1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and

  balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for FY92 show a

  moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism,

  and government investment outlays.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $260 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.7% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $540 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  over 16% (1988 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $96 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital

  expenditures of $33 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang

 partners:

  US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)

Imports:

  $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods

 partners:

  Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)

External debt:

  $196 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:   perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials,

  soft drinks

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture

  and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves,

  perfume essences, copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava;

  world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and

  second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer



*Comoros, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18

  million

Currency:

  1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11

  (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)); note - linked to the

  French franc at 50 to 1 French franc

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Comoros, Communications



Highways:

  750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

Ports:

  Mutsamudu, Moroni

Airports:

 total:

  4

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations

  for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over

  1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV



*Comoros, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Comoran Defense Force (FDC)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 108,867; fit for military service 65,106 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Congo, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Gabon and Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  342,000 km2

 land area:

  341,500 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:

  total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467

  km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km

Coastline:

  169 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of

  the river or its islands has been made)

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October);

  constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate

  astride the Equator

Terrain:

  coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin

Natural resources:

  petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural

  gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  29%

 forest and woodland:

  62%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  40 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe

  Noire, or along the railroad between them



*Congo, People



Population:

  2,388,667 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.44% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  40.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  48.04 years

 male:

  46.3 years

 female:

  49.84 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Congolese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Congolese or Congo

Ethnic divisions:

 south:

  Kongo 48%

 north:

  Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%

 center:

  Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French)

Religions:

  Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

Languages:

  French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most

  widely used)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  57%

 male:

  70%

 female:

  44%

Labor force:

  79,100 wage earners

 by occupation:

  agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%

 note:

  51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active

  (1985)



*Congo, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of the Congo

 conventional short form:

  Congo

 local long form:

  Republique Populaire du Congo

 local short form:

  Congo

 former:

  Congo/Brazzaville

Digraph:

  CF

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Brazzaville

Administrative divisions:

  9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,,   Brazzaville*, Cuvette,

Kouilou,, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool,

  Sangha

Independence:

  15 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  8 July 1979, currently being modified

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law

National holiday:

  Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  Congolese Labor Party (PCT), headed by former president Denis

  SASSOU-NGUESSO; Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) - a coalition of

  opposition parties; Panafrican Union for Social Development (UPADS)

Other political or pressure groups:

  Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress

  (CSC); Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of

  Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 2-16 August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results -

  President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote

 National Assembly:

  last held 24 June-19 July 1992; results - (125 total) UPADS 39, MCDDI (part

  of URD coalition) 29, PCT 19; more than a dozen smaller parties split the

  remaining 38 seats

 note:

  National Assembly dissolved in November 1992; next election to be held May

  1993

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on NA

  November 1992

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)



*Congo, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Claude Antoine DA COSTA (since December 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO

 chancery:

  4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011

 telephone:

  (202) 726-5500

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS

 embassy:

  Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville

 mailing address:

  B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE 09828

 telephone:

  (242) 83-20-70

 FAX:

  [242] 83-63-38

Flag:

  red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the

  upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the

  popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Congo, Economy



Overview:

  Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a

  beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a

  government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform

  program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in

  1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and

  a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay

  of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and

  exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to

  finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually,

  one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however,

  growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the

  population growth rate. The new government, responding to pressure from

  businessmen and the electorate, has promised to reduce the bureaucracy and

  government regulation but little has been accomplished as of early 1993.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.6% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,070 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  -0.6% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $765 million; expenditures $952 million, including capital

  expenditures of $65 million (1990)

Exports:

  $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  crude oil 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds

 partners:

  US, France, other EC countries

Imports:

  $704 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment

 partners:

  France, Italy, other EC countries, US, Germany, Spain, Japan, Brazil

External debt:

  $4.1 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP; includes petroleum

Electricity:

  140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm oil, soap,

  cigarette

Agriculture:

  accounts for 13% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts

  for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash

  crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner;

  imports over 90% of food needs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338

  million



*Congo, Economy



Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Congo, Communications



Railroads:

  797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately

  owned)

Highways:

  11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved

  earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially

  navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only

Pipelines:

  crude oil 25 km

Ports:

  Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)

Airports:

 total:

  44

 usable:

  41

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  16

Telecommunications:

  services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio

  relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire,

  and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1

  Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station



*Congo, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 534,802; fit for military service 272,051; reach military

  age (20) annually 24,190 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Cook Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (free association with New Zealand)



*Cook Islands, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway

  between Hawaii and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  240 km2

 land area:

  240 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  120 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  22%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:   0%

 other:

  74%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons from November to March



*Cook Islands, People



Population:

  18,903 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.18% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.14 years

 male:

  69.2 years

 female:

  73.1 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cook Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Cook Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and

  other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Religions:

  Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church)

Languages:

  English (official), Maori

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  5,810

 by occupation:

  agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, other 4% (1981)



*Cook Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Cook Islands

Digraph:

  CW

Type:

  self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New

  Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand

  retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook

  Islands

Capital:

  Avarua

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August

  1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by

  unilateral action)

Constitution:

  4 August 1965

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Constitution Day, 4 August

Political parties and leaders:

  Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM;

  Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN;

  Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 Parliament:

  last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12,

  Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party)

  9, independent 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand,

  prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on

  traditional matters, but has no legislative powers

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir

  Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK

  (since NA)  Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister

  Inatio AKARURU (since NA February 1989)

Member of:

  AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)



*Cook Islands, Government



US diplomatic representation:

  none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

Flag:

  blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large

  circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the

  outer half of the flag



*Cook Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit,

  copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a

  fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development

  is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack

  of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is

  annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid.

  Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential

  and expanding the fishing industry.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $40 million (1988 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.3% (1986-88 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,200 (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1988)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing

 partners:

  NZ 80%, Japan

Imports:

  $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber

 partners:   NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  fruit processing, tourism

Agriculture:

  export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas;

  subsistence crops - yams, taro

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $128 million

Currency:

  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9490 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),

  1.7266 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Cook Islands, Communications



Highways:

  187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km

  unimproved earth

Ports:

  Avatiu

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  7

 usable:

  7

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 11,000 radio receivers; 17,000 TV

  receivers (1989); 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Cook Islands, Defense Forces



Note:   defense is the responsibility of New Zealand



*Coral Sea Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Coral Sea Islands, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  less than 3 km2

 land area:

  less than 3 km2

 comparative area:

  NA

 note:

  includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about

  1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  3,095 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (mostly grass or scrub cover)

Irrigated land:   0 km2

Environment:

  subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important

  nesting area for birds and turtles



*Coral Sea Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists



*Coral Sea Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Coral Sea Islands Territory

 conventional short form:

  Coral Sea Islands

Digraph:

  CR

Type:

  territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the

  Environment, Tourism, and Territories

Capital:

  none; administered from Canberra, Australia

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

  the flag of Australia is used



*Coral Sea Islands, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Coral Sea Islands, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorages only



*Coral Sea Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal

  Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors



*Costa Rica, Geography



Location:

  Central America, between Nicaragua and Panama

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America

Area:

 total area:

  51,100 km2

 land area:

  50,660 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than West Virginia

 note:

  includes Isla del Coco

Land boundaries:

  total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Coastline:

  1,290 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)

Terrain:

  coastal plains separated by rugged mountains

Natural resources:

  hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:

  45%

 forest and woodland:

  34%

 other:

  8%

Irrigated land:

  1,180 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent

  flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes;

  deforestation; soil erosion



*Costa Rica, People



Population:

  3,264,776 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.38% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  3.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.49 years

 male:

  75.56 years

 female:

  79.52 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Costa Rican(s)

 adjective:

  Costa Rican

Ethnic divisions:

  white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  868,300

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%,

  other 4.9% (1985 est.)



*Costa Rica, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Costa Rica

 conventional short form:

  Costa Rica  local long form:

  Republica de Costa Rica

 local short form:

  Costa Rica

Digraph:

  CS

Type:

  democratic republic

Capital:

  San Jose

Administrative divisions:

  7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,

  Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

Independence:

  15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  9 November 1949

Legal system:

  based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in

  the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social

  Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist

  Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic

  Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac

  Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON

  Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey

Other political or pressure groups:

  Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party

  affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate);

  Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party

  affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic

  Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants);

  National Association of Educators (ANDE)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional

  parties 2

 President:

  last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael

  Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%

Executive branch:

  president, two vice presidents, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)



*Costa Rica, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice

  President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President

  Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)

Member of:

  AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU,

  LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda

 chancery:

  Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 234-2945 through 2947

 consulates general:

  Albuquerque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego,

  San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

 consulate:

  Buffalo

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.

 embassy:

  Pavas Road, San Jose

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34020

 telephone:

  [506] 20-39-39

 FAX:

  (506) 20-2305

Flag:

  five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and

  blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red

  band



*Costa Rica, Economy



Overview:

  In 1992 the economy grew at an estimated 5.4%, up from the 2.5% gain of 1991

  and the gain of 1990. Increases in agricultural production (on the strength

  of good coffee and banana crops) and in nontraditional exports are

  responsible for much of the growth. In 1992 consumer prices rose by 17%,

  below the 27% of 1991. The trade deficit of $100 million was substantially

  below the 1991 deficit of $270 million. Unemployment is officially reported

  at 4.0%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita

  basis, is among the world's highest.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  17% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  4% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.34 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $110 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar

 partners:

  US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan

Imports:

  $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum

 partners:

  US 45%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany

External debt:

  $3.2 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.0% (1991); accounts for 19% of GDP

Electricity:

  927,000 kW capacity; 3,612 million kWh produced, 1,130 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer,

  plastic products

Agriculture:

  accounts for 17% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, beef,

  bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes;

  normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest

  resources resulting in lower timber output

Illicit drugs:

  illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment

  country for cocaine from South America

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million;

  Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million

Currency:

  1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos



*Costa Rica, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 137.72 (January 1993), 134.51 (1992),

  122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Costa Rica, Communications



Railroads:

  950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified

Highways:

  15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  about 730 km, seasonally navigable

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 176 km

Ports:

  Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  162

 usable:

  144

 with permanent-surface runways:

  28

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into

  Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV,

  13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Costa Rica, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard

 note:

  constitution prohibits armed forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 851,713; fit for military service 573,854; reach military

  age (18) annually 31,987 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)



*Cote d'Ivoire, Header



Affiliation:

  (also known as Ivory Coast)



*Cote d'Ivoire, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  322,460 km2

 land area:

  318,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km,

  Mali 532 km

Coastline:

  515 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry

  (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to

  October)

Terrain:

  mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

Natural resources:

  petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper

Land use:

 arable land:

  9%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  52%

Irrigated land:

  620 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation



*Cote d'Ivoire, People



Population:   13,808,447 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.5% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  46.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  15.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  97 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  48.97 years

 male:

  46.98 years

 female:

  51.03 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ivorian(s)

 adjective:

  Ivorian

Ethnic divisions:

  Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign Africans

  (mostly Burkinabe about 2 million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French

  30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)

Religions:

  indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%

Languages:

  French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spoken

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  54%

 male:

  67%

 female:

  40%

Labor force:

  5.718 million

 by occupation:

  over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;

  about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and

  the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions

 note:

  54% of population of working age (1985)



*Cote d'Ivoire, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

 conventional short form:

  Cote d'Ivoire

 local long form:

  Republique de Cote d'Ivoire

 local short form:

  Cote d'Ivoire

 former:

  Ivory Coast

Digraph:

  IV

Type:

  republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960

Capital:

  Yamoussoukro

 note:

  although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan remains the

  administrative center; foreign governments, including the United States,

  maintain presence in Abidjan

Administrative divisions:

  49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan,

  Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou,

  Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane,

  Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou,

  Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne,

  Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda,

  Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula

Independence:

  7 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  3 November 1960

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the

  Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 7 December

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY;

  Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT),

  Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20

  smaller parties

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results -

  President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first

  contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive

  five-year term

 National Assembly:

  last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1,

  independents 2

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)



*Cote d'Ivoire, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles GOMIS

 chancery:

  2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 797-0300

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Hume A. HORAN

 embassy:

  5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan

 mailing address:

  01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan

 telephone:

  [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72

 FAX:

  [225] 22-32-59

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar

  to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green

  (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is

  green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France



*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy



Overview:

  Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of

  coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is

  highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and

  cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to

  diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related

  industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and

  about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A

  collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a

  recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing low

  prices for commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated

  public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery

  in 1991. The government, which has sponsored various economic reform

  programs, especially in agriculture, projected an increase of 1.6% in GNP in

  1992.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.6% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $800 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  14% (1985)

Budget:

  revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $274 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas,

  pineapples, palm oil, cotton

 partners:

  France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

Imports:

  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel

 partners:

  France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989)

External debt:

  $15 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,210,000 kW capacity; 1,970 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles,

  fertilizer, beverage

Agriculture:

  most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports;

  cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels,

  rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient

  in bread grain and dairy products

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some

  international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to

  Europe



*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy



Economic aid:   US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Cote d'Ivoire, Communications



Railroads:

  660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25

  km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)

Highways:

  46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite,

  and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved

Inland waterways:

  980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons

Ports:

  Abidjan, San-Pedro

Merchant marine:

  7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 1 oil

  tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

 total:

  42

 usable:

  37

 with permanent-surface runways:

  7

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  15

Telecommunications:

  well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity;

  consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700

  telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables



*Cote d'Ivoire, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military

  Fire Group

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3,131,016; fit for military service 1,624,401; reach

  military age (18) annually 145,827 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988)



*Croatia, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic Sea,

  between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references:

  Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  56,538 km2

 land area:

  56,410 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,843 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina

  (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km (239 km with

  Serbia; 15 km with Montenego), Slovenia 455 km

Coastline:

  5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  12 nm

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Serbian enclaves in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and

  Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic

Climate:

  Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot

  summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Terrain:

  geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains

  and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands

Natural resources:

  oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt,

  silica, mica, clays, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  32%

 permanent crops:

  20%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:   15%

 other:

  15%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution

  from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive

  earthquakes



*Croatia, Geography



Note:

  controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish

  Straits



*Croatia, People



Population:

  4,694,398 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.19 years

 male:

  69.7 years

 female:

  76.89 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Croat(s)

 adjective:

  Croatian

Ethnic divisions:

  Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others

  8.1%

Religions:

  Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others

  and unknown 9.8%

Languages:

  Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4%

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1,509,489

 by occupation:

  industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%, other



*Croatia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Croatia

 conventional short form:

  Croatia

 local long form:

  Republika Hrvatska

 local short form:

  Hrvatska

Digraph:

  HR

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Zagreb

Administrative divisions:

  100 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Beli Manastir, Biograd (Biograd Na

  Moru), Bielovar, Bjelovar, Brac, Buje, Buzet, Cabar, Cakovec, Cazma, Cres

  Losinj, Crikvenica, Daruvar, Delnice, Djakovo (Dakovo), Donja Stubica, Donji

  Lapac, Dordevac, Drnis, Dubrovnik, Duga Resa, Dugo Selo, Dvor, Garesnica,

  Glina, Gospic, Gracac, Grubisno Polje, Hvar, Imotski, Ivanec, Ivanic-Grad,

  Jastrebarsko, Karlovac, Klanjec, Knin, Koprivnica, Korcula, Kostajnica,

  Krapina, Krizevci, Krk, Kutina, Labin, Lastovo, Ludbreg, Makarska, Metkovic,

  Nova Gradiska, Novi Marof, Novska, Obrovac, Ogulin, Omis, Opatija,

  Orahovica, Osijek, Otocac, Ozalj, Pag, Pazin, Petrinja, Ploce (Kardeljevo),

  Podravska Slatina, Porec, Pregrada, Pukrac, Pula, Rab, Rijeka, Rovinj,

  Samobor (part of Zagreb), Senj, Sesvete, Sibenik, Sinj, Sisak, Slavonska

  Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Slunj, Split (Solin, Kastela), Titova Korenica,

  Trogir, Valpovo, Varazdin, Vinkovci, Virovitica, Vukovar, Vis, Vojnic,

  Vrborsko, Vrbovec, Vrgin-Most, Vrgorac, Zabok, Zadar, Zagreb (Grad Zagreb),

  Zelina (Sveti Ivan Zelina), Zlatar Bistrica, Zupanja

Independence:

  NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

  adopted on 2 December 1991

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)

Political parties and leaders:   Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the

executive

  council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president;

  Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR, president; Croatian

  Party of Rights, Dobroslav PARAGA; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS),

  Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), leader NA; Istrian

  Democratic Assembly (IDS), leader NA; Social-Democratic Party (SDP), leader

  NA; Croatian National Party (PNS), leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with

  about 56% of the vote; Dobroslav PARAGA 5%

 House of Parishes:

  last held 7 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); seats - (68

  total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, IDS

  3, SDP 1, PNS 1



*Croatia, Government



 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held NA August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); seats - (138

  total) 87 HDZ

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Parishes

  (Zupanije Dom) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Predstavnicke Dom)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since NA April 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers

  Mate GRANIC, Vladimir SEKS, Borislav SKEGRO (since NA)

Member of:

  CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, IMO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Peter A. SARCEVIC

 chancery:

  2356 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 543-5586

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb

 mailing address:   AMEMB Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5080

 telephone:

  [38] (41) 444-800

 FAX:

  [38] (41) 440-235

Flag:

  red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and

  white checkered)



*Croatia, Economy



Overview:

  Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after

  Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita

  output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above

  the Yugoslav average. Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one

  third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of

  Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution

  of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental problems stemming

  from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large

  foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines,

  buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and

  Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former

  Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum,

  extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil

  industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation.

  However, peace and political stability must come first. As of June 1993,

  fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries

  and final political arrangements are still in doubt.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.3 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -25% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $5,600 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  50% (monthly rate, December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  20% (December 1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $2.9 billion (1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals

  11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5%

 partners:

  principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Imports:

  $4.4 billion (1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and

  live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous

  manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1%

 partners:

  principally other former Yugoslav republics

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (will assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -29% (1991 est.)

Electricity:

  3,570,000 kW capacity; 11,500 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig

  iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products

  (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles,

  shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and

  beverages



*Croatia, Economy



Agriculture:

  Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private

  hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria;

  much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat,

  corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in

  Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal

  production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming;

  coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and

  vegetables

Economic aid:

  $NA

Currency:

  1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras

Exchange rates:

  Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Croatia, Communications



Railroads:

  2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified (1992);

  note - disrupted by territorial dispute

Highways:

  32,071 km total; 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth (1990); note

  - key highways note disrupted because of territorial dispute

Inland waterways:

  785 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km (1992); note

  - now disrupted because of territorial dispute

Ports:

  coastal - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek,

  Sisak, Vinkovci

Merchant marine:

  18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,074 GRT/93,052 DWT; includes 4

  cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 10 passenger ferries, 2 bulk, 1 oil tanker; note

  - also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over)

  under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling

  2,602,678 GRT/4,070,852 DWT; includes 89 cargo, 9 roll-on/ roll-off, 6

  refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 3 multifunction large load carriers, 51

  bulk, 5 passenger, 11 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 6 service vessel

Airports:

 total:

  75

 usable:

  72

 with permanent-surface runways:

  15

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV;

  1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite

  ground stations - none



*Croatia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,177,029; fit for military service 943,259; reach military

  age (19) annually 32,873 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  337-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion

  of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate

  could produce misleading results



*Cuba, Geography



Location:

  in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West (Florida)

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  110,860 km2

 land area:

  110,860 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

  total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29 km

 note:

  Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba

Coastline:

  3,735 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US

  abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy

  season (May to October)

Terrain:

  mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the

  southeast

Natural resources:

  cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum

Land use:

 arable land:

  23%

 permanent crops:

  6%

 meadows and pastures:

  23%

 forest and woodland:

  17%

 other:

  31%

Irrigated land:

  8,960 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  averages one hurricane every other year

Note:

  largest country in Caribbean



*Cuba, People



Population:

  10,957,088 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.72 years

 male:

  74.59 years

 female:

  78.99 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cuban(s)

 adjective:

  Cuban

Ethnic divisions:

  mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Religions:

  nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power

Languages:

  Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  94%

 male:

  95%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector

 by occupation:

  services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%,

  construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990)



*Cuba, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Cuba

 conventional short form:

  Cuba

 local long form:

  Republica de Cuba

 local short form:

  Cuba

Digraph:

  CU

Type:

  Communist state

Capital:

  Havana

Administrative divisions:

  14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*,   (municipio

especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La

  Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las,   Tunas, Matanzas,

Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa

  Clara

Independence:

  20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898

  to 1902)

Constitution:

  24 February 1976

Legal system:

  based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal

  theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)

Political parties and leaders:

  only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary

Suffrage:

  16 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly of People's Power:

  last held December 1986 (next to be held February 1993); results - PCC is

  the only party; seats - (510 total; after the February election, the

  National Assembly will have 590 seats) indirectly elected from slates

  approved by special candidacy commissions

Executive branch:

  president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of

  State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice

  president of the Council of Ministers, Executive Committee of the Council of

  Ministers, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del

  Poder Popular)

Judicial branch:

  People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers

  Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976

  when office was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice

  President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of

  Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)



*Cuba, Government



Member of:

  CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal

  participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992)

 chancery:

  2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy,

  Washington, DC 20009  telephone:

  (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN

 US Interests Section:

  USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana

 mailing address:

  USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado, Havava

 telephone:

  32-0051, 32-0543

 FAX:

  no service available at this time

 note:

  protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss

  Embassy

Flag:

  five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white;

  a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white

  five-pointed star in the center



*Cuba, Economy



Overview:

  Since Castro's takeover of Cuba in 1959, the economy has been run in the

  Soviet style of government ownership of substantially all the means of

  production and government planning of all but the smallest details of

  economic activity. Thus, Cuba, like the former Warsaw Pact nations, has

  remained in the backwater of economic modernization. The economy contracted

  by about one-third between 1989 and 1992 as it absorbed the loss of $4

  billion of annual economic aid from the former Soviet Union and much smaller

  amounts from Eastern Europe. The government implemented numerous energy

  conservation measures and import substitution schemes to cope with a large

  decline in imports. To reduce fuel consumption, Havana has cut back bus

  service and imported approximately 1 million bicycles from China,

  domesticated nearly 200,000 oxen to replace tractors, and halted a large

  amount of industrial production. The government has prioritized domestic

  food production and promoted herbal medicines since 1990 to compensate for

  lower imports. Havana also has been shifting its trade away from the former

  Soviet republics and Eastern Europe toward the industrialized countries of

  Latin America and the OECD.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $14.9 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,370 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee

 partners:

  Russia 30%, Canada 10%, China 9%, Japan 6%, Spain 4% (1992 est.)

Imports:

  $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals

 partners:

  Russia 10%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 5%, Italy 5%, Canada 4%, France 4%

  (1992 est.)

External debt:

  $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)

Industrial production:

  NA

Electricity:

  3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,248 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing,

  textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel),

  cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery



*Cuba, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial

  crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee,

  rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not

  self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt by growing shortages

  of fuels and parts

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion

Currency:

  1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Cuba, Communications



Railroads:

  12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter

  gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of

  0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge

Highways:

  26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989

  est.)

Inland waterways:

  240 km

Ports:

  Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35

  minor

Merchant marine:

  73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 511,522 GRT/720,270 DWT; includes 42

  cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 oil tanker, 1 chemical

  tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional

  38 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of

  Panama, Cyprus, and Malta

Airports:

 total:

  186

 usable:

  166

 with permanent-surface runways:

  73

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  12

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  19

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios;

  229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Cuba, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including Ground Forces, Revolutionary

  Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Ministry of the Armed Forces

  Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth

  Labor Army (EJT)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3,087,255; females age 15-49 3,064,663; males fit for

  military service 1,929,698; females fit for military service 1,910,733;

  males reach military age (17) annually 90,409; females reach military age

  (17) annually 87,274 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion; 10% of GNP in 1990 plan was for

  defense and internal security

Note:

  the breakup of the Soviet Union, the key military supporter and supplier of

  Cuba, has resulted in substantially less outside help for Cuba's defense

  forces



*Cyprus, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria and 64 km west of

  Turkey

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  9,250 km2

 land area:

  9,240 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  648 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a

  Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land

  area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a

  narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas

  (about 5% of the island's land area)

Climate:

  temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

Terrain:

  central plain with mountains to north and south

Natural resources:

  copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Land use:

 arable land:

  40%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:

  10%

 forest and woodland:

  18%

 other:

  25%

Irrigated land:

  350 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir

  catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources

  concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)



*Cyprus, People



Population:

  723,371 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:   0.94% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.14 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.98 years

 male:

  73.75 years

 female:

  78.31 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Cypriot(s)

 adjective:

  Cypriot

Ethnic divisions:

  Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4%

Religions:

  Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%

Languages:

  Greek, Turkish, English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1987)

 total population:

  94%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  91%

Labor force:

 Greek area:

  282,000

 by occupation:

  services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1991)

 Turkish area:

  72,000

 by occupation:

  services 57%, industry 22%, agriculture 21% (1991)



*Cyprus, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Cyprus

 conventional short form:

  Cyprus

Digraph:

  CY

Type:

  republic

 note:

  a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began

  after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further

  solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which

  gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots

  control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983

  Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the

  formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been

  recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of

  intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government

Capital:

  Nicosia

Administrative divisions:

  6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos

Independence:

  16 August 1960 (from UK)

Constitution:

  16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised

  constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and

  Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots

  created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish

  Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of

  Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by

  referendum in May 1985

Legal system:

  based on common law, with civil law modifications

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day

  in the Turkish area)

Political parties and leaders:

 Greek Cypriot:

  Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios

  CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party

  (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),

  Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis

  PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU

 Turkish area:

  National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP),

  Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus

  Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New

  Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet

  KOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United Sovereignty

  Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland

  Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic

  Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and

  TKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at

  stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election



*Cyprus, Government



Other political or pressure groups:

  United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of

  Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK;

  pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled);

  Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish

  Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions

  (Dev-Is)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results -

  Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7%

 House of Representatives:

  last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO

  19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL

  (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7

 Turkish Area: President:

  last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R.

  DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%

 Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic:

  last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP

  (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP

  (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October

  1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed their

  own party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP

  1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president,

  prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a

  unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993)

 note:

  Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February

  1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20

  July 1985

Member of:

  C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,

  ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS

 chancery:

  2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 462-5772

 consulate general:

  New York  note:

  Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667

  K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198



*Cyprus, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert E. LAMB

 embassy:

  corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09836

 telephone:

  [357] (2) 465151

 FAX:

  [357] (2) 459-571

Flag:

  white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is

  derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive

  branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for

  peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities

 note:

  the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom

  with a red crescent and red star on a white field



*Cyprus, Economy



Overview:

  The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry

  contributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the

  service sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force.

  Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in

  tourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between

  1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the

  adverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, the

  World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. In

  contrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy has

  less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991.

  Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of the

  fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, the

  Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkey

  to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkish

  government extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used for

  economic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites a

  substantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy.

National product:

 Greek area:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992)

 Turkish area:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990)

National product real growth rate:  Greek area:

  6.5% (1992)

 Turkish area:

  5.9% (1990)

National product per capita:

 Greek area:

  $11,000 (1992)

 Turkish area:

  $4,000 (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

 Greek area:

  5.1% (1991)

 Turkish area:

  69.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

 Greek area:

  2.4% (1991)

 Turkish area:

  1.5% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $350 million (1993)

Exports:

  $875 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes

 partners:

  UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%

Imports:

  $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery

 partners:

  UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1%



*Cyprus, Economy



External debt:

  $1.9 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDP

Electricity:

  620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products

Agriculture:

  contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major

  crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits;

  vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues

Illicit drugs:

  transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe,

  especially from Lebanon and Turkey

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24

  million

Currency:

  1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Cyprus, Communications



Highways:

  10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

Ports:

  Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos

Merchant marine:

  1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT;

  includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77

  refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction large

  load carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26

  chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48

  combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag of

  convenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latvia

  also has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5

Airports:

 total:

  13

 usable:

  13

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek

  area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones;

  largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8

  FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish

  sector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables,

  and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations



*Cyprus, Defense Forces



Branches:

 Greek area:

  Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek

  Cypriot Police

 Turkish area:

  Turkish Cypriot Security Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach military

  age (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Czech Republic, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, between Germany and Slovakia

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  78,703 km2

 land area:

  78,645 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:

  total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214

  km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from

  its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does

  not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power;

  unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution of

  Czech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of international

  border between Czech Republic and Slovakia

Climate:

  temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:

  two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills,

  and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east,

  consisting of very hilly country

Natural resources:

  hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphite

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:   NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  NA

Note:

  landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most

  significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military

  corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe



*Czech Republic, People



Population:

  10,389,256 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.16% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.64 years

 male:

  68.9 years

 female:

  76.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Czech(s)

 adjective:

  Czech

Ethnic divisions:

  Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian

  0.2%, other 1%

Religions:

  atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other

  13.4%

Languages:

  Czech, Slovak

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:   5.389 million

 by occupation:

  industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and

  other 45.2% (1990)



*Czech Republic, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Czech Republic

 conventional short form:

  none

 local long form:

  Ceska Republika

 local short form:

  Cechy

Digraph:

  EZ

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Prague

Administrative divisions:

  7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky,

  Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky

Independence:

  1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)

Constitution:

  ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993

Legal system:

  civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with

  Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to

  expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union,

  leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian

  Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX;

  Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA;

  Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-Governing

  Democracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal Social

  Union, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic Movement

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results -

  Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council

 Senate:

  elections not yet held; seats (81 total)

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian Democratic

  Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal Social

  Union 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for

  the Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for

  Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet



*Czech Republic, Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house or

  Senate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber of

  Deputies

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers

  Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992)

Member of:

  BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

  (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8

  January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY

 chancery:

  3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 363-6315 or 6316

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA

 embassy:

  Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1

 mailing address:

  Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630

 telephone:

  [42] (2) 536-641/6

 FAX:

  [42] (2) 532-457

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles

  triangle based on the hoist side



*Czech Republic, Economy



Overview:

  The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - the

  Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of

  moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia,

  even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from

  an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and

  many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of

  communist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic

  launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and

  controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in

  privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the

  setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in

  inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole

  inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czech

  lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a more

  moderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipates

  inflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as some

  large-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%,

  mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although the

  governments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining the

  koruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countries

  ended the currency union in February 1993.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $7,300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  12.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  3.1% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels,

  minerals, and metals

 partners:

  Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CIS

  republics

Imports:

  $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods,

  raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products

 partners:

  Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK,

  Italy

External debt:

  $3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% of

  GDP

Electricity:

  16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Czech Republic, Economy



Industries:

  fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles,

  glass, armaments

Agriculture:

  largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock

  production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs,

  cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products

Illicit drugs:

  the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian

  heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine

  (1992)

Economic aid:

  the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to

  non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)

Currency:

  1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Exchange rates:

  koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991),

  17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Czech Republic, Communications



Railroads:

  9,434 km total (1988)

Highways:

  55,890 km total (1988)

Inland waterways:

  NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river

Pipelines:

  natural gas 5,400 km

Ports:

  coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),

  Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are

  Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe)

Merchant marine:

  the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185

  GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with Slovakia

Airports:

 total:

  75

 usable:

  75

 with permanent-surface runways:   8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  NA



*Czech Republic, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reach

  military age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Denmark, Geography



Location:

  Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of Germany

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  43,070 km2

 land area:

  42,370 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts

 note:

  includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of

  metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland

Land boundaries:

  total 68 km, Germany 68 km

Coastline:

  3,379 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  4 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:   Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK

  (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area);

  dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean

  between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of Justice

Climate:

  temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Terrain:

  low and flat to gently rolling plains

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  61%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  12%

 other:

  21%

Irrigated land:

  4,300 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  air and water pollution

Note:

  controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas



*Denmark, People



Population:

  5,175,922 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.51 years

 male:

  72.63 years

 female:

  78.56 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Dane(s)  adjective:

  Danish

Ethnic divisions:

  Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7%

  (1988)

Languages:

  Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  2,553,900

 by occupation:

  private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining

  20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%,

  electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)



*Denmark, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Denmark

 conventional short form:

  Denmark

 local long form:

  Kongeriget Danmark

 local short form:

  Danmark

Digraph:

  DA

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Copenhagen

Administrative divisions:

  metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*,   (stad); Arhus, Bornholm,

Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe,

  Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,,   Vestsjaelland, Viborg

 note:

  see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of

  the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions

Independence:

  1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)

Constitution:

  5 June 1953

Legal system:   civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)

Political parties and leaders:

  Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul

  SCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party,

  Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party,

  Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian

  People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish

  Workers' Party

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Parliament:

  last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -

  Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%,

  Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party

  5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%;

  seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)

  Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,

  Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian

  People's 4

Executive branch:

  monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral parliament (Folketing)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Denmark, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince

  FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM,

  CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,

  ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG

 chancery:

  3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-4300

 FAX:

  (202) 328-1470  consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard B. STONE

 embassy:

  Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09716

 telephone:

  [45] (31) 42-31-44

 FAX:

  [45] (35) 43-0223

Flag:

  red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical

  part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of

  the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic

  countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden



*Denmark, Economy



Overview:

  This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale

  and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable

  living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's new

  center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent

  high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the

  previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current

  account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the

  Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency.

  The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall

  tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax

  reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare

  services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister

  RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic and

  monetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the EC

  the right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark

  is, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time.

  Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West

  European countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1

  January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup to

  around 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on EC

  political and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse the

  drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplus

  remains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expected

  to be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Although

  unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $18,200 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   1.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  11.4% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding),

  fish, chemicals, industrial machinery

 partners:

  EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%,

  US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)

Imports:

  $30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,

  textiles, paper

 partners:

  EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%,

  US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)

External debt:

  $40 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.9% (1992)



*Denmark, Economy



Electricity:

  11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical

  products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products,

  shipbuilding

Agriculture:

  accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing and

  forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues;

  principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;

  self-sufficient in food production

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion

Currency:

  1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re

Exchange rates:

  Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396

  (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Denmark, Communications



Railroads:

  2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line

  and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked;

  650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated

Highways:

  66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km

  gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

Inland waterways:

  417 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km

Ports:

  Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor

  ports

Merchant marine:

  328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes

  13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37

  roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36

  liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note -

  Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish

  International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish

  manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the

  Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged

  to the DIS

Airports:

 total:

  118

 usable:

  109

 with permanent-surface runways:

  28

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  9

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  7

Telecommunications:

  excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000

  telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay support

  trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial

  cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT



*Denmark, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reach

  military age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)



*Djibouti, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Somalia

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  22,000 km2

 land area:

  21,980 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Massachusetts

Land boundaries:

  total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 km

Coastline:

  314 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

Climate:

  desert; torrid, dry

Terrain:

  coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

Natural resources:

  geothermal areas

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  91%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  vast wasteland

Note:

  strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian

  oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia



*Djibouti, People



Population:

  401,579 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.7% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  48.78 years

 male:

  47.01 years

 female:

  50.59 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Djiboutian(s)

 adjective:

  Djiboutian

Ethnic divisions:

  Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%

Religions:

  Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Languages:

  French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  48%

 male:

  63%

 female:

  34%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers

 note:

  52% of population of working age (1983)



*Djibouti, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Djibouti

 conventional short form:   Djibouti

 former:

  French Territory of the Afars and Issas French Somaliland

Digraph:

  DJ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Djibouti

Administrative divisions:

  5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti,

  Obock, Tadjoura

Independence:

  27 June 1977 (from France)

Constitution:

  multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Political parties and leaders:

 ruling party:

  People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon

 other parties:

  Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic National

  Party (PND), ADEN Robleh Awaleh

Other political or pressure groups:

  Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates;

  Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD)

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65

  total) RPP 65

 President:

  last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President

  Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,

  IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,

  UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO



*Djibouti, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roble OLHAYE

 chancery:

  Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

 telephone:

  (202) 331-0270

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III

 embassy:

  Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti

 mailing address:

  B. P. 185, Djibouti

 telephone:

  [253] 35-39-95

 FAX:

  [253] 35-39-40

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white

  isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star

  in the center



*Djibouti, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's

  strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa.

  Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an

  international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural

  resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent

  on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance

  development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a

  major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last

  five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including

  immigrants and refugees).

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.2% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,030 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7.7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  over 30% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capital

  expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:   hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

 partners:

  Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9%

Imports:

  $360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products

 partners:

  Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19%

External debt:

  $355 million (December 1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

  115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and

  mineral-water bottling

Agriculture:

  accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to

  mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding

  goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1

  billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries

  (1970-89), $35 million

Currency:

  1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)



*Djibouti, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Djibouti, Communications



Railroads:

  the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti

Highways:

  2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)

Ports:

  Djibouti

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  13

 usable:

  11  with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the

  microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country;

  international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and by

  satellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV



*Djibouti, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security

  Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989)



*Dominica, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and

  Tobago

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  750 km2

 land area:

  750 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  148 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:   none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Terrain:

  rugged mountains of volcanic origin

Natural resources:

  timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  9%

 permanent crops:

  13%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  41%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes



*Dominica, People



Population:

  86,547 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.31% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.72 years

 male:

  73.89 years

 female:

  79.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Dominican(s)

 adjective:

  Dominican

Ethnic divisions:

  black, Carib Indians

Religions:   Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,

  Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other

  5%

Languages:

  English (official), French patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  94%

 male:

  94%

 female:

  94%

Labor force:

  25,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)



*Dominica, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Commonwealth of Dominica

 conventional short form:

  Dominica

Digraph:

  DO

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Roseau

Administrative divisions:

  10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint

  Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter

Independence:

  3 November 1978 (from UK)

Constitution:

  3 November 1978

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

  Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party

  (DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES

Other political or pressure groups:

  Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected

  representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4

 President:

  last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results -

  President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of

  Assembly

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a

  third term 28 May 1990)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  there is no chancery in the US

US diplomatic representation:

  no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados),

  but travels frequently to Dominica



*Dominica, Government



Flag:

  green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is

  yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top),

  black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk

  bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in

  yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)



*Dominica, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to

  climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs

  40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes,

  root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industry

  remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an

  international airport.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.1% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,100 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.5% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital

  expenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

 partners:

  UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, Italy

Imports:

  $110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals

 partners:

  US 27%, CARICOM, UK, Canada

External debt:

  $87 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

  7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

Agriculture:

  accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root

  crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and

  fisheries potential not exploited

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $120 million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Dominica, Communications



Highways:

  750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Roseau, Portsmouth

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0  with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint

  Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3

  AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV



*Dominica, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Dominican Republic, Geography



Location:

  in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  48,730 km2

 land area:

  48,380 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:

  total 275 km, Haiti 275 km

Coastline:

  1,288 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  6 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed

Natural resources:

  nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  23%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:

  43%

 forest and woodland:

  13%

 other:

  14%

Irrigated land:

  2,250 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation

Note:

  shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern

  two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)



*Dominican Republic, People



Population:

  7,683,940 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.98 years

 male:

  65.87 years

 female:

  70.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Dominican(s)

 adjective:

  Dominican

Ethnic divisions:

  mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

  Spanish

Literacy:   age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  83%

 male:

  85%

 female:

  82%

Labor force:

  2,300,000 to 2,600,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)



*Dominican Republic, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Dominican Republic

 conventional short form:

  none

 local long form:

  Republica Dominicana

 local short form:

  none

Digraph:

  DR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Santo Domingo

Administrative divisions:

  29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);,   Azua, Baoruco,

Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El,   Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor,

Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La

  Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,

  Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San

  Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez,

  Valverde

Independence:

  27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

Constitution:

  28 November 1966

Legal system:

  based on French civil codes

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

Political parties and leaders:

 Major parties:

  Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican

  Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party

  (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI),

  Jacobo MAJLUTA

 Minor parties:

  National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;

  Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;

  Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive

  Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio

  DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde;

  Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic

  Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party

  (APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA

 note:

  in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the

  Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party

  structures

Other political or pressure groups:

  Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless of

  age

 note:

  members of the armed forces and police cannot vote



*Dominican Republic, Government



Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2

 President:

  last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER

  (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%

 Senate:

  last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

  or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

  Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term

  began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16

  August 1986)

Member of:

  ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,

  ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez

 chancery:

  1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:   (202) 332-6280

 consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans,

  New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico)

 consulates:

  Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville,

  Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO

 embassy:

  corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo

  Domingo

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34041-0008

 telephone:

  (809) 541-2171 and 541-8100

 FAX:

  (809) 686-7437

Flag:

  a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four

  rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are

  red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the

  cross



*Dominican Republic, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60%

  of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free

  trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for

  export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also

  increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a

  source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The

  principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa,

  and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural

  products, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officially

  reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,120 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  30% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $600 million (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:   ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoa

 partners:

  US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)

Imports:

  $2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals

 partners:

  US 50%

External debt:

  $4.7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  2,283,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,

  tobacco

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the

  most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and

  tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output -

  cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million

Currency:

  1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos



*Dominican Republic, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.7 (1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 (1990),

  6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Dominican Republic, Communications



Railroads:

  1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to

  1.435 m

Highways:

  12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km

  unimproved

Pipelines:

  crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km

Ports:

  Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata

Merchant marine:   1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  36

 usable:

  30

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay

  network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6

  shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Dominican Republic, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,064,244; fit for military service 1,302,644; reach

  military age (18) annually 80,991 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 0.7% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Ecuador, Geography



Location:

  Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator between

  Colombia and Peru

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  283,560 km2

 land area:

  276,840 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Nevada

 note:

  includes Galapagos Islands

Land boundaries:

  total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Coastline:

  2,237 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:   claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute

Climate:

  tropical along coast becoming cooler inland

Terrain:

  coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to

  rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)

Natural resources:

  petroleum, fish, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  17%

 forest and woodland:

  51%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  5,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;

  deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts

Note:

  Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world



*Ecuador, People



Population:

  10,461,072 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.61 years

 male:

  67.09 years

 female:

  72.25 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ecuadorian(s)

 adjective:

  Ecuadorian

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  86%

 male:

  88%

 female:

  84%

Labor force:

  2.8 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and other

  activities 28% (1982)



*Ecuador, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Ecuador

 conventional short form:

  Ecuador

 local long form:

  Republica del Ecuador

 local short form:

  Ecuador

Digraph:

  EC

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Quito

Administrative divisions:

  21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,

  Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,

  Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha,

  Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

Independence:

  24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  10 August 1979

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:   Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito)

Political parties and leaders:

 Center-Right parties:

  Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican Unity

  Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE),

  Vice President Alberto DAHIK, president

 Center-Left parties:

  Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders;

  Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian Radical

  Liberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical Alfarista

  Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director

 Populist parties:

  Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration of

  Popular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular Revolutionary

  Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB),

  Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA,

  director

 Far-Left parties:

  Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; Ecuadorian

  Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Jose

  Xavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo

  CASTILLO, director

 Communists:

  Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon Mague

  MOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party of

  Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,

  optional for other eligible voters



*Ecuador, Government



Elections:

 President:

  runoff election held 5 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto

  DURAN-BALLEN elected as president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice

  president

 National Congress:

  last held 17 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (77 total) PSC 20, PRE 15, PUR 12, ID 7, PC 6, DP

  5, PSE 3, MPD 3, PLRE 2, CFP 2, FRA 1, APRE 1

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto

  DAHIK (since 10 August 1992)

Member of:

  AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

  NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edgar TERAN

 chancery:

  2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 234-7200

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San

  Francisco

 consulate:

  San Diego

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F. MACK

 embassy:

  Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039-3420

 telephone:

  [593] (2) 562-890

 FAX:

  [593] (2) 502-052

 consulate general:

  Guayaquil

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the

  coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of

  Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms



*Ecuador, Economy



Overview:

  Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth

  has been uneven because of natural disasters, fluctuations in global oil

  prices, and government policies designed to curb inflation. Banana exports,

  second only to oil, have suffered as a result of EC import quotas and banana

  blight. The new President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, has a much more favorable

  attitude toward foreign investment than did his predecessor. Ecuador has

  implemented trade agreements with Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela and

  has applied for GATT membership. At the end of 1991, Ecuador received a

  standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will permit the country to proceed

  with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. In September 1992, the government

  launched a new, macroeconomic program that gives more play to market forces;

  as of March 1993, the program seemed to be paying off.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.8 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $1,100 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   70% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  8% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $1.9 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  petroleum 42%, bananas, shrimp, cocoa, coffee

 partners:

  US 53.4%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries

Imports:

  $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals

 partners:

  US 32.7%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries, Japan

External debt:

  $12.7 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.9% (1991); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  2,921,000 kW capacity; 7,676 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood

  products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber

Agriculture:

  accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and

  forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other

  exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes,

  manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef,

  pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar

Illicit drugs:

  minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign

  of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca

  originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals

  used in production of illicit narcotics; important money-laundering hub



*Ecuador, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million

Currency:

  1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,453.8 (August 1992), 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54

  (December 1990), 767.75 (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Ecuador, Communications



Railroads:

  965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track

Highways:

  28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000

  km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  1,500 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km

Ports:

  Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas

Merchant marine:

  45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 333,380 GRT/483,862 DWT; includes 2

  passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off,

  15 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  174

 usable:

  173

 with permanent-surface runways:

  52

 with runway over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  21

Telecommunications:

  domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

  earth station



*Ecuador, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza

  Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,655,520; fit for military service 1,798,122; reach

  military age (20) annually 109,413 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Egypt, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, between

  Sudan and Libya

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,001,450 km2

 land area:

  995,450 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 2,689 km, Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273

  km

Coastline:

  2,450 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international

  boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 km2, the

  dispute over this area escalated in 1993

Climate:

  desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Terrain:

  vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum,

  talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  95%

Irrigated land:

  25,850 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below

  Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;

  water pollution; desertification

Note:

  controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of

  Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian

  Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its

  major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics



*Egypt, People



Population:

  59,585,529 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.3% (1993 est.)

 note:

  the US Bureau of the Census has lowered its 1993 estimate of growth to 2.0%

  on the basis of a 1992 Egyptian government survey, whereas estimates of

  other observers go as high as 2.9%

Birth rate:

  33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  NEGL

Infant mortality rate:

  78.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  60.46 years

 male:

  58.61 years

 female:

  62.41 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Egyptian(s)

 adjective:

  Egyptian

Ethnic divisions:

  Eastern Hamitic stock 90%, Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10%

Religions:

  Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6%

  (official estimate)

Languages:

  Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  48%

 male:

  63%

 female:

  34%

Labor force:

  15 million (1989 est.)

 by occupation:

  government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture

  34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984)

 note:   shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi

  Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)



*Egypt, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Arab Republic of Egypt

 conventional short form:

  Egypt

 local long form:

  Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Digraph:

  EG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Cairo

Administrative divisions:

  26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al

  Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al

  Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al

  Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur

  Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj

Independence:

  28 February 1922 (from UK)

Constitution:

  11 September 1971

Legal system:

  based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial

  review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of

  administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader,

  is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party

  (SLP), Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National

  Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad

  al-SABAHI; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party

  (Young Egypt Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJABD;

  Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Muhammad Rif'at al-MUHAMI; Democratic

  Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK; Democratic Peoples' Party,

  Anwar AFISI

 note:

  formation of political parties must be approved by government

Other political or pressure groups:

  Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is

  tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are

  officially sanctioned

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 Advisory Council:

  last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats

  - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172



*Egypt, Government



 People's Assembly:

  last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP

  78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) NDP

  348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties boycotted

 President:

  last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President

  Hosni MUBARAK was reelected

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory

  Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October

  1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as president on

  14 October 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)

Member of:

  ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU,

  CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA,

  UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, UNRWA,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ahmed MAHER El Sayed

 chancery:

  2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-5400

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU

 embassy:

  Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09839  telephone:

  [20] (2) 355-7371

 FAX:

  [20] (2) 355-7375

 consulate general:

  Alexandria

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the

  national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist

  side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in

  the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band;

  also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag

  of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a

  horizontal line centered in the white band



*Egypt, Economy



Overview:

  Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World

  economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government.

  Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment.

  Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but

  in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of

  debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for

  balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement concluded

  in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the government's failure

  to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and

  also negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In

  1991-92 the government made solid progress on administrative reforms such as

  liberalizing exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major

  structural reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the

  economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing

  problem. In 1992-93 tourism has plunged 20% or so because of sporadic

  attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist groups. President MUBARAK has cited

  population growth as the main cause of the country's economic troubles. The

  addition of about 1.4 million people a year to the already huge population

  of 60 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area available

  for agriculture.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.2 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.1% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $730 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  21% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  20% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $12.6 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $4 billion (FY92 est.)

Exports:

  $3.6 billion (f.o.b., FY92 est.)

 commodities:   crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal

  products, chemicals

 partners:

  EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan

Imports:

  $10.0 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer

  goods, capital goods

 partners:

  EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe

External debt:

  $38 billion (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

  14,175,000 kW capacity; 47,000 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction,

  cement, metals



*Egypt, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force;

  dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton

  exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit,

  vegetables; not self-sufficient in food for a rapidly expanding population;

  livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about

  140,000 metric tons

Illicit drugs:

  a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium

  moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers;

  large domestic consumption of hashish and heroin from Lebanon and Syria

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4

  billion

Currency:

  1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters

Exchange rates:

  Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171

  (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Egypt, Communications



Railroads:

  5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter

  gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified

Highways:

  51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth,

  18,025 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and

  numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including

  approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Ports:

  Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta

Merchant marine:

  168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,097,707 GRT/1,592,885 DWT; includes

  25 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 88 cargo, 3

  refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 13 oil tanker, 16 bulk, 1 container

Airports:

 total:

  92

 usable:

  82

 with permanent-surface runways:

  66

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  44

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  24

Telecommunications:

  large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present

  requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading; about 600,000 telephones

  (est.) - 11 telephones per 1,000 persons; principal centers at Alexandria,

  Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable

  and microwave radio relay; international traffic is carried by satellite -

  one earth station for each of Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT, ARABSAT and INMARSAT; by 5 coaxial submarine cables, microwave

  troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to Libya, Israel, and

  Jordan); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, and 41 TV



*Egypt, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 14,513,752; fit for military service 9,434,020; reach

  military age (20) annually 581,858 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.05 billion, 5% of GDP (FY92/93)



*El Salvador, Geography



Location:

  Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and

  Honduras

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  21,040 km2

 land area:

  20,720 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Land boundaries:

  total 545 km, Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km

Coastline:

  307 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm

International disputes:

  land boundary dispute with Honduras mostly resolved by 11 September 1992

  International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime

  boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and

  advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and

  Nicaragua likely would be required

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April)

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau

Natural resources:

  hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum

Land use:

 arable land:

  27%

 permanent crops:

  8%

 meadows and pastures:

  29%

 forest and woodland:

  6%

 other:

  30%

Irrigated land:

  1,200 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  the Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive

  earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Note:

  smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on

  Caribbean Sea



*El Salvador, People



Population:

  5,636,524 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.04% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  42.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  66.5 years

 male:

  63.93 years

 female:

  69.2 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.87 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Salvadoran(s)

 adjective:

  Salvadoran

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo 94%, Indian 5%, white 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 75%

 note:

  Roman Catholic about 75%; there is extensive activity by Protestant groups

  throughout the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1

  million Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador

Languages:

  Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  73%

 male:

  76%

 female:

  70%

Labor force:

  1.7 million (1982 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, government 13%, financial

  services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower

  training programs improving situation (1984 est.)



*El Salvador, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of El Salvador

 conventional short form:

  El Salvador

 local long form:

  Republica de El Salvador

 local short form:

  El Salvador

Digraph:

  ES

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  San Salvador

Administrative divisions:

  14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan,

  Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan,

  San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan

Independence:

  15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  20 December 1983

Legal system:

  based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,

  with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Republican Alliance (Arena), Armando CALDERON Sol, president;

  Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena, secretary general;

  National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president; Democratic

  Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - the Social Democratic

  Party (PSD), Carlos Diaz BARRERA, secretary general; Democratic Nationalist

  Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA Carranza, secretary general; and the Popular

  Social Christian Movement (MPSC), Dr. Ruben Ignacio ZAMORA Rivas; Authentic

  Christian Movement (MAC), Guillermo Antonia GUEVARA Lacayo, president;

  Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLM), Jorge Shafik HANDAL,

  general coordinator, has five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL),

  Salvador SANCHEZ Ceren; Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), Ferman

  CIENFUEGOS; People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Joaquin VILLA LOBOS Huezo;

  Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), Jorge

  Shafik HANDAL; and

  Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation

  Revolutionary Aermed Forces (FARLP), Francisco JOVEL

Other political or pressure groups:

 FMLN labor front organizations:

  National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist umbrella front group,

  leads FMLN front network; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers

  (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and controlled by FMLN's

  National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute Workers Union (STISSS),

  one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by FMLN's Armed Forces of

  National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of Telecommunications Workers

  (ASTTEL); Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; Treasury

  Ministry Employees (AGEMHA)



*El Salvador, Government



 FMLN nonlabor front organizations:

  Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, Disappeared

  Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); Nongovernmental Human

  Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and Unemployed of El

  Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran University Students

  (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO);

  Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), associated with the Popular

  Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of National University Educators

  (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front (FEUS); Christian Committee

  for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an FPL front; The Association

  for Communal Development in El Salvador (PADECOES), controlled by the

  People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); Confederation of Cooperative Associations

  of El Salvador (COACES)

 labor organizations:

  Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS),

  independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association;

  Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers

  (CGT), moderate; National Union of Workers and Peasants (UNOC), moderate

  labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; United Workers Front

  (FUT)

 business organizations:

  National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive

  Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small

  Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%,

  PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total)

  ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1

 President:

  last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo

  CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6%

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President (Felix) Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice

  President (Jose) Francisco MERINO Lopez (since 1 June 1989)

Member of:

  BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer),

  LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:  chief of mission:

  Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA

 chancery:

  2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-9671 through 3482

 consulates general:

  Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco



*El Salvador, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Charge d'Affaires Peter F. ROMERO

 embassy:

  Final Boulevard, Station Antigua Cuscatlan, San Salvador

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34023

 telephone:

  [503] 78-4444

 FAX:

  [503] 78-6011

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the

  national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features

  a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA

  CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of

  arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the

  words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also

  similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X

  pattern centered in the white band



*El Salvador, Economy



Overview:

  The agricultural sector accounts for 24% of GDP, employs about 40% of the

  labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major

  commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing

  sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of

  GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage

  total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large

  military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential

  social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period

  1990-92 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,060 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  17% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  7.5% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $846 million; expenditures $890 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $693 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee 45%, sugar, shrimp, cotton

 partners:

  US 33%, Guatemala, Germany, Costa Rica

Imports:

  $1.47 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods

 partners:

  US 43%, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, Germany

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.7% (1991); accounts for 22% of GDP

Electricity:

  713,800 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, beverages, petroleum, nonmetallic products, tobacco,

  chemicals, textiles, furniture

Agriculture:

  accounts for 24% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and

  forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products -

  sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not

  self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion, plus $250 million

  for 1992-96; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

  (1970-89), $525 million

Currency:

  1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos



*El Salvador, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.7600 (January 1993), 9.1700 (1992),

  8.0300 (1991), fixed rate of 5.000 (1986-1989)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*El Salvador, Communications



Railroads:

  602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 542 km in use

Highways:

  10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  Rio Lempa partially navigable

Ports:

  Acajutla, Cutuco

Airports:

 total:

  105

 usable:

  74

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  nationwide trunk microwave radio relay system; connection into Central

  American Microwave System; 116,000 telephones (21 telephones per 1,000

  persons); broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*El Salvador, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,305,853; fit for military service 836,192; reach military

  age (18) annually 71,101 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $104 million, 3%-4% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Equatorial Guinea, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cameroon and

  Gabon

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  28,050 km2

 land area:

  28,050 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 539 km, Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km

Coastline:

  296 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over

  islands in Corisco Bay

Climate:

  tropical; always hot, humid

Terrain:

  coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic

Natural resources:

  timber, petroleum, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  51%

 other:

  33%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to violent windstorms

Note:

  insular and continental regions rather widely separated



*Equatorial Guinea, People



Population:

  399,055 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.6% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  41.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  15.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  104.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  51.63 years

 male:

  49.56 years

 female:   53.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)

 adjective:

  Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean

Ethnic divisions:

  Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily Fang),

  Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Religions:

  nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practices

Languages:

  Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  50%

 male:

  64%

 female:

  37%

Labor force:

  172,000 (1986 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980)

 note:

  labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985)



*Equatorial Guinea, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Equatorial Guinea

 conventional short form:

  Equatorial Guinea

 local long form:

  Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial

 local short form:

  Guinea Ecuatorial

 former:

  Spanish Guinea

Digraph:

  EK

Type:

  republic in transition to multiparty democracy

Capital:

  Malabo

Administrative divisions:

  7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko

  Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas

Independence:

  12 October 1968 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  new constitution 17 November 1991

Legal system:

  partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 October (1968)

Political parties and leaders:

  ruling - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. (Ret.)

  Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 President:

  last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President

  Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without

  opposition

 Chamber of People's Representatives:

  last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the

  only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes

  del Pueblo)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Tribunal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August

  1979)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Silvestre SIALE BILEKA (since 17 January 1992); Deputy Prime

  Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG MIFUMU (since 22 January 1992)



*Equatorial Guinea, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS

  (observer), OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG

 chancery:

  (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY 10553

 telephone:

  (914) 667-9664

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John E. BENNETT

 embassy:

  Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo

 mailing address:   P.O. Box 597, Malabo

 telephone:

  [240] (9) 2185

 FAX:

  [240] (9) 2164

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue

  isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in

  the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars

  (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield

  bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto

  UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)



*Equatorial Guinea, Economy



Overview:

  The economy, devastated during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA,

  is based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about half

  of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, with

  cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, and

  government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for about

  8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for about

  38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, manganese,

  uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under concessions

  offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately successful.

  Increased production from recently discovered natural gas deposits will

  provide a greater share of exports by 1995.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $144 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -1% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $380 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $26 million; expenditures $30 million, including capital

  expenditures of $3 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee, timber, cocoa beans

 partners:

  Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4% (1988)

Imports:

  $63.0 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery

 partners:

  France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, FRG 3.1%,

  Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8% (1988)

External debt:   $213 million (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6.8% (1990 est.)

Electricity:

  23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  fishing, sawmilling

Agriculture:

  cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops -

  rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)



*Equatorial Guinea, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Equatorial Guinea, Communications



Highways:

  Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km

Ports:

  Malabo, Bata

Merchant marine:

  2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo

  and 1 passenger-cargo

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  poor system with adequate government services; international communications

  from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Equatorial Guinea, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 84,323; fit for military service 42,812 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Eritrea, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea between Djibouti and Sudan

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  121,320 km2

 land area:

  121,320 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

  total 1,630 km, Djibouti 113 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km

Coastline:

  1,151 km (land and island coastline is 2,234 km)

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central

  highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and

  lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except on coast desert

Terrain:

  dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands,

  descending on the east to a coastal desert plan, on the northwest to hilly

  terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains

Natural resources:

  gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, probably oil, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  2% (coffee)

 meadows and pastures:

  40%

 forest and woodland:

  5%  other:

  50%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  frequent droughts, famine; deforestation; soil eroision; overgrazing; loss

  of infrastructure from civil warfare

Note:

  strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and

  close to Arabian oilfields, Eritrea retained the entire coastline of

  Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 27

  April 1993



*Eritrea, People



Population:

  3,467,087 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.46% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Eritrean(s)

 adjective:

  Eritrean

Ethnic divisions:

  ethnic Tigrays 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast

  dwellers) 3%

Religions:

  Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant

Languages:

  Tigre and Kunama, Cushitic dialects, Tigre, Nora Bana, Arabic

Literacy:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Eritrea, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Eritrea

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

Digraph:

  ER

Type:

  transitional government

 note:

  on 29 May 1991 ISSAIAS Afeworke, secretary general of the Eritrean People's

  Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional

  Government in Eritrea (PGE), in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993

  referendum on independence for the autonomous region of Eritrea; the result

  was a landslide vote for independence that was announced on 27 April 1993

Capital:

  Asmara (formerly Asmera)

Administrative divisions:

  NA

Independence:

  27 April 1993 (from Ethiopia; formerly the Eritrea Autonomous Region)

Constitution:

  transitional "constitution" decreed 19 May 1993

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  National Day (independence from Ethiopia), 24 May (1993)

Political parties and leaders:

  Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) (Christian Muslim), ISSAIAS

  Aferworke, PETROS Soloman; Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (Muslim),

  ABDULLAH Muhammed; Eritrean Liberation Front - United Organization (ELF-UO),

  leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP);

  numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's

  resignation, including several Islamic militant groups

Suffrage:

  NA

Elections:

  multinational election before 20 May 1997

Executive branch:

  president, Eritrean National Council

Legislative branch:

  National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Judiciary

Leaders:  Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President ISSAIAS Aferworke

Member of:

  OAU, UN, UNCTAD



*Eritrea, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  NA

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Joseph P. O'NEILL

 embassy:

  NA

 mailing address:

  NA

 telephone:

  251-4-113-720

 FAX:

  NA

Flag:

  red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two

  right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold

  wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the

  red triangle



*Eritrea, Economy



Overview:

  With independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993, Eritrea faces the bitter

  economic problems of a small, desperately poor African country. Most of the

  population will continue to depend on subsistence farming. Domestic output

  is substantially augmented by worker remittances from abroad. Government

  revenues come from custom duties and income and sales taxes. Eritrea has

  inherited the entire coastline of Ethiopia and has long-term prospects for

  revenues from the devlopment of offshore oil, offshore fishing and tourist

  development. For the time being, Ethiopia will be largely dependent on

  Eritrean ports for its foreign trade.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $400 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $115 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:   NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  NA kW capacity; NA kWh produced, NA kWh per capita

Industries:

  food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles

Agriculture:

  NA

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  NA

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Eritrea, Communications



Railroads:

  307 km total; 307 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge

  (nonoperational) linking Ak'ordat and Asmera with the port of Mits'iwe (1993

  est.)

Highways:

  3,845 km total; 807 km paved, 840 km gravel, 402 km improved earth, 1,796 km

  unimproved earth

Ports:

  Assab (formerly Aseb), Massawa (formerly Mits'iwa)

Merchant marine:

  14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837 GRT/90,492 DWT; includes 9

  cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated

  cargo

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  5  with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  NA



*Eritrea, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA; reach military age (18)

  annually NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Estonia, Geography



Location:

  Northeastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  45,100 km2

 land area:

  43,200 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined

 note:

  includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Land boundaries:

  total 557 km, Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km

Coastline:

  1,393 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern

  (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by

  the Estonian SSR

Climate:

  maritime, wet, moderate winters

Terrain:

  marshy, lowlands

Natural resources:   shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber

Land use:

 arable land:

  22%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  11%

 forest and woodland:

  31%

 other:

  36%

Irrigated land:

  110 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  air heavily polluted with sulphur dioxide from oil-shale burning power

  plants in northeast; radioactive wastes dumped in open reservoir in

  Sillamae, a few dozen meters from Baltic Sea; contamination of soil and

  ground water with petroleum products, chemicals at military bases



*Estonia, People



Population:

  1,608,469 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.52% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.75 years

 male:

  64.75 years

 female:

  74.99 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Estonian(s)

 adjective:

  Estonian

Ethnic divisions:

  Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Belarusian 1.8%, Finn 1.1%,

  other 2.13% (1989)

Religions:

  Lutheran

Languages:   Estonian (official), Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, other

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  796,000

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38%

  (1990)



*Estonia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Estonia

 conventional short form:

  Estonia

 local long form:

  Eesti Vabariik

 local short form:

  Eesti

 former:

  Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  EN

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Tallinn

Administrative divisions:

  none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction)

Independence:

  6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted 28 June 1992

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 24 February (1918)

Political parties and leaders:

  Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian

  Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union,

  Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE,

  chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ENIP), Lagle PAREK,

  chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman;

  Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino

  VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman; Estonian Royalist

  Party (ERP), Kalle KULBOK, chairman; Entrpreneurs' Party (EP), Tiit MADE;

  Estonian Fatherland Party, Mart LAAR, chairman; Safe Home; Moderates;

  Estonian Citizen

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - no candidate

  received majority; newly elected Parliament elected Lennart MERI (NA October

  1992)

 Parliament:

  last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - Fatherland 21%,

  Safe Home 14%, Popular Front 13%, Moderates 10%, Estonian National

  Independence Party 8%, Royalists 7%, Estonian Citizen 7%, Estonian

  Entrepreneurs 2%, other 18%; seats - (101 total) Fatherland 29, Safe Home

  18, Popular Front 15, Moderates 12, ENIP 10, Royalists 8, Estonian Citizen

  8, Estonian Entrepreneurs 1

 Congress of Estonia:

  last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia was a

  quasi-governmental structure which disbanded itself October 1992 after the

  new Parliament and government were installed

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, cabinet



*Estonia, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Riigikogu)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Lennart MERI (since NA October 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since NA October 1992)

Member of:

  CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, NACC,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Toomas Hendrik IIVES

 chancery:

  (temporary) 630 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2415, New York, NY 10111

 telephone:

  (212) 247-2131

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE

 embassy:

  Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular)  FAX:

  [358] (49) 306-817 (cellular)

 note:

  dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international operator unless

  you use the cellular phone lines

Flag:

  pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal

  horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white



*Estonia, Economy



Overview:

  As of June 1993 Estonia ranks first among the 15 former Soviet republics in

  moving from its obsolete command economy to a modern market economy. Yet

  serious problems remain. In contrast to the estimated 30% drop in output in

  1992, GDP should grow by a small percent in 1993. Of key importance has been

  the introduction of the kroon in August 1993 and the subsequent reductions

  in inflation to 1%-2% per month. Starting in July 1991, under a new law on

  private ownership, small enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants,

  were sold to private owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is

  progressing with the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership

  (that is, Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be

  established. Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former

  Soviet republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production,

  and provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is

  in agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing

  both capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate

  products from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of

  high quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics.

  Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60%

  of the old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a

  large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy

  needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. It has advantages in the

  transition, not having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having

  better chances of developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European

  countries. Like Latvia, but unlike Lithuania, the large portion of ethnic

  Russians (30%) in the population poses still another difficulty in the

  transition to an independent market economy.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -30% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1%-2% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  3% (March 1993); but large number of underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $223 million; expenditures $142 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:   textile 11%, wood products and timber 9%, dairy products 9%

 partners:

  Russia and the other former Soviet republics 50%, West 50% (1992)

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12%

 partners:

  Finland 15%, Russia 18%

External debt:

  $650 million (end of 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -40% (1992)

Electricity:

  3,700,000 kW capacity; 22,900 million kWh produced, 14,245 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Estonia, Economy



Industries:

  accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates,

  electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper,

  shoes, apparel

Agriculture:

  employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy

  products, and potatoes; imports of feedgrains for livestock; fruits and

  vegetables

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to

  Western Europe; limited illicit opium producer; mostly for domestic

  production

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million

Currency:

  1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 NA; (introduced in August 1992)

Exchange rates:

  kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12 (January 1993)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Estonia, Communications



Railroads:

  1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines

  (1990)

Highways:

  30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth

Inland waterways:

  500 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

  natural gas 420 km (1992)

Ports:   coastal - Tallinn, Novotallin, Parnu; inland - Narva

Merchant marine:

  68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 394,501 GRT/526,502 DWT; includes 52

  cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk, 2 container

Airports:

 total:

  29

 useable:

  18

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  300,000 telephone subscribers in 1990 with international direct dial service

  available to Finland, Germany, Austria, UK and France; 21 telephone lines

  per 100 persons as of 1991; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian

  programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs);

  international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by

  landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the

  Moscow international gateway switch via 19 incoming/20 outgoing

  international channels, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an old copper

  submarine cable to Finland soon to be replaced by an undersea fiber optic

  cable system; there is also a new international telephone exchange in

  Tallinn handling 60 channels via Helsinki; 2 analog mobile cellular networks

  with international roaming capability to Scandinavia are operating in major

  cities



*Estonia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Maritime Border Guard, National Guard (Kaitseliit), Security

  Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 387,733; fit for military service 306,056; reach military

  age (18) annually 11,570 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  124.4 million kroons, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of

  the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

  produce misleading results



*Ethiopia, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, between Somalia and Sudan

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  1,127,127 km2

 land area:

  1,119,683 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Erithea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626

  km, Sudan 1,606 km

Coastline:

  none - landlocked

Maritime claims:

  none - landlocked

International disputes:

  southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative

  Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis;

  territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden

Climate:

  tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone

  to extended droughts

Terrain:

  high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

Natural resources:

  small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  41%

 forest and woodland:

  24%

 other:

  22%

Irrigated land:

  1,620 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic

  eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;

  frequent droughts; famine

Note:

  landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure

  independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993



*Ethiopia, People



Population:

  53,278,446 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  Ethiopian demographic data, except population and population growth rate,

  include Eritrea

Population growth rate:

  3.41% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  14.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  108.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  52.21 years

 male:

  50.6 years

 female:

  53.88 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ethiopian(s)

 adjective:

  Ethiopian

Ethnic divisions:

  Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar

  4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Religions:

  Muslim 45-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 12%, other 5%

Languages:

  Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English

  (major foreign language taught in schools)

Literacy:

  age 10 and over can read and write (1983)

 total population:

  62%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  18 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry

  and construction 8% (1985)



*Ethiopia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Ethiopia

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:   Ityop'iya

Digraph:

  ET

Type:

  transitional government

 note:

  on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)

  toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took

  control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE),

  announced a two-year transitional period

Capital:

  Addis Ababa

Administrative divisions:

  14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader

  akababi) Addis Ababa, Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela,

  Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray,

  Wolayta

Independence:

  oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at

  least 2,000 years

Constitution:

  to be redrafted by 1993

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime)

Political parties and leaders:

  NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP);

  numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's

  resignation, including several Islamic militant groups

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution

  drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National

  Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991

 Constituent Assembly:

  now planned for January 1994 (to ratify constitution to be drafted by end of

  1993)

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Constituent Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President MELES Zenawi (since 1 June 1991)



*Ethiopia, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister TAMIRAT Layne (since 6 June 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos

 chancery:

  2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-2281 or 2282

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Marc A. BAAS

 embassy:

  Entoto Street, Addis Ababa

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa

 telephone:

  [251] (1) 550-666

 FAX:

  [251] (1) 551-166

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is

  the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so

  often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became

  known as the pan-African colors



*Ethiopia, Economy



Overview:

  With the independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993, Ethiopia continues to

  face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed

  countries in Africa. (The accompanying analysis and figures predate the

  independence of Eritrea.) Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture,

  which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total

  employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing

  sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90%

  of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the

  government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants.

  Favorable agricultural weather largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in

  FY89, whereas drought and deteriorating internal security conditions

  prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 the lack of law and order, particularly in

  the south, interfered with economic development and growth. In 1992, because

  of some easing of civil strife and aid from the outside world, the economy

  substantially improved.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $130 (FY92 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7.8% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $565 million (FY91)

Exports:

  $276 million (f.o.b., FY90)

 commodities:

  coffee, leather products, gold, petroleum products

 partners:

  EC, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, US

Imports:

  $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90)

 commodities:

  capital goods, consumer goods, fuel

 partners:

  EC, Eastern Europe, Japan, US

External debt:

  $3.48 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP

Electricity:

  330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement

Agriculture:

  accounts for 47% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even

  though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output

  low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly

  on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence

  level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds,

  sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep,

  goats



*Ethiopia, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and

  destined for Europe and North America; cultivates qat (chat) for local use

  and regional export

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0

  billion

Currency:

  1 birr (Br) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.0000 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  8 July - 7 July



*Ethiopia, Communications



Railroads:

  781 km total; 781 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge linking

  Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) to Djibouti; control of railroad is shared between

  Djibouti and Ethiopia

Highways:

  39,150 km total; 2,776 km paved, 7,504 km gravel, 2,054 km improved earth,

  26,816 km unimproved earth (1993 est.)

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Merchant marine:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 total:

  121

 usable:

  82

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  13

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  83 (1993 est.)

Telecommunications:

  open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to

  Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast

  stations - 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; satellite

  earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT



*Ethiopia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 12,793,340; fit for military service 6,640,616; reach

  military age (18) annually 576,329 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Europa Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Europa Island, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between

  Madagascar and Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  28 km2

 land area:

  28 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  22.2 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Madagascar

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  NA

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA% (heavily wooded)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  wildlife sanctuary



*Europa Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Europa Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Europa Island

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ile Europa

Digraph:

  EU

Type:

  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic; resident in

  Reunion

Capital:

  none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Europa Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Europa Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  1 meteorological station



*Europa Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Geography



Location:

  in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the southern coast of Argentina

Map references:

  Antarctic Region, South America

Area:

 total area:

  12,170 km2

 land area:

  12,170 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Connecticut

 note:

  includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small

  islands

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,288 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  100 m depth

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina

Climate:

  cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than

  half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and

  February, but does not accumulate

Terrain:

  rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains

Natural resources:

  fish, wildlife

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  99%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:   1%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  poor soil fertility and a short growing season

Note:

  deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), People



Population:

  2,206 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.43% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Falkland Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Falkland Island

Ethnic divisions:

  British

Religions:

  primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church,

  Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1,100 (est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding)



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Colony of the Falkland Islands

 conventional short form:

  Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Digraph:

  FA

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Stanley

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  3 October 1985

Legal system:

  English common law

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party

  NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, Executive Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Governor David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992)

Member of:

  ICFTU

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of

  the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major

  economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the

  islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs

  most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic

  consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those

  for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to

  the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the

  surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far,

  efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In

  1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers

  operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees

  amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income

  for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development

  Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant

  wildlife and trout fishing.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7.4% (1980-87 average)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%; labor shortage

Budget:

  revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY90)

Exports:

  at least $14.7 million

 commodities:

  wool, hides and skins, and meat

 partners:

  UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.)

Imports:

  at least $13.9 million

 commodities:

  food, clothing, fuels, and machinery

 partners:

  UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,940 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  wool and fish processing

Agriculture:

  predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable

  crops

Economic aid:   Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $277 million

Currency:

  1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

  (1991), 0.5604 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Falkland

  pound is at par with the British pound



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Communications



Highways:

  510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth

Ports:

  Stanley

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide

  effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station with links through London to other countries



*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Defense Forces



Branches:

  British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal

  Navy, and Royal Marines), Police Force

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Faroe Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (part of the Danish realm)



*Faroe Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the north Atlantic Ocean, located half way between Norway and Iceland

Map references:

  Arctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  1,400 km2

 land area:

  1,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  764 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy

Terrain:

  rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  98%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago

  of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets

Note:

  strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic



*Faroe Islands, People



Population:

  48,065 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.67% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.45 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.92 years

 male:

  74.51 years

 female:

  81.45 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.52 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Faroese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Faroese

Ethnic divisions:

  Scandinavian

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:

  Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  17,585

 by occupation:

  largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce



*Faroe Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Faroe Islands  local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Foroyar

Digraph:

  FO

Type:

  part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of

  Denmark

Capital:

  Torshavn

Administrative divisions:

  none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Independence:

  none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative

  division of Denmark)

Constitution:

  Danish

Legal system:

  Danish

National holiday:

  Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)

Political parties and leaders:

 three-party ruling coalition:

  Social Democratic Party, Marita PETERSEN; Republican Party, Signer HANSEN;

  Home Rule Party, Hilmar KASS

 opposition:

  Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Progressive and Fishing

  Industry Party-Christian People's Party (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress

  Party, leader NA; People's Party, Jogvan SUND-STEIN

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Danish Parliament:

  last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's

  Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish

  Parliament

 Faroese Parliament:

  last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social

  Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%,

  Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats -

  (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7),

  Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2

Executive branch:

  Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet (Landsstyri)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Lgting)

Judicial branch:

  none



*Faroe Islands, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner

  Bent KLINTE (since NA)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Marita PETERSEN (since 18 January 1993)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Flag:

  white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the

  flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the

  style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag)



*Faroe Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The Faroese, who have long enjoyed the affluent living standards of the

  Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the

  all-important fishing industry and one of the world's heaviest per capita

  external debts of nearly $30,000. When the nations of the world extended

  their fishing zones to 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no

  longer could continue their traditional long-distance fishing and

  subsequently depleted their own nearby fishing areas. The government's tight

  controls on fish stocks and its austerity measures have caused a recession,

  and subsidy cuts will force nationalization in the fishing industry, which

  has already been plagued with bankruptcies. Copenhagen has threatened to

  withhold its annual subsidy of $130 million - roughly one-third of the

  islands' budget revenues - unless the Faroese make significant efforts to

  balance their budget. To this extent the Faroe government is expected to

  continue its tough policies, including introducing a 20% VAT in 1993, and

  has agreed to an IMF economic-political stabilization plan. In addition to

  its annual subsidy, the Danish government has bailed out the second largest

  Faroe bank to the tune of $140 million since October 1992.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $662 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1989 est.)

National product per capita:

  $14,000 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2% (1988)

Unemployment rate:

  5%-6% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (ships)

  (1989)

 partners:

  Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5%

Imports:

  $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and

  livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5%

 partners:

  Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3%

External debt:

  $1.3 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,760 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops -

  potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000

  metric tons

Economic aid:

  receives an annual subsidy from Denmark of about $130 million



*Faroe Islands, Economy



Currency:

  1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore

Exchange rates:

  Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396

  (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Faroe Islands, Communications



Highways:

  200 km

Ports:

  Torshavn, Tvoroyri

Merchant marine:

  10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1

  short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note

  - a subset of the Danish register

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1  with runways over 3659 m:

  0

 with runways 2440-3659 m:

  0

 with runways 1220-2439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900

  telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters)

  TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables



*Faroe Islands, Defense Forces



Branches:

  small Police Force, no organized native military forces

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Denmark



*Fiji, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  18,270 km2

 land area:

  18,270 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,129 km

Maritime claims:

  (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly mountains of volcanic origin

Natural resources:

  timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential

Land use:  arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  65%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of

  which approximately 110 are inhabited



*Fiji, People



Population:

  756,762 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.95% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.74 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -8.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  18.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  64.86 years

 male:

  62.62 years

 female:

  67.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.98 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Fijian(s)

 adjective:

  Fijian

Ethnic divisions:

  Fijian 49%, Indian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese,

  and other 5%

Religions:

  Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%,

  other 2%

 note:

  Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a Muslim

  minority (1986)

Languages:   English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1985)

 total population:

  86%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  81%

Labor force:

  235,000

 by occupation:

  subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% (1987)



*Fiji, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Fiji

 conventional short form:

  Fiji

Digraph:

  FJ

Type:

  republic

 note:

  military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a

  republic on 6 October 1987

Capital:

  Suva

Administrative divisions:

  4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western, Independence:

  10 October 1970 (from UK)

Constitution:

  10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed

  on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; the 1990 Constitution

  is currently still under review (February 1993)

Legal system:

  based on British system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 10 October (1970)

Political parties and leaders:

  Fijian Political Party (SVT - primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini

  RABUKA; National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA;

  Christian Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor

  Party (FLP), Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA;

  General Voters Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP),

  Isireli VUIBAU; Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame

  SAVU; Fiji Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party,

  Ishwari BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners

  Party, David TULVANUAVOU

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 23-29 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats,

  ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats

  by party NA

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet, Great Councils of Chiefs (highest

  ranking members of the traditional chiefly system)

Legislative branch:

  the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower

  house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14

  May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral

  Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987); Vice

  President Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 14 April 1992); Vice President Ratu

  Sir Josaia TAIVAIQIA (since 14 April 1992)



*Fiji, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Sitiveni RABUKA (since 2 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister

  Filipe BOLE (since 11 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Ratu Timoci VESIKULA

  (since 11 June 1993)

Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA

 chancery:

  Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 337-8320

 consulate:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN

 embassy:

  31 Loftus Street, Suva

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 218, Suva

 telephone:

  [679] 314-466

 FAX:

  [679] 300-081

Flag:

  light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a

  yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George

  featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove



*Fiji, Economy



Overview:

  Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector.

  Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing

  accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar

  milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable

  sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In

  1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP

  dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty

  created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar

  production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong

  performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the

  economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an

  estimated 21%. Sugar exports recovered in 1991-92.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,900 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5.9% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $455 million; expenditures $546 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $435 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber

 partners:

  EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6%

Imports:

  $553 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products,

  consumer goods, chemicals

 partners:

  Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6%

External debt:

  $428 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP

Electricity:

  215,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, clothing, lumber, small cottage

  industries

Agriculture:

  accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts,

  cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; small livestock sector includes

  cattle, pigs, horses, and goats; fish catch nearly 33,000 tons (1989)

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89),

  $815 million

Currency:

  1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents



*Fiji, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.5809 (January 1993), 1.5029 (1992), 1.4756

  (1991), 1.4809 (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Fiji, Communications



Railroads:

  644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji

  Sugar Corporation

Highways:

  3,300 km total; 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or

  stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth (1984)

Inland waterways:

  203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges

Ports:

  Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva

Merchant marine:

  7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2

  roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 cargo

Airports:

 total:

  25

 usable:

  22

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public

  and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities;

  regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New

  Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones (71 telephones per 1,000 persons);

  broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Fiji, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, police)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 194,634; fit for military service 107,304; reach military

  age (18) annually 7,834 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, about 2% of GDP (FY91/92)



*Finland, Geography



Location:

  Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Russia

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  337,030 km2

 land area:

  305,470 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:

  total 2,628 km, Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km

Coastline:

  1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  6 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  4 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of

  moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more

  than 60,000 lakes

Terrain:

  mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Natural resources:

  timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:   0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  76%

 other:

  16%

Irrigated land:

  620 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on

  small southwestern coastal plain

Note:

  long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on

  European continent



*Finland, People



Population:

  5,050,942 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.37% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.65 years

 male:

  71.85 years

 female:

  79.62 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Finn(s)

 adjective:

  Finnish

Ethnic divisions:

  Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%

Languages:

  Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and

  Russian-speaking minorities

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:   100%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  2.533 million

 by occupation:

  public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, finance, insurance,

  and business services 10.2%, agriculture and forestry 8.6%, transport and

  communications 7.7%, construction 7.2%



*Finland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Finland

 conventional short form:

  Finland

 local long form:

  Suomen Tasavalta

 local short form:

  Suomi

Digraph:

  FI

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Helsinki

Administrative divisions:

  12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi,

  Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa,

  Vaasa

Independence:

  6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  17 July 1919

Legal system:

  civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation

  interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Political parties and leaders:

 government coalition:

  Center Party, Esko AHO; National Coalition (conservative) Party, Perti

  SALOLAINEN; Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole NORRBACK; Finnish Christian

  League, Toimi KANKAANNIEMI

 other parties:

  Social Democratic Party, Antero KEKKONEN, Acting Chairman; Leftist Alliance

  (Communist) People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative, Claes

  ANDERSON; Green League, Pekka SAURI; Rural Party, Tina MAKELA; Liberal

  People's Party, Kalle MAATTA

Other political or pressure groups:   Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional

Rightist Party;

  Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held

  January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri

  HOLKERI 18%

 Parliament:

  last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party

  24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative)

  Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish

  People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal

  People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic

  Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance

  (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish

  Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1



*Finland, Government



Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State

  (Valtioneuvosto)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka

  KANERVA (since 26 April 1991)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM

  (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9,

  GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest),

  NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO,

  UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI

 chancery:

  3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016

 telephone:

  (202) 363-2430

 FAX:

  (202) 363-8233

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles and New York

 consulates:   Chicago and Houston

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John H. KELLY

 embassy:

  Itainen Puistotie 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09723

 telephone:

  [358] (0) 171931

 FAX:

  [358] (0) 174681

Flag:

  white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical

  part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG

  (Danish flag)



*Finland, Economy



Overview:

  Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per

  capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key economic sector is

  manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and engineering industries.

  Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of GDP.

  Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw

  materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of

  the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining

  self-sufficiency in basic products. The economy, which experienced an

  average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep

  recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which

  continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been caused by

  economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the

  barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union under which Soviet

  oil and gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish

  Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and

  efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public

  expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in

  monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the EC's

  European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. Ongoing speculation

  resulting from a lack of confidence in the government's policies forced

  Helsinki to devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to

  indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the

  competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably have kept the

  economic downturn from being even more severe. Unemployment probably will

  remain a serious problem during the next few years - monthly figures in

  early 1993 are approaching 20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a

  weak domestic market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets.

  Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive funding to

  bail out the banking system are expected to push the central government's

  budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993. Helsinki continues to harmonize its

  economic policies with those of the EC during Finland's current EC

  membership bid.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $79.4 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -3.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $15,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.1% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  13.1% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $26.8 billion; expenditures $40.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear

 partners:

  EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5% (Sweden 12.8%), US 5.9%,

  Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992)

Imports:

  $21.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport

  equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder

  grains



*Finland, Economy



 partners:

  EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0% (Sweden 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan

  5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992)

External debt:

  $25 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  13,500,000 kW capacity; 55,300 million kWh produced, 11,050 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper),

  copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 5% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production,

  especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export

  earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops -

  cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains

  and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion

Currency:

  1 markkaa (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia

Exchange rates:

  markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.4193 (January 1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440

  (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988)

Fiscal year:   calendar year



*Finland, Communications



Railroads:

  5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km

  1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are

  electrified

Highways:

  about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete,

  bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel,

  gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads

Inland waterways:

  6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers

Pipelines:

  natural gas 580 km

Ports:

  Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku

Merchant marine:

  87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 935,260 GRT/973,995 DWT; includes 3

  passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26

  roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  160

 usable:

  157

 with permanent-surface runways:

  66

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  25

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  22

Telecommunications:

  good service from cable and microwave radio relay network; 3,140,000

  telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable;

  INTELSAT satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a

  receive-only INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki



*Finland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,323,381; fit for military service 1,091,613; reach

  military age (17) annually 33,828 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.93 billion, about 2% of GDP (1992)



*France, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Germany

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  547,030 km2

 land area:

  545,630 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Colorado

 note:

  includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but excludes the

  overseas administrative divisions

Land boundaries:

  total 2,892.4 km, Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488

  km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km

Coastline:

  3,427 km (mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km)

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12-24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de

  Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims

  Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of

  French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in

  Antarctica (Adelie Land); Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime

  boundary dispute between Canada and France

Climate:

  generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers

  along the Mediterranean

Terrain:

  mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is

  mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

Natural resources:

  coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash

Land use:

 arable land:

  32%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  23%

 forest and woodland:

  27%

 other:

  16%

Irrigated land:   11,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine,

  or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral

Note:

  largest West European nation



*France, People



Population:

  57,566,091 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.48% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  78 years

 male:

  74.04 years

 female:

  82.16 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)

 adjective:

  French

Ethnic divisions:

  Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque

  minorities

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers)

  1%, unaffiliated 6%

Languages:

  French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal,

  Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  24.17 million  by occupation:

  services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.2% (1987)



*France, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  French Republic

 conventional short form:

  France

 local long form:

  Republique Francaise

 local short form:

  France

Digraph:

  FR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Paris

Administrative divisions:

  22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne,

  Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse,

  Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon,

  Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire,

  Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes

 note:

  the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for

  the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion)

  and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)

Dependent areas:

  Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French

  Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New

  Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna

 note:

  the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:

  486 (unified by Clovis)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962,

  ammended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992

Legal system:

  civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not

  legislative acts

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of theBastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally for the Republic (RPR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French Democracy

  (UDF, federation of UREI, UC, RDE), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; Republican

  Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre

  MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), Michel

  ROCARD; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist Party

  (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN; Union of

  Republican and Independents (UREI); Centrist Union (UC); (RDE)

Other political or pressure groups:

  Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly

  2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation

  Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.;

  independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.);

  independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000

  members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du

  Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*France, Government



Elections:

 President:

  last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1995); results - Second Ballot

  Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46%

 Senate:

  last held NA September 1992 (next to be held September 1995 - nine-year

  term, elected by thirds every three years); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 for overseas

  departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 91, UDF

  142 (UREI 51, UC 68, RDE 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents 2, other 4

 National Assembly:

  last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (577 total) RPR 247, UDF 213, PS 67, PCF 24,

  independents 26

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate

  (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Edouard BALLADUR (since 29 March 1993)

Member of:

  ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB

  (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE,

  ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,

  OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL,

  UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council,

  UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI

 chancery:

  4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:   (202) 944-6000

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New

  Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Pamela HARRIMAN

 embassy:

  2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08, Unit 21551

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09777

 telephone:

  [33] (1) 4296-12-02 or 4261-80-75

 FAX:

  [33] (1) 4266-9783

 consulates general:

  Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg



*France, Government



Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as

  the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis

  for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote

  d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areas



*France, Economy



Overview:

  One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial

  agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector.

  Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and

  subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in

  Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products

  and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector

  generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has

  become crucial to the economy. The French economy is entering its fourth

  consecutive year of sluggish growth after a strong expansion in the late

  1980s. Growth averaged only 1.3% in 1990-92 and is expected to drop to

  between zero and -0.5% in 1993. The government budget deficit rose to 3.2%

  of GDP in 1992 and is expected to be far larger than planned in the 1993

  budget. Paris remains committed to maintaining the franc-deutsch mark

  parity, which has kept French interest rates high despite France's low

  inflation. Although the pace of economic integration within the European

  Community has slowed down, integration presumably will remain a major force

  shaping the fortunes of the various economic sectors.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.08 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.1% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $18,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.1% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  10.5% (end 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $220.5 billion; expenditures $249.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $47 billion (1993 budget)

Exports:

  $212.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural

  products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing

 partners:

  Germany 18.6%, Italy 11.0%, Spain 11.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 9.1%, UK 8.8%,

  Netherlands 7.9%, US 6.4%, Japan 2.0%, former USSR 0.7% (1991 est.)

Imports:

  $230.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron

  and steel products

 partners:

  Germany 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, Spain 8.8%,

  Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5%, UK 7.5%, Japan 4.1%, former USSR 1.3% (1991 est.)

External debt:

  $270 billion (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.2% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  110,000,000 kW capacity; 426,000 million kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics,

  mining, textiles, food processing, tourism



*France, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's

  top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products,

  cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most

  temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce,

  but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons

  ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*France, Communications



Railroads:

  French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,322 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge; 12,434 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 99 km of

  various gauges (1.000-meter), privately owned and operated

Highways:

  1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental

  highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of

  controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved

Inland waterways:

  14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled

Pipelines:

  crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km

Ports:

  coastal - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le

  Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Sete, Toulon; inland - Rouen

Merchant marine:

  130 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,224,945 GRT/5,067,252 DWT; includes

  7 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 20 container, 1 multifunction large-load

  carrier, 27 roll-on/roll-off, 36 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied

  gas, 2 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note - France also maintains a captive

  register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern

  and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia

Airports:

 total:

  471

 usable:

  461

 with permanent-surface runways:

  256

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  37

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  136

Telecommunications:

  highly developed; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks;

  large-scale introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for

  domestic traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800

  (mostly repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial

  cables; 2 INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio

  communications with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV

  service



*France, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 14,662,761; fit for military service 12,247,950; reach

  military age (18) annually 386,504 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $36.6 billion, 3.1% of GDP (1993 est.)



*French Guiana, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas department of France)



*French Guiana, Geography



Location:

  northern South America, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean between

  Suriname and Brazil

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  91,000 km2

 land area:

  89,150 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:

  total 1,183 km, Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km

Coastline:

  378 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both

  headwaters of the Lawa)

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains

Natural resources:

  bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  82%

 other:

  18%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  mostly an unsettled wilderness



*French Guiana, People



Population:

  133,376 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  4.42% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.46 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  22.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  16.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.87 years

 male:

  71.59 years

 female:

  78.32 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  French Guianese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  French Guianese

Ethnic divisions:

  black or mulatto 66%, Caucasian 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%,

  other 10%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic

Languages:

  French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)

 total population:

  82%

 male:

  81%

 female:

  83%

Labor force:

  23,265

 by occupation:

  services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2%

  (1980)



*French Guiana, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Department of Guiana

 conventional short form:

  French Guiana

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Guyane

Digraph:

  FG

Type:

  overseas department of France

Capital:

  Cayenne

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas department of France)

Independence:

  none (overseas department of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French legal system

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR),

  Paulin BRUNE; Union of the Center Rally (URC); Union for French Democracy

  (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; Guyana Democratic Front (FDG), Georges OTHILY

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French National Assembly:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1

 French Senate:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1

 Regional Council:

  last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (31 total) PSG 16

Executive branch:

  French president, commissioner of the republic

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeals (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction

  over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:   Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA 1992)

Member of:

  FZ, WCL

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are

  represented in the US by France



*French Guiana, Government



US diplomatic representation:

  none (overseas department of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*French Guiana, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports.

  Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most

  important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products

  (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The

  large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an

  expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation

  of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - is limited to the coastal

  area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily

  dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem,

  particularly among younger workers.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $421 million (1986)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $4,390 (1986)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.1% (1987)

Unemployment rate:

  13% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1987)

Exports:

  $64.8 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence

 partners:

  France 36%, US 14%, Japan 6% (1990)

Imports:

  $435 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods,

  petroleum

 partners:   France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987)

External debt:

  $1.2 billion (1988)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining

Agriculture:

  some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas,

  sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $1.51 billion

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*French Guiana, Communications



Highways:

  680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal

  steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft

Ports:

  Cayenne

Airports:

 total:

  10

 usable:

  10

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system; 18,100 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*French Guiana, Defense Forces



Branches:

  French Forces, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males 15-49 39,005; fit for military service 25,477 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*French Polynesia, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas territory of France)



*French Polynesia, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, halfway between Australia and South America

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  3,941 km2

 land area:

  3,660 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  2,525 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, but moderate

Terrain:

  mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs

Natural resources:

  timber, fish, cobalt

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  19%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:   31%

 other:

  44%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes

Note:

  Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands

  in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and

  Nauru



*French Polynesia, People



Population:

  210,333 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.26% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  27.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  15 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.33 years

 male:

  67.95 years

 female:

  72.84 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  French Polynesian(s)

 adjective:

  French Polynesian

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%

Religions:

  Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16%

Languages:

  French (official), Tahitian (official)

Literacy:

  age 14 and over but definition of literacy not available (1977)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  76,630 employed (1988)



*French Polynesia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of French Polynesia

 conventional short form:

  French Polynesia

 local long form:

  Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise

 local short form:

  Polynesie Francaise

Digraph:

  FP

Type:

  overseas territory of France since 1946

Capital:

  Papeete

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative

  divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic

  divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des

  Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent

 note:

  Clipperton Island is administered by France from French Polynesia

Independence:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  based on French system

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian

  Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland

  Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini

  Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French National Assembly:

  last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results

  - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally (Gaullist)

  1, New Fatherland Party 1

 French Senate:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA

 Territorial Assembly:

  last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18,

  Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4

Executive branch:

  French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the

  Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of

  Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Territorial Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, Court of the First Instance, Court of Administrative Law



*French Polynesia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the

  Republic Michel JAU (since NA 1992)

 Head of Government:

  President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991);

  Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September

  1991)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are

  represented in the US by France

US diplomatic representation:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*French Polynesia, Economy



Overview:

  Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French

  Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high

  proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports

  the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary

  source of hard currency earnings.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $6,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.9% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

  14.9% (1988 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1988)

Exports:

  $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat

 partners:

  France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17%

Imports:

  $765 million (c.i.f., 1989)

 commodities:

  fuels, foodstuffs, equipment

 partners:

  France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  75,000 kW capacity; 275 million kWh produced, 1,330 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy

  products

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88),

  $3.95 billion

Currency:

  1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January

  1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30

  (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*French Polynesia, Communications



Highways:

  600 km (1982)

Ports:

  Papeete, Bora-bora

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,127 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2

  passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French

  register

Airports:

 total:

  43

 usable:

  41

 with permanent-surface runways:

  23

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2  with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  12

Telecommunications:

  33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast

  stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*French Polynesia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie

Note:

  defense is responsibility of France



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas territory of France)



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Geography



Location:

  in the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica,

  and Australia

Map references:

  Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  7,781 km2

 land area:

  7,781 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware

 note:

  includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet;

  excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that is not

  recognized by the US

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,232 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm from Iles Kerguelen only

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US

Climate:

  antarctic

Terrain:   volcanic

Natural resources:

  fish, crayfish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes

Note:

  remote location in the southern Indian Ocean



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are researchers whose numbers vary

  from 150 in winter (July) to 200 in summer (January)



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

 conventional short form:

  French Southern and Antarctic Lands

 local long form:

  Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises

 local short form:

  Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises

Digraph:

  FS

Type:

  overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator

  Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member

  Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council

Capital:

  none; administered from Paris, France

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative

  divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named

  Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre

  Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US

Independence:   none (overseas territory of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical

  research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches

  landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and

  Reunion.

Budget:

  revenues $17.5 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1992)



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Merchant marine:

  16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 292,490 GRT/514,389 DWT; includes 2

  cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 bulk,

  1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive subset of the French

  register

Telecommunications:

  NA



*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France





*Gabon, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator between the

  Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  267,670 km2

 land area:

  257,670 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Colorado

Land boundaries:   total 2,551 km, Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Coastline:

  885 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed

  sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay

Climate:

  tropical; always hot, humid

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Natural resources:

  petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  78%

 other:

  2%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  deforestation



*Gabon, People



Population:

  1,122,550 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.45% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  28.63 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  14.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  97.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  54.19 years

 male:

  51.46 years  female:

  57.01 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Gabonese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Gabonese

Ethnic divisions:

  Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou,

  Bateke), Africans and Europeans 100,000, including 27,000 French

Religions:

  Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, animist

Languages:

  French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  61%

 male:

  74%

 female:

  48%

Labor force:

  120,000 salaried

 by occupation:

  agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services 2.5%, government

  2.5%

 note:

  58% of population of working age (1983)



*Gabon, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Gabonese Republic

 conventional short form:

  Gabon

 local long form:

  Republique Gabonaise

 local short form:

  Gabon

Digraph:

  GB

Type:

  republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)

Capital:

  Libreville

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga,

  Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem

Independence:

  17 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction not accepted

National holiday:

  Renovation Day, 12 March (1968) (Gabonese Democratic Party established)

Political parties and leaders:

  Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO,

  president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons);

  Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement

  (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese

  Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for

  Democracy and Development (UDD)

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of

  vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement

  - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement

  (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3

 President:

  last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results -

  President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990)



*Gabon, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 797-1000

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador John C. WILSON IV

 embassy:

  Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville

 mailing address:

  B. P. 4000, Libreville

 telephone:

  (241) 762003/4, or 743492

 FAX:

  [241] 745-507

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue



*Gabon, Economy



Overview:

  The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now

  dominated by the oil sector. In 1981-85, oil accounted for about 45% of GDP,

  80% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on average. The high

  oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial increase in per

  capita national income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced migration

  from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to among the

  highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The subsequent slide of Gabon's economy,

  which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989-90, but

  debt servicing obligations continue to limit prospects for further domestic

  development. Real growth in 1991-92 was weak because of a combination of an

  overstaffed bureaucracy, a large budget deficit, and the continued

  underdevelopment of the whole economy outside the petroleum sector.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  13% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $4,200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  0.7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $247 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  crude oil 80%, manganese 7%, wood 7%, uranium 2%

 partners:

  France 48%, US 15%, Germany 2%, Japan 2%

Imports:

  $702 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials,

  manufactures, machinery

 partners:

  France 64%, African countries 7%, US 5%, Japan 3%

External debt:   $4.4 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate - 10% (1988 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  petroleum, food and beverages, lumbering and plywood, textiles, mining -

  manganese, uranium, gold, cement

Agriculture:

  accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops -

  cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small

  fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a

  tropical softwood) is the most important timber product

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $68 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2,342 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes



*Gabon, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Gabon, Communications



Railroads:

  649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad)

Highways:

  7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth

Inland waterways:

  1,600 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km

Ports:

  Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville

Merchant marine:

  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  68

 usable:

  56

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0  with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  22

Telecommunications:

  adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and

  radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6

  FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

  and 12 domestic satellite



*Gabon, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National

  Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 269,066; fit for military service 135,836; reach military

  age (20) annually 9,680 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.)



*The Gambia, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean almost completely

  surrounded by Senegal

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  11,300 km2

 land area:

  10,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Delaware

Land boundaries:

  total 740 km, Senegal 740 km

Coastline:

  80 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  18 nm

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite

Climate:

  tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November

  to May)

Terrain:

  flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  16%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  20%

 other:

  55%

Irrigated land:

  120 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation

Note:

  almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa



*The Gambia, People



Population:

  930,249 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  46.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  126.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  49.61 years

 male:

  47.41 years

 female:

  51.87 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Gambian(s)

 adjective:

  Gambian

Ethnic divisions:

  African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other

  4%), non-Gambian 1%

Religions:

  Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:

  English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  27%

 male:

  39%

 female:

  16%

Labor force:

  400,000 (1986 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1%

 note:

  55% population of working age (1983)



*The Gambia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of The Gambia

 conventional short form:

  The Gambia

Digraph:

  GA

Type:

  republic under multiparty democratic rule

Capital:

  Banjul

Administrative divisions:

  5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank,,   Upper River,

Western

Independence:

  18 February 1965 (from UK; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12

  December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be

  known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)

Constitution:

  24 April 1970

Legal system:

  based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law;

  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 18 February (1965)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general;

  National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party

  (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic

  Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's

  Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP

  56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP

  31, NCP 5

 President:

  last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda

  JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA

  (GPP) 13.7%

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice

  President Saihou SABALLY (since NA)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH



*The Gambia, Government



 chancery:

  Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

 telephone:

  (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Arlene RENDER

 embassy:

  Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, Banjul

 mailing address:

  P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul

 telephone:

  [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971

 FAX:

  (220) 92475

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green



*The Gambia, Economy



Overview:

  The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a

  limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a

  per capita income of about $325. About 75% of the population is engaged in

  crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP.

  Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides -

  accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia

  imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods.

  Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value).

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $292 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $325 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  12% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $94 million; expenditures $80 million, including capital

  expenditures of $25 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $133 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels

 partners:

  Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989)

Imports:

  $174 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport

  equipment

 partners:

  Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989)

External debt:

  $336 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90)

Electricity:

  30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly,

  woodworking, metalworking, clothing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports

  one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; other

  principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels;

  livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully

  exploited

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million

Currency:

  1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs

Exchange rates:

  dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.673 (October 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990),

  7.5846 (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987)



*The Gambia, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*The Gambia, Communications



Highways:

  3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  400 km

Ports:

  Banjul

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*The Gambia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 201,026; fit for military service 101,642 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Gaza Strip, Header



Note:

  The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in

  control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan

  Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by

  President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the

  West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a

  peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the

  concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will

  resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process,

  it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

  has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all

  of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before

  the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the

  framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be

  made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's

  special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the

  final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the

  rest of the West Bank.



*Gaza Strip, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and

  Israel

Map references:

  Middle East

Area:

 total area:

  380 km2

 land area:

  380 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km

Coastline:

  40 km

Maritime claims:

  Israeli occupied with status to be determined

International disputes:

  Israeli occupied with status to be determined

Climate:

  temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Terrain:

  flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  13%

 permanent crops:

  32%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  55%

Irrigated land:   200 km2

Environment:

  desertification



*Gaza Strip, People



Population:

  705,834 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  in addition, there are 4,000 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.56% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  38.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.26 years

 male:

  66.01 years

 female:

  68.57 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.51 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  NA

 adjective:

  NA

Ethnic divisions:

  Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2%

Religions:

  Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3%

Languages:

  Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English (widely understood)

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  small industry, commerce and business 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and

  other 25.5%, agriculture 18.1% (1984)

 note:

  excluding Israeli Jewish settlers



*Gaza Strip, Government



Note:

  The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and

  Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the

  Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.

  These negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed.

Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Gaza Strip

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Qita Ghazzah

Digraph:

  GZ



*Gaza Strip, Economy



Overview:

  In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by

  Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker

  remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction,

  agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of

  GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external

  trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-93 (intifadah) has raised

  unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The

  Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza

  since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged,

  unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's

  economic outlook remains bleak.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $380 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -30% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $590 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  20% (1990 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY88)

Exports:

  $30 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  citrus

 partners:   Israel, Egypt

Imports:

  $255 million (c.i.f., 1989)

 commodities:

  food, consumer goods, construction materials

 partners:

  Israel, Egypt

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP

Electricity:

  power supplied by Israel

Industries:

  generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood

  carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some

  small-scale modern industries in an industrial center

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables,

  beef, dairy products

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Exchange rates:

  new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.4591 (1992),

  2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year (since 1 January 1992)



*Gaza Strip, Communications



Railroads:

  one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains

Highways:

  small, poorly developed indigenous road network

Ports:

  facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV



*Gaza Strip, Defense Forces



Branches:

  NA

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 136,311; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Georgia, Header



Note:

  Georgia is currently besieged by conflicts driven by separatists in its

  Abkazian and South Ossetian enclaves, and supporters of ousted President

  GAMAKHURDIA control much of western Georgia



*Georgia, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia

Map references:

  Africa, Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  69,700 km2

 land area:

  69,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than South Carolina

Land boundaries:

  total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252

  km

Coastline:

  310 km

Maritime claims:

 note:

  12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol concerning the sea boundary between the

  two states in the Black Sea; Georgia claims the coastline along the Black

  Sea as its international waters, although it cannot control this area and

  the Russian navy and commercial ships transit freely

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Terrain:

  largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser

  Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in

  the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood

  plains, foothills of Kolkhida lowland

Natural resources:   forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal

  and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and

  citrus growth

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  4,660 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black

  Sea



*Georgia, People



Population:

  5,634,296 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.85% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  16.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) note - this data may be low

  because of movement of Ossetian, Russian, and Abkhaz refugees due to ongoing

  conflicts

Infant mortality rate:

  24.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.58 years

 male:

  68.89 years

 female:

  76.46 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.21 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Georgian(s)

 adjective:

  Georgian

Ethnic divisions:

  Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz

  1.8%, other 5%

Religions:   Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox

  8%, unknown 6%

Languages:

  Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7%

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  2.763 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44%

  (1990)



*Georgia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Georgia

 conventional short form:

  Georgia

 local long form:

  Sakartvelo Respublika

 local short form:

  Sakartvelo

 former:

  Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  GG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  T'bilisi (Tbilisi)

Administrative divisions:

  2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika);

  Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi)

 note:

  the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in

  parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under

  direct republic jurisdiction; also included is the South Ossetia Autonomous

  Oblast

Independence:

  9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted NA 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and

  popular review by late 1995

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 9 April 1991

Political parties and leaders:

  All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian

  Traditionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front -

  Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Georgian Social Democratic Party,

  Guram MUCHAIDZE, chairman; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA, chairman;

  Monarchist-Conservative Party (MCP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI, chairman; Georgian

  Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party

  (NDP), Georgi CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party (NIP), Irakli

  TSERETELI and Irakli BATIASHVILI, chairmen; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo

  PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA,

  Chairman; Peace Bloc; Unity; October 11

Other political or pressure groups:

  supporters of ousted President GAMSAKHURDIA boycotted the October elections

  and remain an important source of opposition and instability

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Chairman of Parliament:

  last held NA October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Eduard

  SHEVARDNADZE 95%



*Georgia, Government



 Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet):

  last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA; note -

  representatives of 26 parties elected; Peace Bloc, October 11, Unity,

  National Democratic Party, and the Greens Party won the largest

  representation

Executive branch:

  chairman of Parliament, Council of Ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (since 10 March

  1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since NA January 1992); First Deputy Prime

  Minister Roman GOTSIRIDZE (since NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Aleksandr

  KAVADZE, Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since NA)

Member of:

  BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  NA

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador Kent N. BROWN

 embassy:

  #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  (7) 8832-74-46-23

Flag:

  maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle

  divided horizontally with black on top, white below



*Georgia, Economy



Overview:

  Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia has been noted for its Black Sea

  tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and an

  industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% of the USSR's

  output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been a flourishing

  private sector (compared with the other republics). About 25% of the labor

  force is employed in agriculture. Mineral resources consist of manganese and

  copper, and, to a lesser extent, molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury.

  Except for very small quantities of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must

  be imported from neighboring republics. Oil and its products have been

  delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to the port of Batumi for export and

  local refining. Gas has been supplied in pipelines from Krasnodar and

  Stavropol'. The dismantling of central economic controls has been delayed by

  political factionalism, marked by bitter armed struggles. In early 1993 the

  Georgian economy was operating at well less than half capacity due to

  disruptions in fuel supplies and vital transportation links as a result of

  conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, antigovernment activity in Western

  Georgia, and Azerbaijani pressure against Georgian assistance for Armenia.

  To restore economic viability, Georgia must establish domestic peace and

  must maintain economic ties to the other former Soviet republics while

  developing new links to the West.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -35% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  50% per month (January 1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  3% but large numbers of underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery;

  ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles

 partners:

  Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992)

Imports:   $NA

 commodities:

  machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles

 partners:

  Russia, Ukraine (1992)

External debt:

  $650 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -50% (1992)

Electricity:

  4,875,000 kW capacity; 15,800 million kWh produced, about 2,835 kWh per

  capita (1992)



*Georgia, Economy



Industries:

  heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber;

  machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes,

  electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing,

  dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW

  in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices

  for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm

  machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes

Agriculture:

  accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea;

  berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, potatoes; cattle, pigs,

  sheep, goats, poultry; tobacco

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;

  used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari

  at undetermined future date; Russian ruble remains official currency until

  introduction of the lari

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Georgia, Communications



Railroads:

  1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 370 km, refined products 300 km, natural gas 440 km (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - Batumi, Poti, Sukhumi

Merchant marine:   47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 658,192 GRT/1,014,056 DWT; includes 16

  bulk cargo, 30 oil tanker, and 1 specialized liquid carrier

Airports:

 total:

  37

 useable:

  26

 with permanent-surface runways:

  19

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  9

Telecommunications:

  poor telephone service; as of 1991, 672,000 republic telephone lines

  providing 12 lines per 100 persons; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for

  telephones (31 January 1992); international links via landline to CIS

  members and Turkey; low capacity satellite earth station and leased

  international connections via the Moscow international gateway switch;

  international electronic mail and telex service established

Note:

  transportation network is disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities,

  and fuel shortages



*Georgia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, National Guard, Interior Ministry Troops

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,338,606; fit for military service 1,066,309; reach

  military age (18) annually 43,415 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GNP

Note:

  Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's

  control



*Germany, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, bordering the North Sea between France and Poland

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  356,910 km2

 land area:

  349,520 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Montana

 note:

  includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German

  Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October

  1990

Land boundaries:

  total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km,

  Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland

  456 km, Switzerland 334 km

Coastline:

  2,389 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm in North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea (extends, at

  one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); 12 nm in remainder of Baltic

  Sea

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional

  warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity

Terrain:

  lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Natural resources:

  iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt,

  nickel

Land use:

 arable land:

  34%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  16%

 forest and woodland:

  30%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  4,800 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern

  Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern

  mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain



*Germany, Geography



Note:

  strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the

  Baltic Sea



*Germany, People



Population:

  80,767,591 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.4% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76 years

 male:

  73 years

 female:

  79 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  German(s)

 adjective:

  German

Ethnic divisions:

  German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other

  1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the war in the former Yugoslavia)

Religions:

  Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18%

Languages:

  German

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1977 est.)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  36.75 million

 by occupation:

  industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987)



*Germany, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Federal Republic of Germany  conventional short form:

  Germany

 local long form:

  Bundesrepublik Deutschland

 local short form:

  Deutschland

Digraph:

  GM

Type:

  federal republic

Capital:

  Berlin

 note:

  the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with

  Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several ministries

Administrative divisions:

  16 states (laender, singular - land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin,

  Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen,

  Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt,

  Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen

Independence:

  18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of

  occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II;

  Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and

  included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic

  (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR

  zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October

  1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991

Constitution:

  23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law

Legal system:

  civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative

  acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social

  Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus

  KINKEL, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD); Green Party, Ludger VOLMER,

  Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen (after the 2 December 1990 election the East

  and West German Green Parties united); Alliance 90 united to form one party

  in September 1991, Petra MORAWE, chairwoman; Party of Democratic Socialism

  (PDS), Gregor GYSI, chairman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National

  Democratic Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER

Other political or pressure groups:

  expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*Germany, Government



Elections:

 Federal Diet:   last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU

  36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS

  2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other

  2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for

  slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance

  90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election

  allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5%

  of vote in eastern Germany

Executive branch:

  president, chancellor, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole)

  consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower

  chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag)

Judicial branch:

  Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984)

 Head of Government:

  Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BDEAC, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CDB

  (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5,

  G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UNTAC, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Juergen RUHFUS

 chancery:

  4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 298-4000

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,

  San Francisco, Seattle

 consulates:

  Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and Wellington (America

  Samoa)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT

 embassy:

  Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2, Unit 21701

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09080

 telephone:

  [49] (228) 3391

 FAX:

  [49] (228) 339-2663

 branch office:

  Berlin

 consulates general:

  Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow



*Germany, Economy



Overview:

  With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, prospects seemed

  bright for a fairly rapid incorporation of East Germany into the highly

  successful West German economy. The Federal Republic, however, continues to

  experience difficulties in integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, and

  the tremendous costs of unification have sunk western Germany deeper into

  recession. The western German economy grew by less than 1% in 1992 as the

  Bundesbank set high interest rates to offset the inflationary effects of

  large government deficits and high wage settlements. Eastern Germany grew by

  6.8% in 1992 but this was from a shrunken base. Despite government transfers

  to the east amounting to nearly $110 billion annually, a self-sustaining

  economy in the region is still some years away. The bright spots are eastern

  Germany's construction, transportation, telecommunications, and service

  sectors, which have experienced strong growth. Western Germany has an

  advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly

  urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards,

  abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western

  Germany is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most

  important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture

  technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and

  manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw

  materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports.

  In recent years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with

  other sectors contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1992

  accounted for about 21.5% of GDP. GDP in the western region is now $20,000

  per capita, or 85% of US per capita GDP. Eastern Germany's economy appears

  to be changing from one anchored on manufacturing into a more

  service-oriented economy. The German government, however, is intent on

  maintaining a manufacturing base in the east and is considering a policy for

  subsidizing industrial cores in the region. Eastern Germany's share of

  all-German GDP is only 7% and eastern productivity is just 30% that of the

  west even though eastern wages are at roughly 70% of western levels. The

  privatization agency for eastern Germany, Treuhand, has privatized more than

  four-fifths of the almost 12,000 firms under its control and will likely

  wind down operations in 1994. Private investment in the region continues to

  be lackluster, resulting primarily from the deepening recession in western

  Germany and excessively high eastern wages. Eastern Germany has one of the

  world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite coal but little else in the

  way of mineral resources. The quality of statistics from eastern Germany is

  improving, yet many gaps remain; the federal government began producing

  all-German data for select economic statistics at the start of 1992. The

  most challenging economic problem is promoting eastern Germany's economic

  reconstruction - specifically, finding the right mix of fiscal, monetary,

  regulatory, and tax policies that will spur investment in eastern Germany -

  without destabilizing western Germany's economy or damaging relations with

  West European partners. The government hopes a "solidarity pact" among labor

  unions, business, state governments, and the SPD opposition will provide the

  right mix of wage restraints, investment incentives, and spending cuts to

  stimulate eastern recovery. Finally, the homogeneity of the German economic

  culture has been changed by the admission of large numbers of immigrants.

National product:

 Germany:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.398 trillion (1992)

 western:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.294 trillion (1992)

 eastern:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $104 billion (1992)



*Germany, Economy



National product real growth rate:

 Germany:

  1.5% (1992)

 western:

  0.9% (1992)

 eastern:

  8% (1992)

National product per capita:

 Germany:

  $17,400 (1992)

 western:

  $20,000 (1992)

 eastern:

  $6,500 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

 western:

  4% (1992)

 eastern:

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

 western:

  7.1% (1992)

 eastern:

  13.5% (December 1992)

Budget:

 western (federal, state, local):

  revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 billion, including capital

  expenditures $NA (1990)

 eastern:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $378.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor

  vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw

  materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3%

 partners:

  EC 54.3% (France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.3%, UK 7.7%,

  Belgium-Luxembourg 7.4%), other Western Europe 17.0%, US 6.4%, Eastern

  Europe 5.6%, OPEC 3.4% (1992)

Imports:

  $354.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:   manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials

  7.1%

 partners:

  EC 52.0 (France 12.0%, Netherlands 9.6%, Italy 9.2%, UK 6.8%,

  Belgium-Luxembourg 7.0%), other Western Europe 15.2%, US 6.6%, Eastern

  Europe 5.5%, OPEC 2.4% (1992)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

 western:

  growth rates -5% (1992 est.)

 eastern:

  $NA

Electricity:

  134,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,160 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Germany, Economy



Industries:

 western:

  among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals,

  machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and beverages

 eastern:

  metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building,

  food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining

Agriculture:

 western:

  accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified

  crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes,

  wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net

  importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987

 eastern:

  accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal

  crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products

  include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food;

  fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987

Illicit drugs:

  source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors

Economic aid:

 western:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion

 eastern:

  donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed

  countries (1956-89)

Currency:

  1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Exchange rates:

  deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595

  (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Germany, Communications



Railroads:

 western:

  31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard gauge

  (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km nongovernment

  owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km electrified)

  and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified)

 eastern:

  14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or

  other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track;

  3,475 km overhead electrified (1988)

Highways:

 western:

  466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, 32,460 km

  national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways

  (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of

  secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)

 eastern:

  124,604 km total; 47,203 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855

  km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,326 km are trunk roads, and

  34,022 km are regional roads; 77,401 km municipal roads (1988)

Inland waterways:

 western:

  5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton

  capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is

  an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea

 eastern:

  2,319 km (1988)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km

  (1988)

Ports:

  coastal - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel,

  Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31

  major on Rhine and Elbe rivers

Merchant marine:

  565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,928,759 GRT/6,292,193 DWT; includes

  5 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger, 303 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 134

  container, 28 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 7 barge carrier, 9

  oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 17 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination

  ore/oil, 6 combination bulk, 12 bulk; note - the German register includes

  ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent

  major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off

Airports:

 total:

  499

 usable:

  492

 with permanent-surface runways:

  271

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  59  with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  67



*Germany, Communications



Telecommunications:

 western:

  highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the

  country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; intensively

  developed, highly redundant cable and microwave radio relay networks, all

  completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000

  repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas,

  EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers;

  tropospheric links

 eastern:

  badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 23 AM,

  17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1

  satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and Intersputnik systems



*Germany, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 20,295,655; fit for military service 17,577,570; reach

  military age (18) annually 411,854 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $42.4 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1992)



*Ghana, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and

  Togo

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  238,540 km2

 land area:

  230,020 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

  total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km

Coastline:

  539 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:   24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in

  southwest; hot and dry in north

Terrain:

  mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Natural resources:

  gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:

  15%

 forest and woodland:

  37%

 other:

  36%

Irrigated land:

  80 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities;

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind

  (January to March)

Note:

  Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake



*Ghana, People



Population:

  16,699,105 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.12% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  84.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  55.19 years

 male:   53.27 years

 female:

  57.17 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.21 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ghanaian(s)

 adjective:

  Ghanaian

Ethnic divisions:

  black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga

  8%), European and other 0.2%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%

Languages:

  English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe,

  and Ga)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  60%

 male:

  70%

 female:

  51%

Labor force:

  3.7 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%,

  services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%

 note:

  48% of population of working age (1983)



*Ghana, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Ghana

 conventional short form:

  Ghana

 former:

  Gold Coast

Digraph:

  GH

Type:

  constitutional democracy

Capital:

  Accra

Administrative divisions:

  10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern,

  Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

Independence:

  6 March 1957 (from UK)

Constitution:

  new constitution approved 28 April 1992

Legal system:

  based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Democratic Congress, Jerry John Rawlings; New Patriotic Party,

  Albert Adu BOAHEN; People's Heritage Party, Alex Erskine; various other

  smaller parties

Suffrage:

  universal at 18

Elections:

 President:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA)

 National Assembly:

  last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA)

Executive branch:

  president, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,

  ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM,

  UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY

 chancery:

  3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 686-4520

 consulate general:

  New York



*Ghana, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN

 embassy:

  Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 194, Accra

 telephone:

  [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775295 or 775298

 FAX:   [233] (21) 776008

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large

  black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular

  pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a

  coat of arms centered in the yellow band



*Ghana, Economy



Overview:

  Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been

  implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including

  moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily

  dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not

  spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending

  peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a

  democratic government have boosted government expenditures and undercut

  structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in 1990.

  Meanwhile, declining world commodity prices for Ghana's exports has placed

  the government under severe financial pressure.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.9% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $410 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  10% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $905 million, including capital

  expenditures of $200 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum

 partners:

  Germany 29%, UK 12%, US 12%, Japan 5%

Imports:

  $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment

 partners:

  UK 23%, US 11%, Germany 10%, Japan 6%

External debt:

  $4.6 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.6% in manufacturing (1991); accounts for almost 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,490 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food processing

Agriculture:   accounts for about 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major

  cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts,

  corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106

  million

Currency:

  1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas

Exchange rates:

  ceolis per US$1 - 437 (July 1992)



*Ghana, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Ghana, Communications



Railroads:

  953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing

  major renovation

Highways:

  32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel,

  laterite, and improved earth surfaces

Inland waterways:

  Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for

  launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder

  waterways

Pipelines:

  none

Ports:

  Tema, Takoradi

Merchant marine:

  6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,293 GRT/78,246 DWT; includes 5

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  10

 usable:

  9

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  6

Telecommunications:

  poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave radio relay links; 42,300

  telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Ghana, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Civil Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3,766,073; fit for military service 2,105,865; reach

  military age (18) annually 171,145 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Gibraltar, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Gibraltar, Geography



Location:

  Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the

  North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of

  Spain

Map references:

  Africa, Europe

Area:

 total area:

  6.5 km2

 land area:

  6.5 km2

 comparative area:

  about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 1.2 km, Spain 1.2 km

Coastline:

  12 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  3 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK

Climate:

  Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Terrain:

  a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete

  or natural rock) collect rain water

Note:

  strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic

  Ocean and Mediterranean Sea



*Gibraltar, People



Population:

  31,508 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.53% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.06 years

 male:

  73.18 years

 female:

  78.91 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Gibraltarian(s)

 adjective:

  Gibraltar

Ethnic divisions:

  Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem

  8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981)

Languages:

  English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian,

  Portuguese, Russian

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers)

 note:

  UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the

  labor force



*Gibraltar, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Gibraltar

Digraph:

  GI

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Gilbraltar

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  30 May 1969

Legal system:

  English law

National holiday:

  Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March)

Political parties and leaders:

  Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association

  for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social

  Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Housewives Association; Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives

  Organization

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects resident six months or

  more

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held on 16 January 1992 (next to be held January 1996); results - SL

  73.3%; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and

  Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988)

Member of:

  INTERPOL (subbureau)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a

  three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the

  castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band



*Gibraltar, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from

  tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and

  finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public

  sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of

  employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government

  expenditures are cut.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $182 million (FY87)

National product real growth rate:

  5% (FY87)

National product per capita:

  $4,600 (FY87)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.6% (1988)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY88)

Exports:

  $82 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8%

 partners:

  UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG

Imports:

  $258 million (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs

 partners:

  UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands

External debt:

  $318 million (1987)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,740 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK

  naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light

  manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer,

  and canned fish

Agriculture:

  none

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million

Currency:

  1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992),

  0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the

  Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Gibraltar, Communications



Railroads:

  1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only

Highways:

  50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete

Pipelines:

  none

Ports:

  Gibraltar

Merchant marine:

  32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 642,446 GRT/1,141,592 DWT; includes 4

  cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 18 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker,

  5 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0  with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international

  radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Gibraltar, Defense Forces



Branches:

  British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Glorioso Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Glorioso Islands, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean just north of Madagascar

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  5 km2

 land area:

  5 km2

 comparative area:

  about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  35.2 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Madagascar

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:   NA

Natural resources:

  guano, coconuts

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  subject to periodic cyclones



*Glorioso Islands, People



Population:

  unihabited



*Glorioso Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Glorioso Islands

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Iles Glorieuses

Digraph:

  GO

Type:

  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in

  Reunion

Capital:

  none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Glorioso Islands, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Glorioso Islands, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runsways over 3,6359 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1



*Glorioso Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Greece, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and Bulgaria

Map references:

  Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  131,940 km2

 land area:

  130,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Alabama

Land boundaries:

  total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia

  228 km

Coastline:

  13,676 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm

International disputes:

  air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean

  Sea; Cyprus question; northern Epirus question with Albania; Macedonia

  question with Bulgaria and Macedonia

Climate:

  temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of

  islands

Natural resources:

  bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble

Land use:

 arable land:

  23%

 permanent crops:

  8%

 meadows and pastures:

  40%

 forest and woodland:

  20%

 other:

  9%

Irrigated land:

  11,900 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution

Note:

  strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to

  Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about

  2,000 islands



*Greece, People



Population:

  10,470,460 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.95% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  10.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.36 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  8.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.5 years

 male:

  75.02 years

 female:

  80.12 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Greek(s)

 adjective:   Greek

Ethnic divisions:

  Greek 98%, other 2%

 note:

  the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece

Religions:

  Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Languages:

  Greek (official), English, French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  89%

Labor force:

  3,966,900

 by occupation:

  services 45%, agriculture 27%, industry 28% (1990)



*Greece, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Hellenic Republic

 conventional short form:

  Greece

 local long form:

  Elliniki Dhimokratia

 local short form:

  Ellas

 former:

  Kingdom of Greece

Digraph:

  GR

Type:

  presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8

  December 1974

Capital:

  Athens

Administrative divisions:

  52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia,

  Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros,

  Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina,

  Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki,

  Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa,

  Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs,

  Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki,

  Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt.

  Athos)

Independence:

  1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Constitution:

  11 June 1975

Legal system:

  based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and

  administrative courts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence)

Political parties and leaders:

  New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic

  Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria

  DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DIANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist

  Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos

  KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 8 April 1990 (next must be held by May 1994); results - ND 46.89%,

  PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%,

  Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DIANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%;

  seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance

  4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1

 note:

  deputies shifting from one party to another and the dissolution of party

  coalitions have resulted in the following seating arrangement: ND 152, PASOK

  124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, Muslim deputies 2, Ecologist-Alternative List

  1



*Greece, Government



Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme Tribunal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990)

Member of:

  Australian Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,

  FAO, G-6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR,

  NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WEU (observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS

 chancery:

  2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008  telephone:

  (202) 939-5800

 FAX:

  (202) 939-5824

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

 consulate:

  New Orleans

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James A. WILLIAMS

 embassy:

  91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens

 mailing address:

  PSC 108, Box 56, APO AE 09842

 telephone:

  [30] (1) 721-2951 or 721-8401

 FAX:

  [30] (1) 645-6282

 consulate general:

  Thessaloniki

Flag:

  nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a

  blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross

  symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country



*Greece, Economy



Overview:

  Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic entrepreneurial system

  overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that enlarged the public sector

  from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister MITSOTAKIS took

  office. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and

  agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal

  feedstuffs. Since 1986, real GDP growth has averaged only 1.6% a year,

  compared with the Europen Community average of 3%. The MITSOTAKIS government

  has made little progress during its two and one-half years in power in

  coming to grips with Greece's main economic problems: an inflation rate

  still four times the EC average, a large public sector deficit, and a

  fragile current account position. In early 1991, the government secured a

  three-year, $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest

  terms yet imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience

  with Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. On the advice

  of the EC Commission, Greece delayed applying for the second installment

  until 1993 because of the failure of the government to meet the 1992

  targets. Although MITSOTAKIS faced down the unions in mid-1992 in a dispute

  over privatization plans, social security reform, and tax and price

  increases, and his new economics czar, Stephanos MANOS, is a respected

  economist committed to renovating the ailing economy. However, a national

  elections due by May 1994 will probably prompt MITSOTAKIS to backtrack on

  economic reform. In 1993, the GDP growth rate likely will remain low; the

  inflation rate probably will continue to fall, while remaining the highest

  in the EC.

National product:   GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $82.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.2% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $8,200 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  15.6% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  9.1% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $37.6 billion; expenditures $45.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $5.4 billion (1993)

Exports:

  $6.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 31%, fuels 9%

 partners:

  Germany 24%, France 18%, Italy 17%, UK 7%, US 6%

Imports:

  $21.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 71%, foodstuffs 14%, fuels 10%

 partners:

  Germany 20%, Italy 14%, France 8%, UK 5%, US 4%

External debt:

  $23.7 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1.0% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,400 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Greece, Economy



Industries:

  food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism,

  mining, petroleum

Agriculture:

  including fishing and forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of the labor

  force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives,

  tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat,

  dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 116,600 metric tons in

  1988

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly for domestic

  production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis

  and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor

  chemicals to the East; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin

  transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million

Currency:

  1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta

Exchange rates:

  drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 215.82 (January 1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991),

  158.51 (1990), 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Greece, Communications



Railroads:

  2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km

  electrified and 100 km double track; 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km

  0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned

Highways:

  38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632

  km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal

  (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth

  with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to

  Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers

Pipelines:

  crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km

Ports:

  Piraievs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki

Merchant marine:

  998 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,483,768 GRT/47,047,285 DWT;

  includes 14 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 128 cargo,

  26 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle

  carrier, 214 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 42 combination

  ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 424 bulk, 22 combination bulk, 1 livestock

  carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships under the

  registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas

Airports:

 total:

  78

 usable:

  77

 with permanent-surface runways:

  63

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  24

Telecommunications:

  adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave

  radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine

  cables to off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters)

  FM, 361 TV; tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth

  station operating in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna),

  and EUTELSAT systems



*Greece, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,606,267; fit for military service 1,996,835; reach

  military age (21) annually 73,541 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 5.1% of GDP (1992)



*Greenland, Header



Affiliation:

  (part of the Danish realm)



*Greenland, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Canada and Norway

Map references:

  Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,175,600 km2

 land area:

  341,700 km2 (ice free)

 comparative area:

  slightly more than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  44,087 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan

  Mayen

Climate:

  arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Terrain:

  flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous,

  barren, rocky coast

Natural resources:

  zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:   0%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  99%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous

  permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

Note:

  dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe



*Greenland, People



Population:

  56,533 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  66.19 years

 male:

  61.79 years

 female:

  70.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Greenlander(s)

 adjective:

  Greenlandic

Ethnic divisions:

  Greenlander 86% (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians), Danish 14%

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:

  Eskimo dialects, Danish

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%  female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  22,800

 by occupation:

  largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding



*Greenland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Greenland

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Kalaallit Nunaat

Digraph:

  GL

Type:

  part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division

Capital:

  Nuuk (Godthab)

Administrative divisions:

  3 municipalities (kommuner, singular - kommun); Nordgronland, Ostgronland,

  Vestgronland

Independence:

  none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative

  division)

Constitution:

  Danish

Legal system:

  Danish

National holiday:

  Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)

Political parties and leaders:

  two-party ruling coalition; Siumut (a moderate socialist party that

  advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from

  Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA; a

  Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather

  than home rule), Arqaluk LYNGE; Atassut Party (a more conservative party

  that favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party

  (conservative-Greenland nationalist), Lars CHEMNITZ; Center Party (a new

  nonsocialist protest party), leader NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Danish Folketing:

  last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland

  elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1

 Landsting:

  last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit

  Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1

Executive branch:

  Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister,

  Cabinet (Landsstyre)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Landsting)

Judicial branch:

  High Court (Landsret)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner

  Torben Hede PEDERSEN (since NA)



*Greenland, Government



 Head of Government:

  Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly

  to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom

  half is white



*Greenland, Economy



Overview:

  Greenland's economic situation at present is difficult and unemployment

  increases. Prospects for economic growth in the immediate future are not

  bright. The Home Rule Government's economic restraint measures introduced in

  the late 1980s have assisted in shifting red figures into a balance in the

  public budget. Foreign trade produced a surplus in 1989 and 1990, but has

  now returned to a deficit. Following the closing of the Black Angel lead and

  zinc mine in 1989, Greenland today is fully dependent on fishing and fish

  processing, this sector accounting for 95% of exports. Prospects for

  fisheries are not bright, as the important shrimp catches will at best

  stabilize and cod catches have dropped. Resumption of mining and hydrocarbon

  activities is not around the corner, thus leaving only tourism with some

  potential for the near future. The public sector in Greenland, i.e. the HRG

  and its commercial entities and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in

  Greenland accounting for about two thirds of total employment. About half

  the government's revenues come from grants from the Danish Government.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million (1988)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1990)

National product per capita:

  $9,000 (1988)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   1.6% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  9% (1990 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital

  expenditures of $36 million (1989)

Exports:

  $340.6 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  fish and fish products 95%

 partners:

  Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5%

Imports:

  $403 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live

  animals 12.4%, petroleum products 12%

 partners:

  Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4%

External debt:

  $480 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,060 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  fish processing (mainly shrimp), lead and zinc mining, handicrafts, some

  small shipyards, potential for platinum and gold mining

Agriculture:

  sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and

  small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re



*Greenland, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396

  (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Greenland, Communications



Highways:

  80 km

Ports:

  Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab),

  Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay

Airports:  total:

  11

 usable:

  8

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave

  radio relay; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters)

  FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Greenland, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is responsibility of Denmark



*Grenada, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 150 im north of Trinidad and Tobago

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  340 km2

 land area:

  340 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  121 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Terrain:

  volcanic in origin with central mountains

Natural resources:

  timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors

Land use:

 arable land:

  15%

 permanent crops:

  26%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  9%

 other:

  47%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November

Note:

  islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent

  and the Grenadines



*Grenada, People



Population:

  93,830 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.24% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  30.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -21.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.15 years

 male:

  67.79 years

 female:

  72.54 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Grenadian(s)

 adjective:

  Grenadian

Ethnic divisions:

  black African

Religions:

  Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Protestant sects

Languages:   English (official), French patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  36,000

 by occupation:

  services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, other 32%

  (1985)



*Grenada, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Grenada

Digraph:

  GJ

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Saint George's

Administrative divisions:

  6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew,,   Saint David, Saint

George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick

Independence:

  7 February 1974 (from UK)

Constitution:

  19 December 1973

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 7 February (1974)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United

  Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New

  National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement

  (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:   bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Reginald Oswald PALMER (since 6 August 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Denneth MODESTE

 chancery:

  1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 265-2561



*Grenada, Government



 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Charge d'Affaires Annette T. VELER

 embassy:

  Ross Point Inn, Saint George's

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 54, Saint George's

 telephone:

  (809) 444-1173 through 1178

 FAX:

  (809) 444-4820

Flag:

  a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and

  green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the

  flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the

  top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red

  disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg

  pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest

  producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven

  administrative divisions



*Grenada, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional

  production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16%

  of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the

  leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports.

  Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given

  a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. The economy achieved

  an impressive average annual growth rate of 5.5% in 1986-91 but stalled in

  1992. Unemployment remains high at about 25%.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $250 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.6% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  25% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $78 million; expenditures $51 million, including capital

  expenditures of $22 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5%

 partners:

  US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989)

Imports:

  $110 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6%

  (1989)

 partners:

  US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989)

External debt:

  $104 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 9% of GDP

Electricity:

  12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction

Agriculture:

  accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace

  account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest

  producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms

  predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops,

  sugarcane, corn, and vegetables

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Grenada, Communications



Highways:

  1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved

Ports:

  Saint George's

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio

  links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to

  Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV



*Grenada, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Guadeloupe, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas department of France)



*Guadeloupe, Geography



Location:

  in the Caribbean Sea, 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  1,780 km2  land area:

  1,760 km2

 comparative area:

  10 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  306 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity

Terrain:

  Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is

  low limestone formation

Natural resources:

  cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism

Land use:

 arable land:

  18%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  13%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  24%

Irrigated land:

  30 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano



*Guadeloupe, People



Population:

  422,114 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.67% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:   76.72 years

 male:

  73.67 years

 female:

  79.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Guadeloupian(s)

 adjective:

  Guadeloupe

Ethnic divisions:

  black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%

Languages:

  French, creole patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  91%

Labor force:

  120,000

 by occupation:

  services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry 25.8%, agriculture 21.2%



*Guadeloupe, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Department of Guadeloupe

 conventional short form:

  Guadeloupe

 local long form:

  Departement de la Guadeloupe

 local short form:

  Guadeloupe

Digraph:

  GP

Type:

  overseas department of France

Capital:

  Basse-Terre

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas department of France)

Independence:

  none (overseas department of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French legal system

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe

  (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PS), Dominique LARIFLA;

  Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent

  Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for the Center Rally

  (URC coalition of the PS, RPR, and UDF); Guadeloupe Objective (OG), Lucette

  MICHAUX-CHEVRY

Other political or pressure groups:

  Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for

  Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG);

  General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the

  Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French National Assembly:

  last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held March 1993); Guadeloupe

  elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -

  (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat

 French Senate:

  last held in September 1986 (next to be held September 1995); Guadeloupe

  elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -

  (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1

 General Council:

  last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA 1992);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) PS 26, URC 16

 Regional Council:

  last held on 22 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - OG

  33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) OG

  15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4

Executive branch:

  government commissioner

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council



*Guadeloupe, Government



Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French

  Guiana, and Martinique

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prefect Franck PERRIEZ (since NA 1992)

Member of:

  FZ, WCL

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are

  represented in the US by France

US diplomatic representation:

  none (overseas department of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Guadeloupe, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services.

  It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is

  a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly

  large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important

  sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas

  (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers.

  Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption,

  although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly

  from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production.

  Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially

  high among the young.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1989)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $4,700 (1989)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.7% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  31.3% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $333 million; expenditures $671 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

  $168 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  bananas, sugar, rum

 partners:

  France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987)

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction

  materials, petroleum products

 partners:

  France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,080 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism

Agriculture:   cash crops - bananas, sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits and

  vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, goats; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guadeloupe, Communications



Railroads:

  privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines

Highways:

  1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre

Airports:

 total:

  9

 usable:

  9

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland microwave

  radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast

  stations - 2 AM, 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV;

  1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT ground station



*Guadeloupe, Defense Forces



Branches:

  French Forces, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 98,069; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Note:

  defense is responsibility of France



*Guam, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Guam, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,955 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about

  three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  541.3 km2

 land area:

  541.3 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  125.5 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade

  winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December;

  little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline

  limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and

  narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in

  south

Natural resources:

  fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)

Land use:

 arable land:

  11%

 permanent crops:

  11%

 meadows and pastures:

  15%

 forest and woodland:

  18%

 other:   45%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but

  potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)

Note:

  largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago;

  strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean



*Guam, People



Population:

  145,935 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.53% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  3.86 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  15.17 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.29 years

 male:

  72.42 years

 female:

  76.13 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Guamanian(s)

 adjective:

  Guamanian

Ethnic divisions:

  Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and

  other 18%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 98%, other 2%

Languages:

  English, Chamorro, Japanese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  96%

 male:

  96%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:   46,930 (1990)

 by occupation:

  federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, services

  15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990)



*Guam, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Guam

 conventional short form:

  Guam

Digraph:

  GQ

Type:

  organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between

  Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and

  International Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Capital:

  Agana

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of the US)

Independence:

  none (territory of the US)

Constitution:

  Organic Act of 1 August 1950

Legal system:

  modeled on US; federal laws apply

National holiday:

  Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March); Liberation Day, 21 July

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the

  Governor)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential

  elections

Elections:

 Governor:

  last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  Joseph F. ADA reelected

 Legislature:

  last held on 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 14, Republican 7

 US House of Representatives:

  last held 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); Guam elects

  one delegate; results - Robert UNDERWOOD was elected as delegate; seats - (1

  total) Democrat 1

Executive branch:

  US president, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislature

Judicial branch:

  Federal District Court, Territorial Superior Court

Leaders:  Chief of State:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F.

  BLAS (since NA)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of the US)



*Guam, Government



Flag:

  territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides;

  centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach

  scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM

  superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag



*Guam, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends mainly on US military spending and on revenues from

  tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly,

  creating a construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones.

  Visitors numbered about 900,000 in 1992. About 60% of the labor force works

  for the private sector and the rest for government. Most food and industrial

  goods are imported, with about 75% from the US.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $2 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $14,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  2% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $34 million (f.o.b., 1984)

 commodities:

  mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials,

  fish, food and beverage products

 partners:

  US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12%

Imports:

  $493 million (c.i.f., 1984)

 commodities:

  petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods

 partners:

  US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita

  (1990)

Industries:

  US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete

  products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Agriculture:

  relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs,

  pork, poultry, beef, copra

Economic aid:

  although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer

  payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which

  Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special

  law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury,

  receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal

  employees stationed in Guam

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Guam, Communications



Highways:

  674 km all-weather roads

Ports:

  Apra Harbor

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,200-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific

  Ocean INTELSAT ground stations



*Guam, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Guatemala, Geography



Location:

  Central America, between Honduras and Mexico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  108,890 km2

 land area:

  108,430 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

  total 1,687 km, Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico

  962 km

Coastline:

  400 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  the outer edge of the continental shelf

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  border with Belize in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have

  begun

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau

  (Peten)

Natural resources:

  petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  12%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  32%

Irrigated land:

  780 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes;

  Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms;

  deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Note:

  no natural harbors on west coast



*Guatemala, People



Population:

  10,446,015 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.63% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  36.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  55.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  63.99 years

 male:

  61.46 years

 female:

  66.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Guatemalan(s)

 adjective:

  Guatemalan

Ethnic divisions:

  Ladino 56% (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry), Indian 44%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic, Protestant, traditional Mayan

Languages:

  Spanish 60%, Indian language 40% (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche,

  Cakchiquel, Kekchi)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  55%

 male:

  63%

 female:

  47%

Labor force:

  2.5 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, construction

  4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985)



*Guatemala, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Guatemala

 conventional short form:

  Guatemala

 local long form:

  Republica de Guatemala

 local short form:

  Guatemala

Digraph:

  GT

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Guatemala

Administrative divisions:

  22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja

  Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala,

  Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche,

  Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez,

  Totonicapan, Zacapa

Independence:

  15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986

 note:

  suspended on 25 May 1993 by President SERRANO; reinstated on 5 June 1993

  following ouster of president

Legal system:

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action

  Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG),

  Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU

  Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social

  Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5),

  Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National

  Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party

  (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON;

  Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt

Other political or pressure groups:

  Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF); Mutual Support Group

  (GAM); Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO); Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC);

  leftist guerrilla movement known as Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union

  (URNG) has four main factions - Guerrilla army of the Poor (EGP);

  Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA); Rebel Armed Forces

  (FAR); Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT/O)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Congress:

  last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results -

  UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17.5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR

  2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt

  10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5



*Guatemala, Government



 President:

  runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results -

  Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9%

 note:

  President SERRANO resigned on 1 June 1993 shortly after dissolving Congress

  and the judiciary; on 6 June 1993, Ramiro DE LEON Carpio was chosen as the

  new president by a vote of Congress; he will finish off the remainder of

  SERRANO's five-year term which expires in 1995

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Ramiro DE LEON Carpio (since 6 June 1993); Vice President Arturo

  HERBRUGER (since 18 June 1993)

Member of:

  BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU,

  LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL

 chancery:

  2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 745-4952 through 4954

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San

  Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Marilyn MCAFEE (since 28 May 1993)

 embassy:

  7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34024

 telephone:

  [502] (2) 31-15-41

 FAX:

  [502] (2) 318855

Flag:   three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue

  with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes

  a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the

  inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of

  independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a

  pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath



*Guatemala, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for

  26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of

  exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about

  18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy

  grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. In 1992

  growth picked up to 4% as government policies favoring competition and

  foreign trade and investment took stronger hold.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.2% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $1,300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  14% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  6.5% (1991 est.), with 30-40% underemployment

Budget:

  revenues $604 million; expenditures $808 million, including capital

  expenditures of $134 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 3%

 partners:

  US 36%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras

Imports:

  $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles

 partners:

  US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany

External debt:

  $2.5 billion (December 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

  847,600 kW capacity; 2,500 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals,

  rubber, tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy; contributes

  two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas,

  coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food

  importer

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug

  trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and

  opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion

Currency:

  1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos



*Guatemala, Economy



Exchange rates:

  free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.2850 (December 1993), 5.1706 (1992),

  5.0289 (1991), 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988); note - black-market rate 2.800

  (May 1989)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guatemala, Communications



Railroads:

  1,019 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 917 km government owned, 102 km

  privately owned

Highways:

  26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved

Inland waterways:

  260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water

  season

Pipelines:

  crude oil 275 km

Ports:

  Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  474

 usable:

  418

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  21

Telecommunications:

  fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into

  Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Guatemala, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,410,760; fit for military service 1,576,569; reach

  military age (18) annually 115,178 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $121 million, 1% of GDP (1993)



*Guernsey, Header



Affiliation:

  (British crown dependency)



*Guernsey, Geography



Location:

  in the English Channel, 52 km west of France between UK and France

Map references:

  Europe

Area:

 total area:

  194 km2

 land area:

  194 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  50 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

Terrain:

  mostly level with low hills in southwest

Natural resources:

  cropland

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port



*Guernsey, People



Population:

  63,075 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.02% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  7.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  6.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.96 years

 male:

  75.27 years

 female:

  80.68 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Channel Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Channel Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  UK and Norman-French descent

Religions:

  Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist

Languages:

  English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:   NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Guernsey, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Bailiwick of Guernsey

 conventional short form:

  Guernsey

Digraph:

  GK

Type:

  British crown dependency

Capital:

  Saint Peter Port

Administrative divisions:

  none (British crown dependency)

Independence:

  none (British crown dependency)

Constitution:

  unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:

  English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

  none; all independents

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Assembly of the States:

  last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party

  since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents

Executive branch:

  British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly of the States

Judicial branch:

  Royal Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS

  (since NA 1990); Bailiff Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (British crown dependency)

US diplomatic representation:   none (British crown dependency)

Flag:

  white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending

  to the edges of the flag



*Guernsey, Economy



Overview:

  Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes

  financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing

  tomatoes and flowers for export.

National product:

  GDP - $NA

National product real growth rate:

  9% (1987)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7% (1988)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1988)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables

 partners:

  UK (regarded as internal trade)

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  coal, gasoline, and oil

 partners:

  UK (regarded as internal trade)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,060 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, banking

Agriculture:

  tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant,

  other vegetables, fruit; Guernsey cattle

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

  (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Guernsey

  pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guernsey, Communications



Ports:

  Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Airports:

 total:

  2

 useable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable



*Guernsey, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Guinea, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and

  Sierra Leone

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  245,860 km2

 land area:

  245,860 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

  total 3,399 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Liberia 563 km,

  Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km

Coastline:

  320 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:   200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with

  southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly

  harmattan winds

Terrain:

  generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior

Natural resources:

  bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  12%

 forest and woodland:

  42%

 other:

  40%

Irrigated land:

  240 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season;

  deforestation



*Guinea, People



Population:

  6,236,506 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.46% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.76 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  20.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  141.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  43.68 years

 male:

  41.49 years

 female:

  45.93 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:  noun:

  Guinean(s)

 adjective:

  Guinean

Ethnic divisions:

  Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, indigenous tribes 15%

Religions:

  Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%

Languages:

  French (official); each tribe has its own language

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  24%

 male:

  35%

 female:

  13%

Labor force:

  2.4 million (1983)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services 5.4%

 note:

  88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985)



*Guinea, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Guinea

 conventional short form:

  Guinea

 local long form:

  Republique de Guinee

 local short form:

  Guinee

 former:

  French Guinea

Digraph:

  GV

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Conakry

Administrative divisions:

  33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region

  administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba,

  Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane,

  Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola,

  Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue,

  Yomou

Independence:

  2 October 1958 (from France)

Constitution:   23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes

  currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984)

Political parties and leaders:

  political parties were legalized on 1 April 1992

 pro-government:

  Party for Unity and Progress (PUP), leader NA

 other:

  Rally for the Guinean People (RPG), Alpha CONDE; Union for a New Republic

  (UNR), Mamadon BAH; Party for Renewal and Progress (PRP), Siradion DIALLO

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  none

Executive branch:

  president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite

  Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military

  Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National

  or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was

  dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup; framework established in December

  1991 for a new National Assembly with 114 seats

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984)



*Guinea, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO

  (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA

 chancery:

  2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-9420

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr.

 embassy:

  2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, Conakry

 mailing address:

  B. P. 603, Conakry

 telephone:   (224) 44-15-20 through 24

 FAX:

  (224) 44-15-22

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the

  popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which

  has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band



*Guinea, Economy



Overview:

  Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for

  agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the

  world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more

  than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea

  possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and

  alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $410 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  19.6% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital

  expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels

 partners:

  US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada

Imports:

  $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,

  textiles, and other grain

 partners:

  US 16%, France, Brazil

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP

Electricity:

  113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries:

  bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and

  agricultural processing industries

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence

  farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels,

  cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and

  goats; not self-sufficient in food grains

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446

  million

Currency:

  1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440

  (1987), 383 (1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guinea, Communications



Railroads:

  1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge

Highways:

  30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which

  barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth

  (1987)

Inland waterways:

  1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft

Ports:

  Conakry, Kamsar

Airports:

 total:

  15

 usable:

  15

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  10

Telecommunications:

  poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations,

  and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1

  FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

  earth station



*Guinea, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Presidential Guard,

  Republican Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,403,776; fit for military service 708,078 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988)



*Guinea-Bissau, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and

  Senegal

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  36,120 km2

 land area:

  28,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  total 724 km, Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km

Coastline:

  350 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its

  decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal

Climate:

  tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to

  November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with

  northeasterly harmattan winds

Terrain:

  mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east

Natural resources:

  unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates, fish, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  11%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  43%

 forest and woodland:

  38%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season



*Guinea-Bissau, People



Population:

  1,072,439 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.38% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  41.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  17.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  122.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  47.03 years

 male:

  45.38 years

 female:

  48.73 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Guinea-Bissauan(s)

 adjective:

  Guinea-Bissauan

Ethnic divisions:

  African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%),

  European and mulatto less than 1%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5%

Languages:

  Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  36%

 male:

  50%

 female:

  24%

Labor force:

  403,000 (est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5%

 note:

  population of working age 53% (1983)



*Guinea-Bissau, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Guinea-Bissau

 conventional short form:

  Guinea-Bissau

 local long form:

  Republica de Guine-Bissau

 local short form:

  Guine-Bissau

 former:

  Portuguese Guinea

Digraph:

  PU

Type:

  republic highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party for

  the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an

  extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year

  transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing

  for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993

Capital:

  Bissau

Administrative divisions:

  9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama,

  Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali

Independence:

  10 September 1974 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  16 May 1984

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 10 September (1974)

Political parties and leaders:

  African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC),

  President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; Democratic Social Front (FDS),

  Rafael BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader;

  Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader

 note:

  PAIGC is still the major party (of 10 parties) and controls all aspects of

  the government

Suffrage:

  15 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National People's Assembly:

  last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is

  the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional

  Councils

 President of Council of State:

  last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Gen. Joao

  Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's

  Assembly

Executive branch:

  president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State,

  Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:   unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)

Judicial branch:

  none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers



*Guinea-Bissau, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President of the Council of State Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power

  14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984)

Member of:

  ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,

  UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL

 chancery:

  918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine Suite, Washington, DC 20006

 telephone:

  (202) 872-4222

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roger A. MAGUIRE

 embassy:

  17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, Bissau

 mailing address:

  1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau

 telephone:

  [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113

 FAX:

  [245] 20-1159

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red

  band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the

  red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the

  flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the

  red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell



*Guinea-Bissau, Economy



Overview:

  Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per

  capita GDP of roughly $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic

  activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports.

  Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a

  weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's

  four-year plan (1988-91) targeted agricultural development as the top

  priority.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $210 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:   2.3% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $210 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  55% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $33.6 million; expenditures $44.8 million, including capital

  expenditures of $.57 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $20.4 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels

 partners:

  Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain

Imports:

  $63.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum

 partners:

  Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany

External debt:

  $462 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.)

Electricity:

  22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks

Agriculture:

  accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment;

  rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew

  nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food;

  fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68

  million

Currency:

  1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65

  (1987), 238.98 (1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guinea-Bissau, Communications



Highways:

  3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth

Inland waterways:

  scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce

Ports:

  Bissau

Airports:

 total:

  33

 usable:

  15

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000

  telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV



*Guinea-Bissau, Defense Forces



Branches:

  People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force),

  paramilitary force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 235,931; fit for military service 134,675 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5%-6% of GDP (1987)



*Guyana, Geography



Location:

  Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Suriname

  and Venezuela

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  214,970 km2

 land area:

  196,850 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Idaho

Land boundaries:

  total 2,462 km, Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km

Coastline:

  459 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname

  claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers

  (all headwaters of the Courantyne)

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons

  (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)

Terrain:

  mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south

Natural resources:

  bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  83%

 other:

  8%

Irrigated land:

  1,300 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution



*Guyana, People



Population:

  734,640 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.68% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -19.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  49.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  64.7 years

 male:

  61.46 years

 female:

  68.1 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:   Guyanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Guyanese

Ethnic divisions:

  East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2%

Religions:

  Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1%

Languages:

  English, Amerindian dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended scool (1990)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:

  268,000

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7%

 note:

  public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985)



*Guyana, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Co-operative Republic of Guyana

 conventional short form:

  Guyana

 former:

  British Guiana

Digraph:

  GY

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Georgetown

Administrative divisions:

  10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East

  Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice,

  Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper

  Takutu-Upper Essequibo

Independence:

  26 May 1966 (from UK)

Constitution:

  6 October 1980

Legal system:

  based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has

  not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Republic Day, 23 February (1970)

Political parties and leaders:   People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's

Progressive

  Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA,

  Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's

  Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF),

  Joseph BACCHUS; The United Force (TUF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican

  Party (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert

  GANGADEEN; Guyana Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL

Other political or pressure groups:

  Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO);

  Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC)

 note:

  the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Executive President:

  last held on 5 October 1992; results - Cheddi JAGAN was elected president

  since he was leader of the party with the most votes in the National

  Assembly elections

 National Assembly:

  last held on 5 October 1992 (next to be held in 1997); results - PPP 53.4%,

  PNC 42.3%, WPA 2%, TUF 1.2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PPP 36, PNC 26,

  WPA 2, TUF 1

Executive branch:

  executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy

  prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Judicature



*Guyana, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Executive President Cheddi JAGAN (since 5 October 1992); First Vice

  President Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS,

  UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dr. Odeen ISHMAEL

 chancery:

  2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-6900

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:   Ambassador George Jones

 embassy:

  99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Georgetown

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown

 telephone:

  [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 and 57960 through 57969

 FAX:

  [592] (2) 58497

Flag:

  green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed

  on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red

  and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green



*Guyana, Economy



Overview:

  Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less

  than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less

  than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline

  resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the cane fields, and flooding

  and equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about

  100% in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened

  substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power

  has been in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in

  national output. The government, in association with international financial

  agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The

  government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic

  exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth -

  requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience

  by consumers during a long incubation period. Buoyed by a recovery in mining

  and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth in 1991 and 7% growth in 1992,

  according to official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi-legal

  economic activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total

  output.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $267.5 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $370 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  15% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  12%-15% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $121 million; expenditures $225 million, including capital

  expenditures of $50 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $268 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  sugar, bauxite/alumina, rice, gold, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum

 partners:

  UK 28%, US 25%, FRG 8%, Canada 7%, Japan 6% (1989)

Imports:

  $242.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum

 partners:

  US 40%, Trinidad & Tobago 13%, UK 11%, Japan 5%, Netherland Antilles 3%

  (1989)

External debt:

  $2 billion including arrears (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for about 24% of GDP

Electricity:

  253,500 kW capacity; 276 million kWh produced, 370 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles,

  gold mining

Agriculture:

  most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and about half of exports;

  sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and

  forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and

  animal products



*Guyana, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million;

  Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million

Currency:

  1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 125.8 (January 1993) 125.0 (1992), 111.8

  (1991), 39.533 (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Guyana, Communications



Railroads:

  187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge

Highways:

  7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km

  unimproved

Inland waterways:

  6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo

  Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km,

  respectively

Ports:

  Georgetown, New Amsterdam

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,317 GRT/2,558 DWT

Airports:  total:

  53

 usable:

  48

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  13

Telecommunications:

  fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric

  scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1

  shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Guyana, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Guyana Defense Force (GDF; including the Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air

  Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 196,960; fit for military service 149,583 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Haiti, Geography



Location:

  in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 90 km southeast of Cuba

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  27,750 km2

 land area:

  27,560 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 275 km, Dominican Republic 275 km

Coastline:

  1,771 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:   12 nm

International disputes:

  claims US-administered Navassa Island

Climate:

  tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Terrain:

  mostly rough and mountainous

Natural resources:

  bauxite

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  13%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  45%

Irrigated land:

  750 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from

  June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil

  erosion

Note:

  shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is

  Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)



*Haiti, People



Population:

  6,384,877 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.68% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  40.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  18.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -5.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  109.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  45.45 years

 male:

  43.88 years

 female:

  47.11 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:  noun:

  Haitian(s)

 adjective:

  Haitian

Ethnic divisions:

  black 95%, mulatto and European 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 80% (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo),

  Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none

  1%, other 3% (1982)

Languages:

  French (official) 10%, Creole

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  53%

 male:

  59%

 female:

  47%

Labor force:

  2.3 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982)



*Haiti, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Haiti

 conventional short form:

  Haiti

 local long form:

  Republique d'Haiti

 local short form:

  Haiti

Digraph:

  HA

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Port-au-Prince

Administrative divisions:

  9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre,

  Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est

Independence:

  1 January 1804 (from France)

Constitution:

  27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March

  1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October

  1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution

Legal system:   based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 January (1804)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD), including National Congress

  of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT, and National Cooperative

  Action Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; Movement for the Installation of

  Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary

  Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; National Patriotic Movement of November 28

  (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party

  (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene

  THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly

  of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of

  Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN),

  Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti

  (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire

  EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU

  and Jean MOLIERE

Other political or pressure groups:

  Democratic Unity Confederation (KID); Roman Catholic Church; Confederation

  of Haitian Workers (CTH); Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS);

  Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH); National Popular Assembly (APN)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be

  held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total)

  FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN

  1, independents 5, other 2

 President:

  last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995);

  results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE

  4.9%



*Haiti, Government



 Senate:

  last held 18 January 1993, widely condemned as illegitimate (next to be held

  December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD 12,

  ANDP 8, PAIN 2, MRN 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 2

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper

  house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup

  in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief

  of State

 Head of Government:   de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since NA June 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

  LAES, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jean CASIMIR

 chancery:

  2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-4090 through 4092

 consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Special Charge d'Affaires Charles REDMAN

 embassy:

  Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince

 telephone:

  [509] 22-0354, 22-0368, 22-0200, or 22-0612

 FAX:

  [509] 23-9007

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white

  rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by

  flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE

  (Union Makes Strength)



*Haiti, Economy



Overview:

  About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly

  small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work

  force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe

  drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social

  assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains

  one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil

  erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the

  Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup

  against President ARISTIDE have further damaged the economy.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -4% (FY91 est.)

National product per capita:

  $340 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20% (FY91 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  25-50% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital

  expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $146 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8%

 partners:

  US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed

  countries 3% (1987)

Imports:

  $252 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products

  14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9%

 partners:

  US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3%

  (1987)

External debt:

  $838 million (December 1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -2.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  217,000 kW capacity; 480 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism,

  light assembly industries based on imported parts

Agriculture:

  accounts for 28% of GDP and employs around 70% of work force; mostly

  small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes,

  sugarcane, wood; staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million

Currency:

  1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes



*Haiti, Economy



Exchange rates:

  gourdes (G) per US$1 - 8.4 (December 1991), fixed rate of 5.000 through

  second quarter of 1991)

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Haiti, Communications



Railroads:

  40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial

  line

Highways:

  4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved

Inland waterways:

  negligible; less than 100 km navigable

Ports:

  Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien

Airports:

 total:

  13

 usable:

  10

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly

  better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2

  shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Haiti, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,289,310; fit for military service 695,997; reach military

  age (18) annually 60,588 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.)



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the Indian Ocean, 4,100 km southwest of Australia

Map references:

  Antarctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  412 km2

 land area:

  412 km2  comparative area:

  slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  101.9 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  antarctic

Terrain:

  Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald

  Islands - small and rocky

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  primarily used for research stations



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands

 conventional short form:

  Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Digraph:

  HM

Type:

  territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the

  Environment, Tourism and Territories

Capital:

  none; administered from Canberra, Australia

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only



*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia



*Holy See (Vatican City), Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome - central Italy

Map references:

  Europe

Area:

 total area:

  0.44 km2

 land area:

  0.44 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 3.2 km, Italy 3.2 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers

  (May to September)

Terrain:

  low hill

Natural resources:   none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  urban

Note:

  landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the

  Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer

  residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights



*Holy See (Vatican City), People



Population:

  811 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.15% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  none

 adjective:

  none

Ethnic divisions:

  Italians, Swiss

Religions:

  Roman Catholic

Languages:   Italian, Latin, various other languages

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside

  the Vatican



*Holy See (Vatican City), Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  The Holy See (State of the Vatican City)

 conventional short form:

  Holy See (Vatican City)

 local long form:

  Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)

 local short form:

  Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)

Digraph:

  VT

Type:

  monarchical-sacerdotal state

Capital:

  Vatican City

Independence:

  11 February 1929 (from Italy)

Constitution:

  Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Installation Day of the Pope, 22 October (1978) (John Paul II)

 note:

  Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Other political or pressure groups:

  none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)

Suffrage:

  limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Elections:

 Pope:

  last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current

  pope); results - Karol WOJTYLA was elected for life by the College of

  Cardinals

Executive branch:

  pope

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Pontifical Commission

Judicial branch:

  none; normally handled by Italy

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978)

 Head of Government:

  Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo Cardinal SODANO (since NA)

Member of:

  CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS

  (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN

 chancery:

  3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 333-7121



*Holy See (Vatican City), Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Raymond L. FLYNN

 embassy:

  Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome

 mailing address:

  PSC 59, APO AE 09624

 telephone:

  [396] 46741

 FAX:

  [396] 638-0159

Flag:

  two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of

  Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band



*Holy See (Vatican City), Economy



Overview:

  This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions

  (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale

  of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and

  the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers

  are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work

  in the city of Rome.

Budget:

  revenues $86 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Electricity:

  5,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by Italy

Industries:   printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms;

  worldwide banking and financial activities

Currency:

  1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi

Exchange rates:

  Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992),

  1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988); note - the

  Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Holy See (Vatican City), Communications



Railroads:

  850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of

  Saint Peter's)

Highways:

  none; all city streets

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone

  exchange; no communications satellite systems



*Holy See (Vatican City), Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at

  entrances to the Vatican City



*Honduras, Geography



Location:

  Central America, between Guatemala and Nicaragua

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  112,090 km2

 land area:

  111,890 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

  total 1,520 km, Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km

Coastline:

  820 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:   200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  land boundary dispute with El Salvador mostly resolved by 11 September 1992

  International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime

  boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and

  advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and

  Nicaragua likely would be required

Climate:

  subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Terrain:

  mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains

Natural resources:

  timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  14%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  30%

 forest and woodland:

  34%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  900 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes

  and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion



*Honduras, People



Population:

  5,170,108 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.8% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.17 years

 male:

  64.82 years

 female:   69.62 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.87 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Honduran(s)

 adjective:

  Honduran

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minority

Languages:

  Spanish, Indian dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  73%

 male:

  76%

 female:

  71%

Labor force:

  1.3 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, other 6%

  (1985)



*Honduras, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Honduras

 conventional short form:

  Honduras

 local long form:

  Republica de Honduras

 local short form:

  Honduras

Digraph:

  HO

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Tegucigalpa

Administrative divisions:

  18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida,

  Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan,

  Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque,

  Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro

Independence:

  15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982

Legal system:

  rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law;

  accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

  Liberal Party (PLH), Carlos Roberto REINA, presidential candidate, Rafael

  PINEDA Ponce, president; National Party (PN) has two factions: Movimiento

  Nacional de Reivindication Callejista (Monarca), Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS,

  and Oswaldista, Oswaldo RAMOS SOTO, presidential candidate; National

  Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), German LEITZELAR, president; Christian

  Democratic Party (PDCH), Efrain DIAZ Arrivillaga, president

Other political or pressure groups:

  National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH); Honduran Council of

  Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH);

  National Union of Campesinos (UNC); General Workers Confederation (CGT);

  United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH); Committee for the Defense of

  Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH); Coordinating Committee of Popular

  Organizations (CCOP)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results -

  Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other

  5.7%

 National Congress:

  last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH

  51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH

  71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)



*Honduras, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990)

Member of:

  BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS,

  OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Rene Arturo BENDANA-VALENZUELA

 chancery:

  3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 966-7702

 consulates general:   Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

 consulates:

  Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William Bryce (since 28 May 1993)

 embassy:

  Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa

 telephone:

  [504] 32-3120

 FAX:

  [504] 32-0027

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue

  five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the

  stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central

  America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua;

  similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled

  by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the

  white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle

  encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on

  the bottom, centered in the white band



*Honduras, Economy



Overview:

  Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere.

  Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more

  than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of

  exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages,

  employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates

  20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration,

  account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic

  problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high

  unemployment, a lack of basic services, a large and inefficient public

  sector, and the dependence of the export sector mostly on coffee and

  bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. A far-reaching

  reform program initiated by President CALLEJAS in 1990 is beginning to take

  hold.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,090 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (30-40% underemployed) (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, meat, lumber

 partners:

  US 65%, Germany 9%, Japan 8%, Belgium 7%

Imports:

  $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods,

  fuel and oil, foodstuffs

 partners:

  US 45%, Japan 9%, Netherlands 7%, Mexico 7%, Venezuela 6%

External debt:

  $2.8 billion (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.8% (1990 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  575,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood

  products

Agriculture:

  most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, more than 60% of

  the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include

  bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally

  for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion



*Honduras, Economy



Currency:

  1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate

  (November 1990); the lempira was allowed to float in 1992; current rate

  about US$1 - 5.65

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Honduras, Communications



Railroads:

  785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge

Highways:

  8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:   465 km navigable by small craft

Ports:

  Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo

Merchant marine:

  252 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 819,100 GRT/1,195,276 DWT; includes 2

  passenger-cargo, 162 cargo, 20 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 6

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 22 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 specialized

  tanker, 22 bulk, 3 passenger, 2 short-sea passenger; note - a flag of

  convenience registry; Russia owns 10 ships under the Honduran flag

Airports:

 total:

  165

 usable:

  137

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  14

Telecommunications:

  inadequate system with only 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; international

  services provided by 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earch stations and the

  Central American microwave radio relay system; broadcast stations - 176 AM,

  no FM, 7 SW, 28 TV



*Honduras, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,185,072; fit for military service 706,291; reach military

  age (18) annually 58,583 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $45 million, about 1% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Hong Kong, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Hong Kong, Geography



Location:

  East Asia, on the southeast coast of China bordering the South China Sea

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  1,040 km2

 land area:

  990 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 30 km, China 30 km

Coastline:

  733 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  3 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring

  through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Terrain:

  hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north

Natural resources:

  outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  12%

 other:

  79%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons



*Hong Kong, People



Population:

  5,552,965 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.27 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  79.99 years

 male:

  76.55 years

 female:

  83.64 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Chinese

 adjective:

  Chinese

Ethnic divisions:

  Chinese 98%, other 2%

Religions:

  eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%

Languages:

  Chinese (Cantonese), English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1971)

 total population:

  77%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  64%

Labor force:

  2.8 million (1990)

 by occupation:

  manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels

  27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate 9.2%, transport

  and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989)



*Hong Kong, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Hong Kong

Abbreviation:

  HK

Digraph:

  HK

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK scheduled to revert to China in 1997

Capital:

  Victoria

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK; the UK signed an agreement with China

  on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the

  joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and

  economic systems and lifestyle)

Constitution:

  unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law

  approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 29 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

  United Democrats of Hong Kong, Martin LEE, chairman; Democratic Alliance for

  the Betterment of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Democratic Foundation

Other political or pressure groups:

  Cooperative Resources Center, Allen LEE, chairman; Meeting Point, Anthony

  CHEUNG, chairman; Association of Democracy and People's Livelihood,

  Frederick FUNG Kin Kee, chairman; Liberal Democratic Federation, HEUNG Yee

  Kuk; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China); Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade

  Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy);

  Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Chinese General Chamber of Commerce

  (pro-China); Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Chinese Manufacturers'

  Association of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union; Hong Kong

  Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China

Suffrage:

  direct election 21 years of age; universal as a permanent resident living in

  the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years indirect election

  limited to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional

  constituencies

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were

  held for the first time 15 September 1991 (next to be held in September 1995

  when the number of directly-elected seats increases to 20); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 indirectly elected by

  functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 appointed by governor, 3

  ex officio members); indirect elections - number of seats by functional

  constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting Point 3, ADPL 1, other

  2

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council



*Hong Kong, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Governor Chris PATTEN (since NA July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David Robert

  FORD (since NA February 1987)

Member of:   APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), INTERPOL

  (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are

  represented by the UK

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS

 embassy:

  Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong

 mailing address:

  Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002

 telephone:

  [852] 239-011

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong

  Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag;

  the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by

  a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another

  lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the

  shield



*Hong Kong, Economy



Overview:

  Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff

  barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be

  imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the

  labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a

  remarkable 8% in 1987-88, slowed to 3.0% in 1989-90, and picked up to 4.2%

  in 1991 and 5.9% in 1992. Unemployment, which has been declining since the

  mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put upward

  pressure on prices and the cost of living. Short-term prospects remain

  bright so long as major trading partners continue to be reasonably

  prosperous.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $86 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $14,600 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9.4% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  2% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $14.7 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY92)

Exports:

  $118 billion, including reexports of $85.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances,

  watches and clocks, toys

 partners:   US 29%, China 21%, Germany 8%, UK 6%, Japan 5% (1990)

Imports:

  $120 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum

 partners:

  China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990)

External debt:

  $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  9,566,000 kW capacity; 29,400 million kWh produced, 4,980 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks

Agriculture:

  minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20%

  self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water

Illicit drugs:

  a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial

  and money-laundering center

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million

Currency:

  1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents



*Hong Kong, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1992), 7.771 (1991), 7.790 (1990),

  7.800 (1989), 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at

  the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Hong Kong, Communications



Railroads:

  35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned

Highways:

  1,100 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth

Ports:

  Hong Kong

Merchant marine:

  176 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,870,007 GRT/10,006,390 DWT;

  includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo,

  29 container, 15 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, 5

  liquefied gas, 88 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience

  registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated

  500 Hong Kong-owned ships are registered elsewhere

Airports:

 total:

  2

 useable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services;

  3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical

  fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British

  Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces

  Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000

  TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific

  Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou,

  China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN

  member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe



*Hong Kong, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong

  Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,635,516; fit for military service 1,256,057; reach

  military age (18) annually 43,128 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this

  represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder

  being paid by the UK

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Howland Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Howland Island, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu, just north of

  the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia

Map references:   Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  1.6 km2

 land area:

  1.6 km2

 comparative area:

  about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  6.4 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or the depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:

  low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing

  reef; depressed central area

Natural resources:

  guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  5%

 other:

  95%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing

  shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a

  nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine

  wildlife; feral cats



*Howland Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air

  and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World

  War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit

  only and generally restricted to scientists and educators



*Howland Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Howland Island

Digraph:

  HQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife

  Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

  Wildlife Refuge System

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Howland Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Howland Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the

  west coast

Airports:

  airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the

  round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae,

  New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is

  no longer serviceable

Note:

  Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was

  partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in

  memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart



*Howland Island, Defense Forces



  defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast

  Guard



*Hungary, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, between Slovakia and Romania

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe

Area:

 total area:

  93,030 km2

 land area:

  92,340 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:

  total 1,952 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 292 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and

  Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia), Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km,

  Ukraine 103 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and

  awarded to the former Yugoslavia by treaty of Trianon in 1920

Climate:

  temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Terrain:

  mostly flat to rolling plains

Natural resources:

  bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils

Land use:

 arable land:

  50.7%

 permanent crops:

  6.1%

 meadows and pastures:

  12.6%

 forest and woodland:

  18.3%

 other:

  12.3%

Irrigated land:

  1,750 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year

Note:

  landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western

  Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean

  basin



*Hungary, People



Population:

  10,324,018 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  13.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.86 years

 male:

  66.81 years

 female:

  75.12 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Hungarian(s)

 adjective:

  Hungarian

Ethnic divisions:

  Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5%

Languages:

  Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  5.4 million

 by occupation:

  services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture

  16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991)



*Hungary, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Hungary

 conventional short form:

  Hungary

 local long form:

  Magyar Koztarsasag

 local short form:

  Magyarorszag

Digraph:   HU

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Budapest

Administrative divisions:

  38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros);,   Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya,

Bekes, Bekescsaba, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*,,   Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Fejer,

Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron,

  Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar,

  Kecskemet, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza,

  Pecs, Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar,

  Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala, Zalaegerszeg

Independence:

  1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

Constitution:

  18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October

  1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks

  on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of

  parliamentary oversight

Legal system:

  in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model

National holiday:

  October 23 (1956) (commemorates the Hungarian uprising)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman, Dr. Lajos FUR, executive

  chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKGP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president;

  Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), Gyula HORN, chairman; Christian Democratic

  People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president; Federation of Young

  Democrats (FIDESZ), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats

  (SZDSZ), Ivan PETO, chairman

 note:

  the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) renounced

  Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in October 1989;

  there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ

  elected by parliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the

  National Assembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim President

  from 2 May 1990 until elected President

 National Assembly:

  last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April

  1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic

  Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian

  Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21,

  independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13



*Hungary, Government



Executive branch:

  president, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules)

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim president

  from 2 May 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 21 May 1990)

Member of:

  Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Pal TAR

 chancery:

  3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 362-6730

 FAX:

  (202) 966-8135

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles H. THOMAS

 embassy:

  V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest

 mailing address:

  Am Embassy, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5270

 telephone:

  [36] (1) 112-6450

 FAX:

  [36] (1) 132-8934

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green



*Hungary, Economy



Overview:

  Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition from a command to a market

  economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export

  earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of

  GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 25% of foreign

  trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD

  members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it

  a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment.

  In 1991, Hungary received 60% of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe,

  and in 1992 received the largest single share. The growing private sector

  accounts for about one-third of national output according to unofficial

  estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, although

  excessive red tape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about pricing

  have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of inflation

  may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, while

  Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to introduce

  full convertibility of the forint before 1994 and to rein in inflation. The

  government is projecting an end to the 5-year recession in 1993, and GDP is

  forecast to grow 0%-3%.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $55.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $5,380 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  23% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  12.3% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $15.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 35.5%, machinery 13.5%, light

  industry 23.3%, food and agricultural 24.8%, fuels and energy 2.8%

 partners:

  OECD 70.7%, (EC 50.1%, EFTA 15.0%), LDCs 5.1%, former CEMA members 23.2%,

  others 1.0% (1991)

Imports:

  $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  fuels and energy 14.9%, raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 37.6%,

  machinery 19.7%, light industry 21.5%, food and agricultural 6.3%

 partners:

  OECD 71.0%, (EC 45.4%, EFTA 20.0%), LDCs 3.9%, former CEMA members 23.9%,

  others 1.2% (1991)

External debt:

  $23.5 billion (September 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -10% (1992)

Electricity:

  7,200,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles,

  chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, automobiles



*Hungary, Economy



Agriculture:

  including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of employment; highly

  diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn,

  sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy

  products; self-sufficient in food output

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter

  1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991)

Currency:

  1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler

Exchange rates:

  forints per US$1 - 83.97 (December 1992), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21

  (1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Hungary, Communications



Railroads:

  7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge

  (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,236 km double track,

  2,249 km electrified; all government owned (1990)

Highways:

  130,218 km total; 29,919 km national highway system (27,212 km asphalt, 126

  km concrete, 50 km stone and road brick, 2,131 km macadam, 400 km unpaved);

  58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km other roads (70%

  unpaved) (1988)

Inland waterways:

  1,622 km (1988)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)

Ports:

  Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; coastal outlets are

  Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland),

  Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)

Merchant marine:

  12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 83,091 GRT/115,950

  DWT

Airports:

 total:

  92

 usable:

  92

 with permanent-surface runways:

  25

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  28

Telecommunications:

  automatic telephone network based on microwave radio relay system; 1,128,800

  phones (1991); telephone density is at 19.4 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all

  phones are in Budapest; 608,000 telephones on order (1991); 12-15 year wait

  for a phone; 14,213 telex lines (1991); broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM,

  41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground

  station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik



*Hungary, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,630,552; fit for military service 2,101,637; reach

  military age (18) annually 91,979 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  66.5 billion forints, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Iceland, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and Norway

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  103,000 km2

 land area:

  100,250 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Kentucky

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  4,988 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK

  (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)

Climate:

  temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp,

  cool summers

Terrain:

  mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply

  indented by bays and fiords

Natural resources:

  fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%  permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  1%

 other:

  78%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity

Note:

  strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European

  country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe



*Iceland, People



Population:

  261,270 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  population data estimates based on average growth rate may differ slightly

  from official population data because of volatile migration rates

Population growth rate:

  0.88% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  16.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  78.69 years

 male:

  76.45 years

 female:

  81.04 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Icelander(s)

 adjective:

  Icelandic

Ethnic divisions:

  homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1%

  (1988)

Languages:

  Icelandic

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  127,900

 by occupation:

  commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing

  and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990)



*Iceland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Iceland

 conventional short form:

  Iceland

 local long form:

  Lyoveldio Island

 local short form:

  Island

Digraph:

  IC

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Reykjavik

Administrative divisions:

  23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*,   (kaupstadhir, singular -

kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,,   Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla,

Austur-Skaftafellssysla,

  Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla,

  Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,,   Myrasysla,

Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,,   Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla,

Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,,   Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*,,

Skagafjardharsysla,

  Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,

  Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,,   Vestur-Hunavatnssysla,

Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla

Independence:

  17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

Constitution:

  16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944

Legal system:

  civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944)

Political parties and leaders:

  Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party,

  Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON;

  People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's List

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); results - there

  was no election in 1992 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed

 Althing:

  last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results -

  Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party

  15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.3%, Liberals 1.2%, other 3.1%;

  seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic 10,

  People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Althing)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Haestirettur)



*Iceland, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)

Member of:

  Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA,

  NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-6653 through 6655

 FAX:

  (202) 265-6656

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

   (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jon GUNDERSEN

 embassy:

  Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik

 mailing address:

  USEMB, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340

 telephone:

  [354] (1) 29100

 FAX:   [354] (1) 29139

Flag:

  blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the

  flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the

  style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)



*Iceland, Economy



Overview:

  Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an

  extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively

  even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing

  industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of

  the workforce. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy -

  Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. Iceland's

  economy has been in recession since 1988. The recession deepened in 1992 due

  to severe cutbacks in fishing quotas and falling world prices for the

  country's main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon.

  Real GDP declined 3.3% in 1992 and is forecast to contract another 1.5% in

  1993. The center-right government's economic goals include reducing the

  budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing

  inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the

  economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The recession has led to a

  wave of bankruptcies and mergers throughout the economy, as well as the

  highest unemployment of the post-World War II period. The national

  unemployment rate reached 5% in early 1993, with some parts of the country

  experiencing unemployment in the 9-10% range. Inflation, previously a

  serious problem, declined from double digit rates in the 1980s to only 3.7%

  in 1992.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -3.3% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $17,400 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.7% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (first quarter 1993)

Budget:

  revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $191 million (1992)

Exports:

  $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, ferrosilicon, diatomite

 partners:

  EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992)

Imports:

  $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs,

  textiles

 partners:   EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992)

External debt:

  $3.9 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)

Electricity:

  1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 19,940 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal

  power



*Iceland, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for about 25% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity,

  contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes,

  turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in crops; fish catch of

  about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million

Currency:

  1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar

Exchange rates:

  Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 63.789 (January 1993), 57.546 (1992),

  58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Iceland, Communications



Highways:

  11,543 km total; 2,690 km hard surfaced, 8,853 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur,

  Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar

Merchant marine:

  10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,832 GRT/53,037 DWT; includes 3

  cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1

  chemical tanker

Airports:

 total:

  90

 usable:

  84

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:   12

Telecommunications:

  adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and microwave

  radio relay for trunk network; 140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5

  AM, 147 (transmitters and repeaters) FM, 202 (transmitters and repeaters)

  TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station carries all

  international traffic; a second INTELSAT earth station is scheduled to be

  operational in 1993



*Iceland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police, Coast Guard

 note:

  no armed forces, Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic

  Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 69,499; fit for military service 61,798 (1993 est.); no

  conscription or compulsory military service

Defense expenditures:

  none



*India, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between

  Bangladesh and Pakistan

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  3,287,590 km2

 land area:

  2,973,190 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than one-third the size of the US

Land boundaries:

  total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China

  3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

Coastline:

  7,000 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status of Kashmir with Pakistan;

  water-sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges

  and Pakistan over the Indus

Climate:

  varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Terrain:

  upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the

  Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

Natural resources:

  coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica,

  bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  55%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  23%

 other:

  17%

Irrigated land:

  430,390 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil

  erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification

Note:

  dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes



*India, People



Population:

  903,158,968 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  29.11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  80.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  58.12 years

 male:

  57.69 years

 female:

  58.59 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.57 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:   Indian(s)

 adjective:

  Indian

Ethnic divisions:

  Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%

Religions:

  Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains

  0.5%, other 0.4%

Languages:

  English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for

  national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national

  language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu

  (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati

  (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official),

  Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi

  (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu,

  is spoken widely throughout northern India

 note:

  24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other

  languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  48%

 male:

  62%

 female:

  34%

Labor force:

  284.4 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 67% (FY85)



*India, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of India

 conventional short form:

  India

Digraph:

  IN

Type:

  federal republic

Capital:

  New Delhi

Administrative divisions:

  25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra,   Pradesh, Arunachal

Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar,   Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,,

Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

  Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,,   Maharashtra, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,,   Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu,

Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

Independence:   15 August 1947 (from UK)

Constitution:

  26 January 1950

Legal system:

  based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts;

  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950)

Political parties and leaders:

  Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party,

  M. M. JOSHI; Janata Dal Party; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M),

  Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO;

  Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama RAO; All-India

  Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional party in Tamil Nadu),

  JAYALALITHA Jeyaram; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; Shiv Sena, Bal

  THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip CHOWDHURY; Bahujana

  Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, leader NA; Communist

  Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan SINGH; Dravida

  Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. KARUNANIDHI; Akali

  Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; National

  Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH;

  Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla MAHANTA

Other political or pressure groups:

  various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy;

  numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam

  Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 People's Assembly:

  last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2

  appointed) Congress (I) Party 245, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal

  Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13,

  AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S)

  Party 1, other 23, vacant 9

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers



*India, Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of

  States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); Vice President K.R.

  NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991)

Member of:

  AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, AfDB, G-24,

  G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  ONUSAL, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ,

  UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY

 chancery:

  2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-7000

 consulates general:

  Chicago, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering

 embassy:

  Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [91] (11) 600651

 FAX:

  [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391

 consulates general:

  Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue

  chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of

  Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band



*India, Economy



Overview:

  India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, modern

  agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude

  of support services. Faster economic growth in the 1980s permitted a

  significant increase in real per capita private consumption. A large share

  of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, remains too poor to afford an

  adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 and 1991 prompted government

  austerity measures that slowed industrial growth but permitted India to meet

  its international payment obligations without rescheduling its debt. Policy

  reforms since 1991 have extended earlier economic liberalization and greatly

  reduced government controls on production, trade, and investment.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $240 billion (FY93 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4% (FY93 est.)

National product per capita:

  $270 (FY93 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  11.9% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $39.2 billion; expenditures $41.06 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $10.2 billion (FY92)

Exports:

  $19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY93 est.)

 commodities:

  gems and jewelry, clothing, engineering goods, leather manufactures, cotton

  yarn, and fabric

 partners:

  USSR 16.1%, US 14.7%, West Germany 7.8% (FY91)

Imports:

  $25.5 billion (c.i.f., FY93 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil and petroleum products, gems, fertilizer, chemicals, machinery

 partners:

  US 12.1%, West Germany 8.0%, Japan 7.5% (FY91)

External debt:

  $73 billion (March 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.5% (FY93 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  82,000,000 kW capacity; 310,000 million kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment,

  cement, mining, petroleum, machinery

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; principal

  crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes;

  livestock - cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3

  million metric tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nations

Illicit drugs:

  licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium

  is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for

  illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of

  hashish



*India, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion;

  Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million

Currency:

  1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise

Exchange rates:

  Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742

  (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*India, Communications



Railroads:

  61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km

  1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter);

  12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified

Highways:

  1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel,

  crushed stone, or earth

Inland waterways:

  16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels

Pipelines:

  crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)

Ports:

  Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman

  Islands)

Merchant marine:

  306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,278,672 GRT/10,446,073 DWT;

  includes 1 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger-cargo, 87 cargo, 1

  roll-on/roll-off, 8 container, 63 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8

  combination ore/oil, 114 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas

Airports:

 total:

  336

 usable:

  285

 with permanent-surface runways:

  205

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  58

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  90

Telecommunications:

  domestic telephone system is poor providing only one telephone for about 200

  persons on average; long distance telephoning has been improved by a

  domestic satellite system which also carries TV; international service is

  provided by 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and by submarine cables

  to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM,

  274 TV (government controlled)



*India, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces (including Border

  Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 242,866,053; fit for military service 143,008,471; about

  9,466,323 reach military age (17) annually (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY93/94)



*Indian Ocean, Geography



Location:

  body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

Map references:

  Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  73.6 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean

  (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic

  Ocean)

 note:

  includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian Gulf,

  Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Coastline:

  66,526 km

International disputes:

  some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Climate:

  northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);

  tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north

  Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean

Terrain:

  surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of

  currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in

  the north Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from

  hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and

  southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern

  Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and

  northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the

  Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge,

  Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258

  meters in the Java Trench

Natural resources:

  oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer

  deposits, polymetallic nodules

Environment:

  endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales;

  oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

Note:

  major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of

  Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships

  subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to

  October



*Indian Ocean, Government



Digraph:

  XO



*Indian Ocean, Economy



Overview:

  The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East,

  Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a

  particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil

  fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing

  importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export.

  Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian

  Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being

  tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western

  Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes

  from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore

  placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly

  India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

Industries:

  based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life,

  minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates,

  placer deposits



*Indian Ocean, Communications



Ports:

  Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka),

  Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne

  (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)

Telecommunications:

  submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, and from

  Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia



*Indonesia, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

Map references:

  Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,919,440 km2

 land area:

  1,826,440 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Coastline:

  54,716 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal

  and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:

  mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources:

  petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils,

  coal, gold, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  67%

 other:

  15%

Irrigated land:

  75,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe

  droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation

Note:

  straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from

  Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean



*Indonesia, People



Population:

  197,232,428 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.61% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  60.26 years

 male:

  58.28 years

 female:

  62.34 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:   2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Indonesian(s)

 adjective:

  Indonesian

Ethnic divisions:

  Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Religions:

  Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other

  1% (1985)

Languages:

  Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local

  dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  77%

 male:

  84%

 female:

  68%

Labor force:

  67 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and

  communications 3% (1985 est.)



*Indonesia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Indonesia

 conventional short form:

  Indonesia

 local long form:

  Republik Indonesia

 local short form:

  Indonesia

 former name:

  Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Digraph:

  ID

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Jakarta

Administrative divisions:

  24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*,   (daerah-daerah

istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital

  city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,,   Jakarta Raya**,,

Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan

  Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung,

  Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,

  Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera

  Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence:

  17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia

  became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Constitution:

  August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional

  Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system:

  based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and

  by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

  GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.)

  WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of

  former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development

  Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan

  METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage:

  17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%,

  PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR

  282, PPP 62, PDI 56

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note -

  the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR)

  includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five

  years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to

  determine national policy



*Indonesia, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen.

  (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)

Member of:

  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY

 chancery:

  2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036  telephone:

  (202) 775-5200

 consulates general:

  Houston, New York, and Los Angeles

 consulates:

  Chicago and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert L. BARRY

 embassy:

  Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96520

 telephone:

  [62] (21) 360-360

 FAX:

  [62] (21) 360-644

 consulates:

  Medan, Surabaya

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of

  Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white

  (top) and red



*Indonesia, Economy



Overview:

  Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central

  planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise.

  Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly

  increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92

  averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash

  underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the

  labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important

  sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force.

  The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia

  is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and

  textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job

  generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is

  based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural

  gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the

  external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and

  40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly

  dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains

  Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the

  money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary

  policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for

  investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore

  commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit

  foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in

  moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly

  tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at

  6%.

National product:   GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $680 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)

Exports:

  $29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%,

  coffee 3%

 partners:

  Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991)

Imports:

  $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%

 partners:

  Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991)

External debt:

  $50.5 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP



*Indonesia, Economy



Electricity:

  11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita

  (1990)

Industries:

  petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers,

  plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture:

  accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder

  and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava,

  peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products,

  poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a

  major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting

  traffickers

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175

  million

Currency:

  1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Exchange rates:

  Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992),

  1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Indonesia, Communications



Railroads:

  6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km

  0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government

  owned

Highways:

  119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km

  district roads

Inland waterways:

  21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460

  km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports:

  Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang,

  Surabaya

Merchant marine:

  401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes

  6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker,

  6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2

  passenger

Airports:

 total:

  435

 usable:

  411

 with permanent-surface runways:

  119

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  11

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  67

Telecommunications:

  interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair,

  international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones

  (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations -

  1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system



*Indonesia, Defense Forces



Branches:   Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach

  military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)



*Iran, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea

Map references:

  Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1.648 million km2

 land area:

  1.636 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:

  total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432

  km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey

  499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Coastline:

  2,440 km

 note:

  Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive fishing zone:

  50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf

  boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to

  work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their

  eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom

  of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies

  two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic),

  Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra

  (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly

  administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE,

  Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in 1992 the dispute over

  Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried

  to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu

  Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant

  diplomatic support for the UAE in the region; periodic disputes with

  Afghanistan over Helmand water rights,

Climate:

  mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Terrain:   rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small,

  discontinuous plains along both coasts

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese,

  zinc, sulfur

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  27%

 forest and woodland:

  11%



*Iran, Geography



 other:

  54%

Irrigated land:

  57,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation; overgrazing; desertification



*Iran, People



Population:

  63,369,809 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.49% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.26 years

 male:

  64.37 years

 female:

  66.19 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Iranian(s)

 adjective:

  Iranian

Ethnic divisions:

  Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%,

  Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Religions:

  Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and

  Baha'i 1%

Languages:

  Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish

  9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  54%

 male:

  64%

 female:

  43%

Labor force:

  15.4 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.)



*Iran, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Islamic Republic of Iran

 conventional short form:

  Iran

 local long form:

  Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran

 local short form:

  Iran

Digraph:

  IR

Type:

  theocratic republic

Capital:

  Tehran

Administrative divisions:

  24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari,

  Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,

  Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan,

  Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran,

  Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

Independence:

  1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

Constitution:

  2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and

  eliminate the prime ministership

Legal system:

  the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

National holiday:

  Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are -

  Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant

  Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar

  MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI

Other political or pressure groups:

  groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah,

  Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students

  Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost

  completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq

  Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society

  for the Defense of Freedom

Suffrage:

  15 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held July 1989 (next to be held 11 June 1993); results - Ali Akbar

  HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition

 Islamic Consultative Assembly:

  last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  supreme leader (velay-t-e faqih), president, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Iran, Government



Leaders:

 Supreme Leader and functional Chief of State:

  Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4

  June 1989)

 Head of Government:

  President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989)

Member of:

  CCC, CP, ESCAP, ECO, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC

 chancery:

  Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 965-4990

US diplomatic representation:

  protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national

  emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in

  the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is

  repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along

  the top edge of the red band



*Iran, Economy



Overview:

  Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and

  other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private

  trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's

  real GDP grew by 10% in FY90 and 6% in FY91, according to Iranian Government

  statistics. An oil windfall in 1990 combined with a substantial increase in

  imports contributed to Iran's recent economic growth. Iran has also begun

  implementing a number of economic reforms to reduce government intervention

  (including subsidies) and has allocated substantial resources to development

  projects in the hope of stimulating the economy. Lower oil revenues in 1991

  - oil accounts for more than 90% of export revenues - together with a surge

  in imports greatly weakened Iran's international financial position. By

  mid-1992 Iran was unable to meet its obligations to foreign creditors.

  Subsequently the government has tried to boost oil exports, curb imports

  (especially of consumer goods), and renegotiate terms of its foreign debts.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 billion (FY92)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (FY91)

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (FY91)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  23.7% (September 1991-September 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  30% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.)

Exports:

  $17.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides

 partners:

  Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany

Imports:

  $21.0 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,

  technical services, refined oil products

 partners:

  Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France

External debt:

  $17 billion (FY91 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP, including

  petroleum

Electricity:   15,649,000 kW capacity; 43,600 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials,

  food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production),

  metal fabricating

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - wheat, rice, other

  grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not

  self-sufficient in food



*Iran, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug

  trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply

  following the 1979 revolution

Currency:

  1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans

Exchange rates:

  Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 (January 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505

  (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988); black-market rate 1,400

  (January 1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new

  single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials

  per dollar

Fiscal year:

  21 March - 20 March



*Iran, Communications



Railroads:

  4,852 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km

  under construction from Bafq to Bandar-e Abbas, rail construction from Bafq

  to Sirjan has been completed and is operational; section from Sirjan to

  Bandar-e Abbas still under construction

Highways:

  140,200 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed

  stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network

Inland waterways:

  904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about

  130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use

Pipelines:

  crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km

Ports:

  Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti,

  Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Torkeman

  (Caspian Sea port), Khorramshahr (repaired after being largely destroyed in

  fighting during 1980-88 war) has been in limited operation since November

  1992

Merchant marine:

  135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,480,726 GRT/8,332,593 DWT; includes

  39 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3

  refrigerated cargo, 48 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas

Airports:

 total:

  219

 usable:

  194

 with permanent-surface runways:

  83

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  16

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  70

Telecommunications:

  microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran;

  2,143,000 telephones (35 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations -

  77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and

  1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey,

  Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic

  cable to UAE



*Iran, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force,

  Revolutionary Guards (including Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval

  forces), Law Enforcement Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 13,812,367; fit for military service 8,218,286; reach

  military age (21) annually 575,392 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  hard currency expenditures on defense are 7-10% of total hard currency

  expenditures; rial expenditures on defense are 8-13% of total rial

  expenditures (1992 est.)

 note:

  conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing

  exchange rate could produce misleading results



*Iraq, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, between Iran and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  437,072 km2  land area:

  432,162 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Idaho

Land boundaries:

  total 3,631 km, Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia

  814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km

Coastline:

  58 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to

  work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their

  eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom

  of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; in April 1991

  official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which

  demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its

  1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah

  Islands or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN

  Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security

  Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the

  decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a

  completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi

  officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; periodic disputes

  with upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute

  over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Climate:

  mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers;

  northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold

  winters with occasionally heavy snows

Terrain:

  mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders

  with Iran and Turkey

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  75%

Irrigated land:

  25,500 km2 (1989 est)



*Iraq, Geography



Environment:

  development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements

  with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil

  degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification



*Iraq, People



Population:

  19,161,956 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.73% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  71.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  64.96 years

 male:

  64.2 years

 female:

  65.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Iraqi(s)

 adjective:

  Iraqi

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Religions:

  Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3%

Languages:

  Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  60%

 male:

  70%

 female:

  49%

Labor force:

  4.4 million (1989)

 by occupation:

  services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%

 note:

  severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1,600,000 (July

  1990); since then, it has declined substantially



*Iraq, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Iraq

 conventional short form:

  Iraq

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah

 local short form:

  Al Iraq

Digraph:

  IZ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Baghdad

Administrative divisions:

  18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al

  Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil,

  Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din,

  Wasit

Independence:

  3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Constitution:

  22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new

  constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system

  elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)

Political parties and leaders:

  Ba'th Party

Other political or pressure groups:

  political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition

  to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi'a

  religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents; the Green Party

  (government-controlled)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%,

  Shi'a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number

  of seats by party NA

 note:

  in northern Iraq, a "Kurdish Assembly" was elected in May 1992 and calls for

  Kurdish self-determination within a federated Iraq

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council,

  vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first

  deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Cassation



*Iraq, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi

  al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN

  (since 23 March 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy

  Prime Minister Tariq 'AZIZ (since NA 1979)

Member of:

  ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian embassy in Washington, DC

 chancery:

  Iraqi Interests Section, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 483-7500

 FAX:

  (202) 462-5066

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); note - operations have been temporarily suspended; a US Interests

  Section is located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad

 embassy:

  Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad

 telephone:

  [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green

  five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the

  phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the

  right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was

  added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of

  Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a

  plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic

  eagle centered in the white band



*Iraq, Economy



Overview:

  The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of

  industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale

  industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The

  economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally

  provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial

  problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and

  damage to oil export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement

  austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt

  payments. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually

  increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged

  facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages,

  salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform and

  collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high

  priority by the government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's

  seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic

  embargoes, and military action by an international coalition beginning in

  January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. Industrial and

  transportation facilities suffered severe damage and have been only

  partially restored. Oil exports remain at less than 10% of the previous

  level. Shortages of spare parts continue. Living standards deteriorated even

  further in 1992 and early 1993; consumer prices at least tripled in 1992.

  The UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has

  contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The government's policies of

  supporting large military and internal security forces and of allocating

  resources to key supporters of the regime have exacerbated shortages. In

  brief, per capita output in early 1993 is far below the 1989-90 level, but

  no reliable estimate is available.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  10% (1989 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,940 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  200% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  less than 5% (1989 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur

 partners:

  US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990)

Imports:

  $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  manufactures, food

 partners:

  Germany, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990)

External debt:

  $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab

  Gulf states

Industrial production:   NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989)



*Iraq, Economy



Electricity:

  7,300,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kW capacity due to Gulf war; 12,900

  million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction

  materials, food processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 11% of GNP and 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat,

  barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock -

  cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion

Currency:

  1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

  Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.2 (fixed official rate since 1982);

  black-market rate (April 1993) US$1 = 53.5 Iraqi dinars

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Iraq, Communications



Railroads:

  2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge

Highways:

  34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km

  unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  1,015 km; Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about

  130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use; Tigris and

  Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; Shatt

  al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991

  because of the Persian Gulf war

Pipelines:

  crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km

Ports:

  Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980)

Merchant marine:

  41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 930,780 GRT/1,674,878 DWT; includes 1

  passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - none of the

  Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January 1993

Airports:

 total:

  114

 usable:   99

 with permanent-surface runways:

  74

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  9

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  52

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  12

Telecommunications:

  reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after Desert

  Storm, most damaged facilities have been rebuilt; the network consists of

  coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links; 632,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean GORIZONT

  in the Intersputnik system and 1 ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave radio

  relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, Kuwait line is probably

  non-operational



*Iraq, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard

  Force, Internal Security Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,235,321; fit for military service 2,379,999; reach

  military age (18) annually 211,776 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP



*Ireland, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, across the Irish Sea from Great Britain

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  70,280 km2

 land area:

  68,890 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  total 360 km, UK 360 km

Coastline:

  1,448 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute

  involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a

  boundary agreement in the Rockall area)

Climate:

  temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool

  summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

Terrain:

  mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low

  mountains; sea cliffs on west coast

Natural resources:

  zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone,

  dolomite, peat, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  14%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  71%

 forest and woodland:

  5%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  deforestation

Note:

  strategic location on major air and sea routes between North American and

  northern Europe



*Ireland, People



Population:

  3,529,566 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.26% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.38 years

 male:

  72.56 years

 female:   78.36 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural)

 adjective:

  Irish

Ethnic divisions:

  Celtic, English

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)

Languages:

  Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard,

  English is the language generally used

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1.37 million

 by occupation:

  services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry,

  and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992)



*Ireland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Ireland

Digraph:

  EI

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Dublin

Administrative divisions:

  26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry,

  Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath,

  Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath,

  Wexford, Wicklow

Independence:

  6 December 1921 (from UK)

Constitution:

  29 December 1937; adopted 1937

Legal system:

  based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts;

  judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor

  Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland,

  Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond

  O'MALLEY

 note:

  Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and

  the Labor Party

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary

  Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%

 Senate:

  last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 26,

  Fine Gael 16, Labor 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1,

  independents 6

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results -

  Fianna Fail 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labor Party 19.3%, Progressive Democrats

  4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fein 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%,

  independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fail 68, Fine Gael 45, Labor

  Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1,

  independents 5

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate

  (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail

  Eireann)



*Ireland, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992)

Member of:

  Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, EC,

  ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NEA, NSG,

  OECD, ONUSAL, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM,

  UNPROFRO, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER  chancery:

  2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 462-3939

 consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William Henry G. FITZGERALD; Ambassador Designate Jean Kennedy

  SMITH (17 March 1993)

 embassy:

  42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [353] (1) 687122

 FAX:

  [353] (1) 689946

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar

  to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors

  reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag

  of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and

  red



*Ireland, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is small and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most

  important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP,

  about 80% of exports, and employs 28% of the labor force. Since 1987, real

  GDP growth, led by exports, has averaged 4% annually. Over the same period,

  inflation has fallen sharply and chronic trade deficits have been

  transformed into annual surpluses. Unemployment, at 22.7% remains a serious

  problem, however, and job creation is the main focus of government policy.

  To ease unemployment, Dublin aggressively courts foreign investors and

  recently created a new industrial development agency to aid small indigenous

  firms. Government assistance is constrained by Dublin's continuing deficit

  reduction measures. After five years of fiscal restraint, total government

  debt still exceeds GDP. Growth probably will moderate in 1993 as the heavily

  indebted and trade-dependent economy is highly sensitive to changes in

  exchange rates and world interest rates. Exports to the UK, Ireland's major

  export market, probably will be hurt by the recent appreciation of the Irish

  currency against sterling - for the first time since 1979 the value of the

  Irish pound exceeds that of its British counterpart.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $42.4 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  2% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $12,000 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:   22.7% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $16.0 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals,

  animal products

 partners:

  EC 75% (UK 32%, Germany 13%, France 10%), US 9%

Imports:

  $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  food, animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum and petroleum

  products, machinery, textiles, clothing

 partners:

  EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 8%, Netherlands 4%), US 15%

External debt:

  $15 billion (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 8.0% (1992 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,000,000 kW capacity; 14,500 million kWh produced, 4,120 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,

  machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal



*Ireland, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 11% of GDP and 13% of the labor force; principal crops -

  turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy

  products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain,

  fruits, vegetables

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million

Currency:

  1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6118 (January 1993), 0.5864 (1992), 0.6190

  (1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Ireland, Communications



Railroads:

  Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge,

  government owned; 485 km double track; 37 km electrified

Highways:   92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone

Inland waterways:

  limited for commercial traffic

Pipelines:

  natural gas 225 km

Ports:

  Cork, Dublin, Waterford

Merchant marine:

  57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,647 GRT/186,432 DWT; includes 4

  short-sea passenger, 33 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 3 oil

  tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 5 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  40

 usable:

  39

 with permanent-surface runways:

  13

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  6

Telecommunications:

  modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000

  telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine

  cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Ireland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (Garda

  Siochana)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 903,536; fit for military service 731,085; reach military

  age (17) annually 33,932 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $569 million, 1-2% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Israel, Header



Affiliation:

  (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries)

Note:

  The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included

  in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed

  by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of

  the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a

  peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the

  concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these

  negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending

  the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the

  West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza

  Strip entries). On 25 April 1982, Israel relinquished control of the Sinai

  to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in

  the Syria entry.



*Israel, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and

  Lebanon

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  20,770 km2

 land area:

  20,330 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 1,006 km, Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79

  km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km

Coastline:

  273 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line;

  differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that

  separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied

  with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli

  troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan

Climate:

  temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Terrain:

  Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift

  Valley

Natural resources:

  copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese,

  small amounts of natural gas and crude oil

Land use:

 arable land:

  17%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  40%

 forest and woodland:

  6%

 other:   32%

Irrigated land:

  2,140 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and

  natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation

Note:

  there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the

  Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built

  Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem



*Israel, People



Population:

  4,918,946 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  includes 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the

  Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 134,000 in East

  Jerusalem (1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.08% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  16.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.77 years

 male:

  75.72 years

 female:

  79.93 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Israeli(s)

 adjective:

  Israeli

Ethnic divisions:

  Jewish 83%, non-Jewish 17% (mostly Arab)

Religions:

  Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, Druze and other

  2%

Languages:

  Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most

  commonly used foreign language

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1983)

 total population:   92%

 male:

  95%

 female:

  89%

Labor force:

  1.4 million (1984 est.)

 by occupation:

  public services 29.3%, industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%, commerce

  12.8%, finance and business 9.5%, transport, storage, and communications

  6.8%, construction and public works 6.5%, personal and other services 5.8%,

  agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%, electricity and water 1.0% (1983)



*Israel, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  State of Israel

 conventional short form:

  Israel

 local long form:

  Medinat Yisra'el

 local short form:

  Yisra'el

Digraph:

  IS

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Jerusalem

 note:

  Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all

  other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv

Administrative divisions:

  6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem,

  Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

Independence:

  14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Constitution:

  no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled

  by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament

  (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

Legal system:

  mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal

  matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985,

  Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948,

  but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May)

Political parties and leaders:

 members of the government:

  Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN; MERETZ, Minister of Education

  Shulamit ALONI; SHAS, Minister of Interior Arieh DERI

 opposition parties:

  Likud Party, Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael EITAN; National Religious

  Party, Zevulun HAMMER; United Torah Jewry, Avraham SHAPIRA; Democratic Front

  for Peace and Equality (Hadash), Hashim MAHAMID; Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI;

  Arab Democratic Party, Abd al Wahab DARAWSHAH

 note:

  Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 3 parties that hold

  62 seats of the Knesset's 120 seats

Other political or pressure groups:

  Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West

  Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza

  Strip and Lebanon policies

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 24 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1999); results - Ezer

  WEIZMAN elected by Knesset



*Israel, Government



 Knesset:

  last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 32, Meretz 12,

  Tzomet 8, National Religious Party 6, Shas 6, United Torah Jewry 4,

  Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, Moledet 3, Arab Democratic Party

  2

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral parliament (Knesset)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN (since July 1992)

Member of:

  AG (observer), CCC, CERN (oberver), EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Itamar RABINOVICH

 chancery:

  3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 364-5500

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,

  Philadelphia, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:  chief of mission:

  Acting Ambassador William BROWN

 embassy:

  71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09830

 telephone:

  [972] (3) 654338

 FAX:

  [972] (3) 663449

 consulate general:

  Jerusalem

Flag:

  white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen

  David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands

  near the top and bottom edges of the flag



*Israel, Economy



Overview:

  Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It

  depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military

  equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively

  developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years.

  Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services

  most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural

  products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts

  balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments

  from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17

  billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major

  source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel

  has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as

  medical scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former

  USSR, which topped 400,000 during the period 1990-92, has increased

  unemployment, intensified housing problems, and widened the government

  budget deficit. At the same time, a considerable number of the immigrants

  bring to the economy valuable scientific and professional expertise.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6.4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $12,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  11% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $33.9 billion; expenditures $36.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $9.3 billion (FY93)

Exports:

  $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed

  foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics

 partners:

  US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland

Imports:

  $19.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and

  steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft

 partners:

  US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong

External debt:

  $25 billion of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 9.4% (1992 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,835,000 kW capacity; 21,840 million kWh produced, 4,600 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing,

  chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment,

  electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining,

  high-technology electronics, tourism



*Israel, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production,

  except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables,

  cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, poultry

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion

Currency:

  1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Exchange rates:

  new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.8000 (December 1992), 2.4591 (1992),

  2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year (since 1 January 1992)



*Israel, Communications



Railroads:

  600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated

Highways:

  4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced

Pipelines:

  crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km

Ports:

  Ashdod, Haifa

Merchant marine:

  35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 678,584 GRT/785,220 DWT; includes 8

  cargo, 24 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel

  also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at

  least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience

  fleet typically includes all of its oil tankers

Airports:

 total:

  53

 usable:

  46

 with permanent-surface runways:

  28

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  12

Telecommunications:

  most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good

  system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite

  earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT



*Israel, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Israel Defense Forces (including ground, naval, and air components)

 note:

  historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,240,757; females age 15-49 1,218,610; males fit for

  military service 1,018,212; females fit for military service 996,089; males

  reach military age (18) annually 46,131; females reach military age (18)

  annually 44,134 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $12.5 billion, 18% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Italy, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, a peninsula in the central Mediterranean Sea

Map references:

  Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  301,230 km2

 land area:

  294,020 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Arizona

 note:

  includes Sardinia and Sicily

Land boundaries:

  total 1,899.2 km, Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2

  km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km

Coastline:

  4,996 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  small vocal minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of

  southwestern Slovenia

Climate:

  predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Terrain:

  mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Natural resources:

  mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil

  reserves, fish, coal

Land use:

 arable land:

  32%

 permanent crops:

  10%

 meadows and pastures:

  17%

 forest and woodland:

  22%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  31,000 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes,

  volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice

Note:

  strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea

  and air approaches to Western Europe



*Italy, People



Population:

  58,018,540 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.2% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  10.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.43 years

 male:

  74.22 years

 female:

  80.85 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Italian(s)

 adjective:

  Italian

Ethnic divisions:

  Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians

  in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south),

  Sicilians, Sardinians

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 100%

Languages:

  Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly

  German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta

  region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  97%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:

  23.988 million

 by occupation:

  services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)



*Italy, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Italian Republic

 conventional short form:

  Italy

 local long form:

  Repubblica Italiana

 local short form:

  Italia

 former:

  Kingdom of Italy

Digraph:

  IT

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Rome

Administrative divisions:

  20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria,

  Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia,

  Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto

  Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto

Independence:

  17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed)

Constitution:

  1 January 1948

Legal system:

  based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals

  treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in

  Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Party (DC), Fermo Mino MARTINAZZOLI, general secretary;

  Rosa Russo JERVOLINO, president; Socialist Party (PSI), Giorgio BENVENUTO,

  party secretary; Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Enrico FERRI, party

  secretary; Liberal Party (PLI); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS - was

  Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO, secretary

  general; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI, national secretary;

  Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio BOGI, political secretary; Lega Nord

  (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president; Communist Renewal (RC), Sergio

  GARAVINI

Other political or pressure groups:

  the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL -

  formerly Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social

  Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association

  (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age, universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum

  age is 25)

Elections:

 Senate:

  last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC

  27.3%, PDS 17.0%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.2%, other 33.9%; seats -

  (326 total; 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) DC 107, PDS 64, PSI

  49, Leagues 25, other 70



*Italy, Government



 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC

  29.7%, PDS 16.1%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.7%, RC 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI

  4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%; seats - (630 total) DC 206, PDS 107,

  PSI 92, Northern Leagues 55, RC 35, MSI 34, PRI 27, PLI 17, PSDI 16, other

  41

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of

  the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of

  Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (29 April 1993)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional),

  CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10,

  GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer),

  LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU,

  WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI

 chancery:

  1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 328-5500

 consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San

  Francisco

 consulates:

  Detroit, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome

 mailing address:

  PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624

 telephone:

  [39] (6) 46741

 FAX:

  [39] (6) 488-2672

 consulates general:

  Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo (Sicily)

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to

  the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and

  orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors

  reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green



*Italy, Economy



Overview:

  Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture

  into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per

  capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a

  developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and an

  undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises.

  Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and public

  administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of

  energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual average

  rate of 3% in 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992. In the

  second half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifying

  to participate in EC plans for economic and monetary union later in the

  decade; thus it finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Thanks

  to the determination of Prime Minister AMATO, the government adopted a

  fairly stringent budget for 1993, abandoned its highly inflationary wage

  indexation system, and started to scale back its extremely generous social

  welfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetary

  officials, who were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetary

  system in September 1992 when it came under extreme pressure in currency

  markets, remain committed to bringing the currency back into the grid as

  soon as conditions warrant. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of

  refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major

  industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying

  the ongoing economic integration of the European Community.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.012 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  0.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $17,500 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.4% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  11% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $447 billion; expenditures $581 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $46 billion (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $168.8 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  textiles, wearing apparel, metals, production machinery, motor vehicles,

  transportation equipment, chemicals, other

 partners:

  EC 58.3%, US 6.8%, OPEC 5.1% (1992)

Imports:

  $169.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural

  products

 partners:

  EC 58.8%, OPEC 6.1%, US 5.5% (1992)

External debt:

  $42 billion (September 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -0.5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 35% of GDP

Electricity:

  58,000,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,060 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Italy, Economy



Industries:

  machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor

  vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 4% of GDP and about 10% of the work force;

  self-sufficient in foods other than meat, dairy products, and cereals;

  principal crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets,

  soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering

  the European market

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion

Currency:

  1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

Exchange rates:

  Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992),

  1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Italy, Communications



Railroads:

  20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge

  (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter

  standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge

  (380 km electrified)

Highways:

  298,000 km total; autostrada (expressway) 6,000 km, state highways 46,000

  km, provincial highways 103,000 km, communal highways 143,000 km; 270,000 km

  paved, 23,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 5,000 km earth

Inland waterways:

  2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited

  overall value

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km

Ports:

  Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily),

  Taranto, Trieste, Venice

Merchant marine:

  536 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,788,938 GRT/10,128,468 DWT;

  includes 15 passenger, 36 short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 4 refrigerated

  cargo, 21 container, 69 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 vehicle carrier, 1

  multifunction large-load carrier, 138 oil tanker, 34 chemical tanker, 45

  liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 9 combination ore/oil, 57 bulk, 2

  combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  137

 usable:   133

 with permanent-surface runways:

  92

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  36

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  39

Telecommunications:

  modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated

  telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and microwave radio

  relay trunks; broadcast stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 repeaters) FM, 83

  (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 submarine cables, 3

  satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Ocean

  antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT and

  EUTELSAT systems



*Italy, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 14,898,913; fit for military service 12,989,142; reach

  military age (18) annually 425,286 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $24.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)



*Jamaica, Geography



Location:

  in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 160 km south of Cuba

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  10,990 km2

 land area:

  10,830 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,022 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:   none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Natural resources:

  bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  19%

 permanent crops:

  6%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  28%

 other:

  29%

Irrigated land:

  350 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water

  pollution

Note:

  strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea

  lanes for Panama Canal



*Jamaica, People



Population:

  2,529,981 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.96% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  22.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.09 years

 male:

  71.92 years

 female:

  76.36 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Jamaican(s)

 adjective:   Jamaican

Ethnic divisions:

  African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3%,

  white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%

Religions:

  Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%,

  Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church

  2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, including some spiritual cults

  39.1% (1982)

Languages:

  English, Creole

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  1,062,100

 by occupation:

  services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, unemployed 17.5% (1989)



*Jamaica, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Jamaica

Digraph:

  JM

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Kingston

Administrative divisions:

  14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint

  Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint

  Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

Independence:

  6 August 1962 (from UK)

Constitution:

  6 August 1962

Legal system:

  based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day (first Monday in August)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's National Party (PNP) P. J. PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP),

  Edward SEAGA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 30 March 1993 (next to be held by February 1998); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Sir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,

  ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard BERNAL

 chancery:

  Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006

 telephone:

  (202) 452-0660



*Jamaica, Government



 consulates general:

  Miami and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN

 embassy:

  Kingston

 mailing address:

  3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston

 telephone:

  (809) 929-4850 through 4859

 FAX:

  (809) 926-6743

Flag:

  diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and

  bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)



*Jamaica, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a

  setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina

  industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic

  recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the

  bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The

  recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism

  sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on

  crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the

  economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was

  largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991,

  however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower world

  bauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%,

  supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollar

  in the second half of 1992.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  52% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15.4% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum

 partners:

  US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7%

Imports:

  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transport

  equipment, other machinery and equipment

 partners:

  US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5%

External debt:

  $4.4 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports;

  commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables;

  livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not

  self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products

Illicit drugs:

  illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from

  Central and South America to North America; government has an active

  cannabis eradication program



*Jamaica, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries,

  ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion

Currency:

  1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991),

  7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Jamaica, Communications



Railroads:

  294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track

Highways:

  18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 10 km

Ports:

  Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio

Merchant marine:

  4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  36

 usable:

  23

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3

  coaxial submarine cables



*Jamaica, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing),

  Jamaica Constabulary Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); no

  conscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92)



*Jan Mayen, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Norway)



*Jan Mayen, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km

  north-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea

Map references:

  Arctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  373 km2

 land area:

  373 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  124.1 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  10 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  4 nm

International disputes:

  Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan

  Mayen

Climate:

  arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Terrain:

  volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak,

  with an elevation of 2,277 meters

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed

  in 1970



*Jan Mayen, People



Population:

  no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN C

  base and the weather and coastal services radio station



*Jan Mayen, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Jan Mayen

Digraph:

  JN

Type:

  territory of Norway

Capital:

  none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann)

  resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)

Independence:

  none (territory of Norway)



*Jan Mayen, Economy



Overview:

  Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources.

  Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's

  radio and meteorological stations located on the island.

Electricity:

  15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992)



*Jan Mayen, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  radio and meteorological station



*Jan Mayen, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Norway



*Japan, Geography



Location:

  Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean

  peninsula

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  377,835 km2

 land area:

  374,744 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than California

 note:

  includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima,

  Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands

  (Kazan-retto)

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  29,751 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:   12 nm

  3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and

  Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait

International disputes:

  Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group

  occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by

  Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku

  Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

Climate:

  varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Terrain:

  mostly rugged and mountainous

Natural resources:

  negligible mineral resources, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  13%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  67%

 other:

  18%

Irrigated land:

  28,680 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences

  (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis

Note:

  strategic location in northeast Asia



*Japan, People



Population:

  124,711,551 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  79.18 years

 male:

  76.35 years

 female:

  82.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Japanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Japanese

Ethnic divisions:

  Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean)

Religions:

  Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12%

 note:

  most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add

  to more than 100%

Languages:

  Japanese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  63.33 million

 by occupation:

  trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%,

  agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988)



*Japan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Japan

Digraph:

  JA

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Tokyo

Administrative divisions:

  47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,

  Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,

  Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi,

  Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka,

  Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori,

  Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

Independence:

  660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)

Constitution:

  3 May 1947

Legal system:

  modled after European civil law system with English-American influence;

  judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)

Political parties and leaders:

  Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Seiroku

  KAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Sadao

  YAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman;

  Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito

  (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party

  (JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairman

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Councillors:

  last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12,

  JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results

  - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP

  46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15

Executive branch:

  Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors

  (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)



*Japan, Government



Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE

  (observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG,

  OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA,

  UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA

 chancery:

  2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6700

 consulates general:   Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas

  City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle,

  and Portland (Oregon)

 consulates:

  Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST

 embassy:

  10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96337-0001

 telephone:

  [81] (3) 3224-5000

 FAX:

  [81] (3) 3505-1862

 consulates general:

  Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo

 consulate:

  Fukuoka

Flag:

  white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the

  center



*Japan, Economy



Overview:

  Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively

  small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary

  rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important

  sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and

  fuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its

  requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the

  world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global

  catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the

  1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedly

  in 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended to

  wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At the

  same time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing export

  growth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to run

  a huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the year

  earlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The

  crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are two

  major long-run problems.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $19,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.1% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  2.2% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capital

  expenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93)

Exports:

  $339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer

  electronics 10%)

 partners:

  Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%,

  Middle East 3%

Imports:

  $232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23%

 partners:

  Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former

  Communist countries and China 8%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity:

  196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction

  and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and

  telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated

  production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding,

  chemicals, textiles, food processing



*Japan, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with

  crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets,

  vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;

  about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,

  soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1

  billion in 1990 (est.)

Currency:

  1 yen (Y) = 100 sen

Exchange rates:

  yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991),

  144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Japan, Communications



Railroads:

  27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km

  predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack

  sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km

  1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)

Highways:

  1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or

  unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539

  km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km

  other

Inland waterways:

  about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas

Pipelines:

  crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km

Ports:

  Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,

  Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,

  Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu

Merchant marine:

  950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT;

  includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo,

  43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle

  carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination

  ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load

  carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including

  up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag

Airports:

 total:

  162

 usable:

  159

 with permanent-surface runways:

  132

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  32

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  50

Telecommunications:

  excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater);

  satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia



*Japan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

  (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency

  (Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach

  military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.)



*Jarvis Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Jarvis Island, Geography



Location:

  in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the

  Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  4.5 km2

 land area:

  4.5 km2

 comparative area:

  about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  8 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:

  sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Natural resources:

  guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:   0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh

  water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,

  shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats



*Jarvis Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island

  occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it

  was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year

  by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only

  and generally restricted to scientists and educators



*Jarvis Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Jarvis Island

Digraph:

  DQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife

  Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

  Wildlife Refuge System

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Jarvis Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Jarvis Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the

  west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island

Note:

  there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast



*Jarvis Island, Defense Forces



  defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast

  Guard



*Jersey, Header



Affiliation:

  (British crown dependency)



*Jersey, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English Channel

Map references:

  Europe

Area:

 total area:

  117 km2

 land area:

  117 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  70 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Terrain:

  gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

Natural resources:

  agricultural land

Land use:

 arable land:

  57%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:   NA%

Environment:

  about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier

Note:

  largest and southernmost of Channel Islands



*Jersey, People



Population:

  85,450 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.7% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.4 years

 male:

  73.28 years

 female:

  79.86 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Channel Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Channel Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  UK and Norman-French descent

Religions:

  Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist,

  Presbyterian

Languages:

  English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in

  country districts

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Jersey, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Bailiwick of Jersey

 conventional short form:

  Jersey

Digraph:

  JE

Type:

  British crown dependency

Capital:

  Saint Helier

Administrative divisions:

  none (British crown dependency)

Independence:

  none (British crown dependency)

Constitution:

  unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:

  English law and local statute

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

  none; all independents

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 Assembly of the States:

  last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party

  since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents

Executive branch:

  British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly of the States

Judicial branch:

  Royal Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON

  (since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (British crown dependency)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (British crown dependency)

Flag:

  white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland)

  extending to the corners of the flag



*Jersey, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and

  tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are

  important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy

  cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk

  products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector

  overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the

  island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light

  industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry

  has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw

  material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of

  Jersey's food needs.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  8% (1987 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1988 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1985)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

 partners:

  UK

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral

  fuels, chemicals

 partners:

  UK

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by France

Industries:

  tourism, banking and finance, dairy

Agriculture:

  potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

  (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is at

  par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Jersey, Communications



Ports:

  Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine

  cables



*Jersey, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Johnston Atoll, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Johnston Atoll, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about

  one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  2.8 km2

 land area:

  2.8 km2

 comparative area:   about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  10 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little

  seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters

Natural resources:

  guano (deposits worked until about 1890)

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  some low-growing vegetation

Note:

  strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand

  Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are

  manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former

  nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal

  System (JACADS)



*Johnston Atoll, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personnel

  and contractors



*Johnston Atoll, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Johnston Atoll

Digraph:

  JQ

Type:

  unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear

  Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife

  Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

  Wildlife Refuge system

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of the US)

Flag:

  the flag of the US is used



*Johnston Atoll, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel

  and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must

  be imported.

Electricity:

  supplied by the management and operations contractor



*Johnston Atoll, Communications



Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m:

  1 with TACAN and beacon

 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal,

  digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station),

  commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio



*Johnston Atoll, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Jordan, Header



Affiliation:

  (also see separate West Bank entry)



*Jordan, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, between Israel and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  89,213 km2

 land area:

  88,884 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:

  total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375

  km, West Bank 97 km

Coastline:

  26 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that

  separates the two countries; water-sharing issues with Israel

Climate:

  mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Terrain:

  mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley

  separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River

Natural resources:

  phosphates, potash, shale oil

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  0.5%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  0.5%

 other:

  94%

Irrigated land:   570 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

  desertification



*Jordan, People



Population:

  3,823,636 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.57% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.61 years

 male:

  69.83 years

 female:

  73.51 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Jordanian(s)

 adjective:

  Jordanian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  80%

 male:

  89%

 female:

  70%

Labor force:

  572,000 (1988)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)



*Jordan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

 conventional short form:

  Jordan

 local long form:

  Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah

 local short form:

  Al Urdun

 former:

  Transjordan

Digraph:

  JO

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Amman

Administrative divisions:

  8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al

  Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'an

Independence:

  25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Constitution:

  8 January 1952

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts

  in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

Political parties and leaders:

  approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but

  the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein

  promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter

  that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the

  creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special

  National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to

  be passed by National Assembly

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist)

  22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc

  (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist

  bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house or

  House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House of

  Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has

  been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in

  November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held

Judicial branch:

  Court of Cassation



*Jordan, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)

Member of:

  ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

  (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

  WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEH

 chancery:

  3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 966-2664

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON

 embassy:

  Jebel Amman, Amman

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892

 telephone:

  [962] (6) 644-371

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red

  isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white

  seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven

  fundamental laws of the Koran



*Jordan, Economy



Overview:

  Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late

  1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In

  the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker

  remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year.

  Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been

  outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and

  borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling

  negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually

  reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The

  Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's

  already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF

  program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid

  from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have

  flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is

  unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,100 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  40% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures

 partners:

  India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China

Imports:

  $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured

  goods

 partners:

  EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey

External debt:

  $9 billion (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus

  fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large

  net importer of food



*Jordan, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44

  million

Currency:

  1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

  Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992),

  0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Jordan, Communications



Railroads:

  789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

  7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone

Pipelines:

  crude oil 209 km

Ports:

  Al 'Aqabah

Merchant marine:

  2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1

  cargo and 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  19

 usable:

  15

 with permanent-surface runways:

  14

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  13

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500

  telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations

  - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic

  TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and

  Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, a

  microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,

  Algeria, and Morocco



*Jordan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force,

  Public Security Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach military

  age (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Juan de Nova Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Juan de Nova Island, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of the

  way between Madagascar and Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  4.4 km2

 land area:

  4.4 km2

 comparative area:

  about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  24.1 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Madagascar

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  NA

Natural resources:

  guano deposits and other fertilizers

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  90%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:   0 km2

Environment:

  subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary



*Juan de Nova Island, People



Population:

  uninhibited



*Juan de Nova Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Juan de Nova Island

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ile Juan de Nova

Digraph:

  JU

Type:

  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in

  Reunion

Capital:

  none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Juan de Nova Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Juan de Nova Island, Communications



Railroads:

  short line going to a jetty

Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permament-surface runways:

  0  with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1



*Juan de Nova Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Kazakhstan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and

  the Aral Sea

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,717,300 km2

 land area:

  2,669,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,

  Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Coastline:

  0 km

 note:

  Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Maritime claims:

  landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with

  Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be

  determined

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  continental, arid and semiarid

Terrain:

  extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western

  Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia

Natural resources:

  petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,

  molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron

Land use:

 arable land:

  15%

 permanent crops:   0%

 meadows and pastures:

  57%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  24%

Irrigated land:

  23,080 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical

  pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution

Note:

  landlocked



*Kazakhstan, People



Population:

  17,156,370 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.65% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.83 years

 male:

  63.17 years

 female:

  72.73 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Kazakhstani(s)

 adjective:

  Kazakhstani

Ethnic divisions:

  Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%,

  Tatar 2%, other 7.1%

Religions:

  Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36%

Languages:

  Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic

  communication)

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:   100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  7.563 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45%

  (1990)



*Kazakhstan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Kazakhstan

 conventional short form:

  Kazakhstan

 local long form:

  Kazakhstan Respublikasy

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  KZ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Almaty (Alma-Ata)

Administrative divisions:

  19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular -

  qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,,   Mangghystau,

Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar,

  Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay,

  Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan,

Independence:

  16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted 18 January 1993

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 16 December

Political parties and leaders:

  Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;

  Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV,

  chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman;

  Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade

  union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by

  party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed

 Supreme Council:

  last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338

Executive branch:

  president, cabinet of ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik

  ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)



*Kazakhstan, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime

  Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman

  Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991)

Member of:

  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE

 chancery:

  3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 333-4504

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William H. COURTNEY

 embassy:

  Furumanova 99/97, Almaty

 mailing address:

  US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030

 telephone:

  (3272) 63-24-26

Flag:

  sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays

  soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a

  "national ornamentation" in yellow



*Kazakhstan, Economy



Overview:

  The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has

  vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent

  on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer

  and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution

  problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The

  government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed

  many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the

  ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the

  disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new

  economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and

  managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been

  enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example,

  oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across

  independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic

  Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million

  Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility

  of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the

  formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the

  creation of a productive, technologically advancing society.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  28% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

  underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76

  billion (1991)

Exports:

  $1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991)

 partners:

  Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Imports:

  $500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and parts, industrial materials

 partners:

  Russia and other former Soviet republics, China

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material product

Electricity:

  19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,

  copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and

  steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric

  motors, construction materials



*Kazakhstan, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the

  labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit

  drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  recipient of limited foreign aid (1992)

Currency:

  retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993)

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Kazakhstan, Communications



Railroads:

  14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km

  earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

  Syr Darya

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992)

Ports:

  inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea)

Airports:

 total:

  365

 useable:

  152

 with permanent-surface runways:

  49

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  8

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  38

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  71

Telecommunications:

  telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100

  persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has

  184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China

  carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and

  through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow

  international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita

  (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with

  Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width



*Kazakhstan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach

  military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of

  the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

  produce misleading results



*Kenya, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and

  Somalia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  582,650 km2

 land area:

  569,250 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

Land boundaries:

  total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769

  km, Uganda 933 km

Coastline:

  536 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international

  boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

Climate:

  varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Terrain:

  low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile

  plateau in west

Natural resources:

  gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets,

  wildlife

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%  permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  85%

Irrigated land:

  520 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and

  economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on

  Mt. Kenya

Note:

  the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural

  production regions in Africa



*Kenya, People



Population:

  27,372,266 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.18% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  54.07 years

 male:

  52.27 years

 female:

  55.92 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Kenyan(s)

 adjective:

  Kenyan

Ethnic divisions:

  Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%,

  Asian, European, and Arab 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs

  18%, Muslim 6%

Languages:

  English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  69%

 male:

  80%

 female:

  58%

Labor force:

  9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of

  the labor force)

 by occupation:

  services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989)



*Kenya, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Kenya

 conventional short form:

  Kenya

 former:

  British East Africa

Digraph:

  KE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Nairobi

Administrative divisions:

  8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift

  Valley, Western

Independence:

  12 December 1963 (from UK)

Constitution:

  12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979,

  1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992

Legal system:

  based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in

  High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;

  constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state

  repealed in 1991

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Political parties and leaders:

  ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI,

  president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy

  (FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of

  Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya

  Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance

  (KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK),

  Otieno OTOERA

Other political or pressure groups:

  labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was

  reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki

  (SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17%

 National Assembly:

  last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya

  31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12

  additional members

 note:

  first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, High Court



*Kenya, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President

  George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE

 chancery:

  2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 387-6101

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.

 embassy:

  corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO AE 09831

 telephone:

  [254] (2) 334141

 FAX:

  [254] (2) 340838

 consulate:

  Mombasa

Flag:   three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is

  edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is

  superimposed at the center



*Kenya, Economy



Overview:

  Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world

  - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP

  growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually

  averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a

  shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading

  economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and

  sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important

  population growth figure, and in 1992 output fell.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -1% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $320 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  30% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90)

Exports:

  $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990)

 partners:

  EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1990)

Imports:

  $2.05 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products

  15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989)

 partners:

  EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)

External debt:

  $7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP

Electricity:

  730,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap,

  cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism

Agriculture:

  most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash

  crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products - corn, wheat,

  sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs;

  food output not keeping pace with population growth, and crop production has

  been extended into marginal land

Illicit drugs:

  widespread wild, small-plot cultivation of marijuana and gat; most locally

  consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian heroin moving to West Africa

  and onward to Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on

  way to South Africa



*Kenya, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83

  million

Currency:

  1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 -36.227 (January 1993), 32.217 (1992),

  27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Kenya, Communications



Railroads:

  2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge

Highways:

  64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth

Inland waterways:

  part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 483 km

Ports:

  coastal - Mombasa, Lamu; inland - Kisumu

Merchant marine:

  1 oil tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,727 GRT/5,558 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  247

 usable:

  208

 with permanent-surface runways:

  18

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  43

Telecommunications:

  in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links;

  over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite

  earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT



*Kenya, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,912,744; fit for military service 3,654,738 (1993 est.);

  no conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $294 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY88/89 est.)



*Kingman Reef, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Kingman Reef, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about

  halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  1 km2

 land area:

  1 km2

 comparative area:

  about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  3 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds

Terrain:   low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time

Note:

  maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed

  to the public



*Kingman Reef, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Kingman Reef, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Kingman Reef

Digraph:

  KQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Kingman Reef, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Kingman Reef, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

  lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by

  Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938



*Kingman Reef, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Kiribati, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between

  Hawaii and Australia

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  717 km2

 land area:

  717 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix

  Islands

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,143 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Natural resources:

  phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  51%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%  forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  46%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33

  islands are inhabited

Note:

  Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock

  islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia

  and Nauru



*Kiribati, People



Population:

  76,320 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.03% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  32.03 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  54.16 years

 male:

  52.56 years

 female:

  55.78 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  I-Kiribati (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  I-Kiribati

Ethnic divisions:

  Micronesian

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day

  Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)

Languages:

  English (official), Gilbertese

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%  female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)



*Kiribati, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Kiribati

 conventional short form:

  Kiribati

 former:

  Gilbert Islands

Digraph:

  KR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Tarawa

Administrative divisions:

  3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands

 note:

  a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts,

  Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been

  changed to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named

  Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton,

  Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa,

  Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina

Independence:

  12 July 1979 (from UK)

Constitution:

  12 July 1979

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party,

  Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka

  TENTOA; Maneaba Party, Roniti TEIWAKI

 note:

  there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati;

  they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no

  party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - Teatao

  TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28%

 House of Assembly:

  last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party

  NA

Executive branch:

  president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA

  (since 8 July 1991)



*Kiribati, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,

  SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

US diplomatic representation:

  the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati

Flag:

  the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising

  sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to

  represent the ocean



*Kiribati, Economy



Overview:

  The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate

  deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish

  now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated

  widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish

  catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production

  was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real

  GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in

  copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output

  in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $525 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.8% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  copra 18%, fish 17%, seaweed 13%

 partners:

  EC 50%, Fiji 22%, US 18% (1990)

Imports:

  $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel

 partners:

  Australia 33%, Japan 24%, Fiji 19%, NZ 6%, US 6% (1990)

External debt:

  $2 million (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  fishing, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about

  95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro,

  breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $273 million

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Kiribati, Communications



Highways:

  640 km of motorable roads

Inland waterways:

  small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands

Ports:

  Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)

Airports:

 total:

  21

 useable:

  20

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m :

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0  with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Kiribati, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties;

  there are small police posts on all islands); no military force is

  maintained

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Korea, North, Geography



Location:

  Northeast Asia, between China and South Korea

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  120,540 km2

 land area:

  120,410 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Mississippi

Land boundaries:

  total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km

Coastline:

  2,495 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 military boundary line:

  50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the

  Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are

  banned

International disputes:

  short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with

  South Korea

Climate:

  temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Terrain:

  mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains

  wide in west, discontinuous in east

Natural resources:   coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold,

  pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  18%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  74%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  14,000 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely

  populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding

Note:

  strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia



*Korea, North, People



Population:

  22,645,811 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.51 years

 male:

  66.42 years

 female:

  72.75 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Korean(s)

 adjective:

  Korean

Ethnic divisions:

  racially homogeneous

Religions:

  Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo

 note:   autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored

  religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom

Languages:

  Korean

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  9.615 million

 by occupation:

  agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

 note:

  shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)



*Korea, North, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Democratic People's Republic of Korea

 conventional short form:

  North Korea

 local long form:

  Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk

 local short form:

  none

Abbreviation:

  DPRK

Digraph:

  KN

Type:

  Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship

Capital:

  P'yongyang

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,,   singular and plural);

Chagang-do (Chagang Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North

  Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto

  (North Hwanghae Province), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province),

  Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si*,   (Namp'o City),

P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo

  (South P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do,   (Yanggang Province)

Independence:

  9 September 1948

 note:

  15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and celebrated in

  North Korea as National Liberation Day

Constitution:

  adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April

  1992

Legal system:

  based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist

  legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

  major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary,

  and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social

  Democratic Party, KIM Yong-ho, vice-chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG

  Sin-hyok, chairman

Suffrage:

  17 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA 1994); results - President KIM

  Il-song was reelected without opposition

 Supreme People's Assembly:

  last held on 7-9 April 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of

  candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few

  seats

Executive branch:

  president, two vice presidents, premier, ten vice premiers, State

  Administration Council (cabinet)



*Korea, North, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)

Judicial branch:

  Central Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1948, president since 28

  December 1972); designated successor KIM Chong-il (son of president, born 16

  February 1942)

 Head of Government:

  Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992)

Member of:

  ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none

US diplomatic representation:

  none

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red

  band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk

  with a red five-pointed star



*Korea, North, Economy



Overview:

  More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is

  collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods.

  State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist

  country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the

  strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during

  the period 1984-88 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 3-5% annually

  during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in

  socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In 1992,

  output dropped sharply, by perhaps 10-15%, as the economy felt the

  cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The leadership

  insisted in maintaining its high level of military outlays from a shrinking

  economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in inventories and critical

  shortages in the energy sector have led to increasing interruptions in

  industrial production. Abundant mineral resources and hydropower have formed

  the basis of industrial development since WWII. Output of the extractive

  industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead,

  and precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, including

  military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use

  of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of

  fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food

  production. Five consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with

  distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea

  remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% to -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $18.5 billion; expenditures $18.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and fishery products,

  manufactures (including armaments)

 partners:

  China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico

Imports:

  $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, consumer goods

 partners:

  China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore

External debt:

  $8 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -15% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  7,300,000 kW capacity; 26,000 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Korea, North, Economy



Industries:

  machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining,

  metallurgy, textiles, food processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice,

  corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle,

  hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7

  million metric tons in 1987

Economic aid:

  Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s

Currency:

  1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon

Exchange rates:

  North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1

  (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Korea, North, Communications



Railroads:

  4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter

  narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned

  (1989)

Highways:

  about 30,000 km (1991); 92.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 7.5%

  paved

Inland waterways:

  2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only

Pipelines:

  crude oil 37 km

Ports:

  primary - Ch'ongjin, Hungnam (Hamhung), Najin, Namp'o, Wonsan; secondary -

  Haeju, Kimchaek, Kosong, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang

Merchant marine:

  80 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 675,666 GRT/1,057,815 DWT; includes 1

  passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 oil tanker,

  5 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container

Airports:

 total:

  55

 usable :

  55 (est.)

 with permanent-surface runways:

  about 30

 with runways over 3,659 m:   fewer than 5

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  30

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 300,000 TV sets (1989); 3,500,000

  radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Korea, North, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security

  Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,567,684; fit for military service 3,996,893; reach

  military age (18) annually 208,132 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note

  - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of

  GNP (1991 est.)



*Korea, South, Geography



Location:

  Northeast Asia, between North Korea and Japan

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  98,480 km2

 land area:

  98,190 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Indiana

Land boundaries:

  total 238 km, North Korea 238 km

Coastline:

  2,413 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea Strait

International disputes:

  Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan

Climate:

  temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Terrain:

  mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

Natural resources:

  coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  21%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  67%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  13,530 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest;

  air pollution in large cities



*Korea, South, People



Population:

  44,613,993 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.05% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.29 years

 male:

  67.1 years

 female:

  73.68 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Korean(s)

 adjective:

  Korean

Ethnic divisions:

  homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Religions:

  Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, pervasive folk religion

  (Shamanism), Chondogyo (religion of the heavenly way) 0.2%

Languages:

  Korean, English widely taught in high school

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  96%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  94%

Labor force:

  19 million

 by occupation:

  services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, agriculture, fishing,

  forestry 21% (1991)



*Korea, South, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Korea

 conventional short form:

  South Korea

 local long form:

  Taehan-min'guk

 local short form:

  none

Abbreviation:

  ROK

Digraph:

  KS

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Seoul

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,,   singular and plural);

Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo,

  Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,,   Kwangju-jikhalsi*,,

Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo,

  Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*, Independence:

  15 August 1948

Constitution:

  25 February 1988

Legal system:

  combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American

  law, and Chinese classical thought

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 August (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

 majority party:

  Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Young Sam, president

 opposition:

  Democratic Party (DP), LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; United People's

  Party (UPP), CHUNG Ju Yung, chairman; several smaller parties

 note:

  the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP),

  Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party

  (NDRP) on 9 February 1990

Other political or pressure groups:

  Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea;

  National Federation of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers'

  Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade

  Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries;

  Korean Traders Association

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1997); results -

  KIM Young Sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Dae Jung (DP) 33.8%, CHUNG Ju Yung (UPP)

  16.3%, other 8%



*Korea, South, Government



 National Assembly:

  last held on 24 March 1992; results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification

  National Party (UNP) 17.3% (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats -

  (299 total) DLP 149, DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as

  of May 1993 was DLP 167, DP 95, UPP 14, other 23

 note:

  the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of the current

  situation where party members are constantly switching from one party to

  another

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President KIM Young Sam (since 25 February 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister HWANG In Sung (since 25 February 1993); Deputy Prime Minister

  LEE Kyung Shick (since 25 February 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister HAN Wan

  Sang (since 25 February 1993)

Member of:

  AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO,

  G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador HAN Seung Soo

 chancery:

  2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-5600

 consulates general:   Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles,

  New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant), Charge d'Affaires Raymond BURGHARDT

 embassy:

  82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, AMEMB, Unit 15550

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96205-0001

 telephone:

  [82] (2) 732-2601 through 2618

 FAX:

  [82] (2) 738-8845

 consulate:

  Pusan

Flag:

  white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a

  different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each

  corner of the white field



*Korea, South, Economy



Overview:

  The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned

  development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial

  society. Real GNP increased more than 10% annually between 1986 and 1991.

  This growth ultimately led to an overheated situation characterized by a

  tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising

  current account deficit. As a result, in 1992, focusing attention on slowing

  the growth rate of inflation and reducing the deficit is leading to a

  slow-down in growth. The economy remains the envy of the great majority of

  the world's peoples.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $287 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  2.4% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $48.4 billion; expenditures $48.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

  $76.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear,

  machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish

 partners:

  US 24%, Japan 15% (1992)

Imports:

  $81.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport

  equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains

 partners:

  Japan 24%, US 22% (1992)

External debt:

  $42 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.0% (1992 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP

Electricity:

  24,000,000 kW capacity; 105,000 million kWh produced, 2,380 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel,

  electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding

Agriculture:

  accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and

  forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit;

  livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs;

  self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric

  tons, seventh-largest in world

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries

  (1970-89), $3.0 billion

Currency:

  1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical)



*Korea, South, Economy



Exchange rates:

  South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 791.99 (January 1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35

  (1991), 707.76 (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Korea, South, Communications



Railroads:

  3,091 km total (1991); 3,044 km 1.435 meter standard gauge, 47 km

  0.610-meter narrow gauge, 847 km double track; 525 km electrified,

  government owned

Highways:

  63,201 km total (1991); 1,551 expressways, 12,190 km national highway,

  49,460 km provincial and local roads

Inland waterways:

  1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 455 km

Ports:

  Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan

Merchant marine:

  431 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,689,227 GRT/11,016,014 DWT;

  includes 2 short-sea passenger, 138 cargo, 61 container, 11 refrigerated

  cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 45 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 13 liquefied

  gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 135 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 multifunction

  large-load carrier

Airports:

 total:

  103

 usable:

  93

 with permanent-surface runways:

  59

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  22

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  18

Telecommunications:

  excellent domestic and international services; 13,276,449 telephone

  subscribers; broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or

  greater); satellite earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian

  Ocean INTELSAT



*Korea, South, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 13,286,969; fit for military service 8,542,640; reach

  military age (18) annually 432,434 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $12.2 billion, 3.6% of GNP (1993 est.)



*Kuwait, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, at the head of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  17,820 km2

 land area:

  17,820 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km

Coastline:

  499 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:   not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  in April 1991 Iraq officially accepted UN Security Council Resolution 687,

  which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth

  in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and

  Warbah Islands, or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN

  Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security

  Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the

  decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a

  completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi

  officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; ownership of Qaruh

  and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia

Climate:

  dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Terrain:

  flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Natural resources:

  petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  8%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  92%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities

  provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification

Note:

  strategic location at head of Persian Gulf



*Kuwait, People



Population:

  1,698,077 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  8.67% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  30.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  2.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  58.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:  total population:

  74.62 years

 male:

  72.47 years

 female:

  76.87 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Kuwaiti(s)

 adjective:

  Kuwaiti

Ethnic divisions:

  Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

Religions:

  Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and

  other 15%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  73%

 male:

  77%

 female:

  67%

Labor force:

  566,000 (1986)

 by occupation:

  services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, manufacturing 8.6%, finance

  and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power and water 1.7%, mining and

  quarrying 1.4%

 note:

  70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986)



*Kuwait, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  State of Kuwait

 conventional short form:

  Kuwait

 local long form:

  Dawlat al Kuwayt

 local short form:

  Al Kuwayt

Digraph:

  KU

Type:

  nominal constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Kuwait

Administrative divisions:

  5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah,

  Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah

Independence:

  19 June 1961 (from UK)

Constitution:

  16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962)

Legal system:

  civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 25 February

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Other political or pressure groups:

  40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a

  fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government

  policies are active

Suffrage:

  adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at

  age 21

 note:

  out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only 5% actually vote

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a

  second election in the 14th and 16th constituencies scheduled for 15

  February 1993

Executive branch:

  amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al 'umma) dissolved 3 July 1986;

  elections for new Assembly held 5 October 1992

Judicial branch:

  High Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA'D al-'Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since 8

  February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah

  (since 17 October 1992)



*Kuwait, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Muhammad al-Sabah al-Salim al-SABAH

 chancery:   2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 966-0702

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.

 embassy:

  Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City

 mailing address:

  P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880

 telephone:

  [965] 242-4151 through 4159

 FAX:

  [956] 244-2855

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black

  trapezoid based on the hoist side



*Kuwait, Economy



Overview:

  Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proven crude oil reserves

  of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait is rebuilding

  its war-ravaged petroleum sector and the increase in crude oil production to

  nearly 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 1992 led to an enormous

  increase in GDP for the year. The government ran a cumulative fiscal deficit

  of approximately $70 billion over its last two fiscal years, reducing its

  foreign asset position and increasing its public debt to roughly $40

  billion. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and over 90% of export

  and government revenue.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $15.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  80% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $11,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NEGL% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88)

Exports:

  $750 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  oil

 partners:

  France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11%

Imports:

  $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing

 partners:   US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9%

External debt:

  $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.)

 note:

  external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay for

  restoration of war damage

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

  6,873,000 kW available out of 7,398,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war;

  12,264 million kWh produced, 8,890 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building

  materials, salt, construction

Agriculture:

  practically none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water

  must be distilled or imported

Economic aid:

  donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries

  (1979-89)

Currency:

  1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

  Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3044 (January 1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843

  (1991), 0.2915 (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988)



*Kuwait, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Kuwait, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel

Pipelines:

  crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km

Ports:

  Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi

Merchant marine:

  42 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,996,052 GRT/3,373,088 DWT; includes

  7 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 24 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 3 container

Airports:

 total:

  7

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:   0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm and

  reconstruction is still under way with some restored international and

  domestic capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite

  earth stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf War and not rebuilt yet;

  temporary mobile satellite ground stations provide international

  telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia;

  service to Iraq is nonoperational



*Kuwait, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 498,254; fit for military service 298,865; reach military

  age (18) annually 14,459 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 7.3% of GDP (FY92/93)



*Kyrgyzstan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, between China and Kazakhstan

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  198,500 km2

 land area:

  191,300 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:

  total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km,

  Uzbekistan 1,099 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley

  area

Climate:

  dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana

  Valley)

Terrain:   peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins

  encompass entire nation

Natural resources:

  small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil, nepheline, rare earth metals,

  mercury, bismuth, gold, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  10,320 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  NA

Note:

  landlocked



*Kyrgyzstan, People



Population:

  4,625,954 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.56% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  47.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.71 years

 male:

  63.47 years

 female:

  72.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.39 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Kirghiz(s)

 adjective:

  Kirghiz

Ethnic divisions:

  Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%,

  other 8.3%

Religions:

  Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA%

Languages:

  Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  1.748 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 33%, industry and construction 28%, other 39%

  (1990)



*Kyrgyzstan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Kyrgyzstan

 conventional short form:

  Kyrgyzstan

 local long form:

  Kyrgyzstan Respublikasy

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  KG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Bishkek (Frunze)

Administrative divisions:

  6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Jalal-Abad, Ysyk-Kul', Naryn,

  Osh, Talas

Independence:

  31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted 5 May 1993

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  National Day, 2 December

Political parties and leaders:

  Kyrgyz Democratic Movement, Kazat AKMAKOV, chairman; Civic Accord, Coalition

  representing nonnative minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner)

  Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, chairman; Communist Party was banned but has

  registered as political party 18 September 1992

Other political or pressure groups:   National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of

Free Trade

  Unions; Union of Entrepreneurs

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Askar AKAYEV

  won in uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting;

  note - president elected by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular

  vote 12 October 1991

 Zhogorku Keneshom:

  last held 25 February 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held no later

  than NA November 1994 for the Zhgorku Keneshom); results - Commnunists 90%;

  seats - (350 total) Communists 310

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet of Ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Zhogorku Keneshom

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); Vice President Feliks KULOV

  (since 12 October 1992)



*Kyrgyzstan, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992); Deputy Prime

  Minister Abdygani ERKEBAYEV; Supreme Soviet Chairman Medetkan SHERIMKULOV

  (since NA)

Member of:

  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roza OTUNBAYEVA

 chancery:

  1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC

 telephone:

  (202) 347-5029

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edward HURWITZ

 embassy:

  (temporary) Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09721

 telephone:

  7-3312 22-26-93, 22-35-51, 22-29-20

 FAX:

  7-3312 22-35-51

Flag:

  red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40

  Krygyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the

  reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two

  sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the

  traditional Kyrgyz yurt



*Kyrgyzstan, Economy



Overview:

  Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet

  Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as

  goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry,

  concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors,

  livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and

  bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being coal,

  rare earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of many types of

  food and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. In 1992, the Kirghiz

  leadership made progress on reform, primarily by privatizing business,

  granting life-long tenure to farmers, and freeing most prices. Nonetheless,

  in 1992 overall industrial and livestock output declined because of acute

  fuel shortages and a widespread lack of spare parts.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -25% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  29% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.1% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

  underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery,

  tobacco

 partners:

  Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles,

  footwear

 partners:

  other CIS republics

External debt:

  $650 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA% (1992)

Electricity:

  4,100,000 kW capacity; 11,800 million kWh produced, 2,551 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn

  logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth metals

Agriculture:

  wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle), vegetables, meat,

  grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit

  drugs to Western Europel

Economic aid:

  $300 million official and commitments by foreign donors (1992)



*Kyrgyzstan, Economy



Currency:

  introduced national currency, the som (10 May 1993)

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Kyrgyzstan, Communications



Railroads:

  370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990)

Pipelines:

  natural gas 200 km

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 total:

  52

 useable:

  27

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  13

Telecommunications:

  poorly developed; 56 telephones per 1000 persons (December 1990);

  connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave and with other

  countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch;

  satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new

  intelsat earth station provide TV receive-only capability for Turkish

  broadcasts



*Kyrgyzstan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops), Civil Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,093,694; fit for military service 890,961 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Laos, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, between Vietnam and Thailand

Map references:

  Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  236,800 km2

 land area:

  230,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Utah

Land boundaries:

  total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754

  km, Vietnam 2,130 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  boundary dispute with Thailand

Climate:

  tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to

  April)

Terrain:

  mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

Natural resources:

  timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  58%

 other:

  35%

Irrigated land:

  1,200 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods

Note:

  landlocked



*Laos, People



Population:

  4,569,327 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  15.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  104.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  51.18 years

 male:

  49.67 years

 female:

  52.77 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Lao(s) or Laotian(s)

 adjective:

  Lao or Laotian

Ethnic divisions:

  Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other

  15%

Religions:

  Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15%

Languages:

  Lao (official), French, English

Literacy:

  age 15-45 can read and write (1985)

 total population:

  84%

 male:

  92%

 female:

  76%

Labor force:

  1-1.5 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 85-90% (est.)



*Laos, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Lao People's Democratic Republic

 conventional short form:

  Laos

 local long form:

  Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao

 local short form:

  none

Digraph:

  LA

Type:

  Communist state

Capital:

  Vientiane

Administrative divisions:

  16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng,   nakhon, singular and

plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak,

  Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali,

  Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri,,   Xiangkhoang

Independence:

  19 July 1949 (from France)

Constitution:

  promulgated August 1991

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic

  Republic)

Political parties and leaders:

  Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president;

  includes Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC); other parties moribund

Other political or pressure groups:

  non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders fled the country in

  1975

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Third National Assembly:

  last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme People's Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President NOUHAK Phoumsavan (since 25 November 1992)

 Head of Government:   Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 15 August 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO



*Laos, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador HIEM Phommachanh

 chancery:

  2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-6416 or 6417

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles B. SALMON, Jr.

 embassy:

  Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane

 mailing address:

  B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP 96546

 telephone:

  (856) 2220, 2357, 2384

 FAX:

  (856) 4675

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a

  large white disk centered in the blue band



*Laos, Economy



Overview:

  One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally

  planned economy with government ownership and control of productive

  enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been

  decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a

  landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no

  railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal

  telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area.

  Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of

  GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is

  rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its

  survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid

  from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  4% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $200 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   10% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  21% (1989 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital

  expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

  $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  electricity, wood products, coffee, tin

 partners:

  Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China

Imports:

  $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures

 partners:

  Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China

External debt:

  $1.1 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.)

Electricity:

  226,000 kW capacity; 990 million kWh produced, 220 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing,

  construction

Agriculture:

  accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence

  farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years;

  principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables,

  corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle,

  poultry

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade,

  third-largest opium producer



*Laos, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million

Currency:

  1 new kip (NK) = 100 at

Exchange rates:

  new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September

  1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Laos, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km

  gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and

  often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September

Inland waterways:

  about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional

  kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 136 km

Ports:

  none

Airports:

 total:

  54

 usable:

  41

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  15

Telecommunications:

  service to general public practically non-existant; radio communications

  network provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390

  telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite

  earth station



*Laos, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements),

  Air Force, National Police Department

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 980,274; fit for military service 528,450; reach military

  age (18) annually 43,849 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Latvia, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, bordering on the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:   64,100 km2

 land area:

  64,100 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,078 km, Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217

  km

Coastline:

  531 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

  to Russia in 1944

Climate:

  maritime; wet, moderate winters

Terrain:

  low plain

Natural resources:

  minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite

Land use:

 arable land:

  27%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  13%

 forest and woodland:

  39%

 other:

  21%

Irrigated land:

  160 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste

  conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted;

  contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum products

  at military bases



*Latvia, People



Population:

  2,735,573 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.5% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:   3.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  22 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.23 years

 male:

  64.15 years

 female:

  74.55 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Latvian(s)

 adjective:

  Latvian

Ethnic divisions:

  Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Belarusian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish 2.3%,

  other 4.2%

Religions:

  Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox

Languages:

  Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  1.407 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, other 43%

  (1990)



*Latvia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Latvia

 conventional short form:

  Latvia

 local long form:

  Latvijas Republika

 local short form:

  Latvija

 former:

  Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  LG

Type:   republic

Capital:

  Riga

Administrative divisions:

  none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction)

Independence:

  6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted NA May 1922, considering rewriting constitution

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 18 November (1918)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the

  Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman (Inter-Front was banned

  after the coup); Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards

  BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, chairman;

  Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; Latvian

  People's Front, Uldis AUGST-KALNS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, Georg

  LANSMANIS, chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held October 1988 (next to be held NA); note - Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS

  elected by Supreme Soviet; elected to restyled post of Chairman of the

  Supreme Council on 3 May 1990; new elections have not been scheduled

 Supreme Council:

  last held 18 March 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held 5-6 June

  1993 for the Saeima); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (234

  total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party 31,

  Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian

  Farmers Union 7, Latvian Popular Front 126; note - the Supreme Council is an

  interim 201-seats legislative body; a new parliament or Saiema to be elected

  in June 1993

 Congress of Latvia:

  last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA; note - the

  Congress of Latvia is a quasi-governmental structure

Executive branch:

  Chairman of Supreme Council (president), prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Council



*Latvia, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Chairman Supreme Council Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS (since NA October 1988)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since NA May 1990)

Member of:

  CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU,

  NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ojars KALNINS

 chancery:

  4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

 telephone:

  (202) 726-8213 and 8214

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ints M, SILINS;

 embassy:

  Raina Boulevard 7, Riga 226050

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  0-11 [358] (49) 311-348 (cellular)

 FAX:

  [358] (49) 314-665 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502

 note:

  dialing to the Baltics still requires use of an international operator,

  unless you use the cellular phone lines

Flag:

  two horizontal bands of maroon (top and bottom), white (middle, narrower

  than other two bands)



*Latvia, Economy



Overview:

  Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy

  inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been

  freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural

  resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable

  economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined

  than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly

  diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer

  electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its

  electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial

  ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward

  joint ventures with technological support from, and trade ties to the West.

  Because of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a

  diet that is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in

  grain and potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the former

  USSR. Good relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic

  Russians (34% of the population) and native Latvians. The cumulative

  difficulties in replacing old sources of supply and old markets, together

  with the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium of exchange, help

  account for the sharp 30% drop in GDP in 1992.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -30% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  3.6% (March 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $650 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -35% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  2,140,000 kW capacity; 5,800 million kWh produced, 2,125 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  employs 33% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for

  energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans,

  street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery,

  fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals,

  processed foods, textiles



*Latvia, Economy



Agriculture:

  employs 16% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding;

  products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables;

  fishing and fish packing

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to

  Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic

  consumption; also produces illicit amphetamines for export

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 lat = 100 NA; introduced NA March 1993

Exchange rates:

  lats per US$1 - 1.32 (March 1993)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Latvia, Communications



Railroads:

  2,400 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  59,500 km total; 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

  300 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 750 km, refined products 780 km, natural gas 560 km (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils

Merchant marine:

  96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 905,006 GRT/1,178,844 DWT; includes 14

  cargo, 27 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 44 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  50

 useable:

  15

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  7

Telecommunications:

  NMT-450 analog cellular network is operational covering Riga, Ventspils,

  Daugavpils, Rezekne, and Valmiera; broadcast stations - NA; international

  traffic carried by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway

  switch and through new independent international automatic telephone

  exchange in Riga and the Finnish cellular net



*Latvia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops), Border Guard, Home Guard (Zemessardze)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 648,273; fit for military service 511,297; reach military

  age (18) annually 18,767 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  176 million rubles, 3-5% of GDP; note - conversion of the military budget

  into US$ using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results



*Lebanon, Header



Note:

  Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions and

  regaining its national sovereignty since the end of the devastating 16-year

  civil war in October 1990. Under the Ta'if accord - the blueprint for

  national reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable

  political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in the

  political process. Since December 1990, the Lebanese have formed three

  cabinets and conducted the first legislative election in 20 years. Most of

  the militias have been weakened or disbanded. The Lebanese Armed Forces

  (LAF) has seized vast quantities of weapons used by the militias during the

  war and extended central government authority over about one-half of the

  country. Hizballah, the radical Sh'ia party, is the only significant group

  that retains most of its weapons. Foreign forces still occupy areas of

  Lebanon. Israel continues to support a proxy militia, The Army of South

  Lebanon (ASL), along a narrow stretch of territory contiguous to its border.

  The ASL's enclave encompasses this self-declared security zone and about 20

  kilometers north to the strategic town of Jazzine. As of December 1992,

  Syria maintained about 30,000 troops in Lebanon. These troops are based

  mainly in Beirut, North Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's deployment

  was legitimized by the Arab League early in Lebanon's civil war and in the

  Ta'if accord. Citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests,

  and failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the

  constitutional reforms in the Ta'if accord, Damascus has so far refused to

  withdraw its troops from Beirut.



*Lebanon, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  10,400 km2

 land area:

  10,230 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  total 454 km, Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

Coastline:

  225 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern

  Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern

  Lebanon since October 1976

Climate:

  Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon

  mountians experience heavy winter snows

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and

  Anti-Lebanon Mountains

Natural resources:   limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region

Land use:

 arable land:

  21%

 permanent crops:

  9%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  8%

 other:

  61%

Irrigated land:

  860 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous

  factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil

  erosion; air and water pollution; desertification

Note:

  Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international

  boundary



*Lebanon, People



Population:

  3,552,369 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.81% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  27.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  41 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.01 years

 male:

  66.63 years

 female:

  71.52 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Lebanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Lebanese

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Religions:

  Islam 70% (5 legally recognized Islamic groups - Alawite or Nusayri, Druze,

  Isma'ilite, Shi'a, Sunni), Christian 30% (11 legally recognized Christian

  groups - 4 Orthodox Christian, 6 Catholic, 1 Protestant), Judaism NEGL%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), French (official), Armenian, English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  80%

 male:

  88%

 female:

  73%

Labor force:

  650,000

 by occupation:

  industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government 10% (1985)



*Lebanon, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Lebanon

 conventional short form:

  Lebanon

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah

 local short form:

  none

Digraph:

  LE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Beirut

Administrative divisions:

  5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, 'Al Janub, Ash

  Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan

Independence:

  22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French

  administration)

Constitution:

  26 May 1926 (amended)

Legal system:

  mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no

  judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 22 November (1943)

Political parties and leaders:

  political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines;

  numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political

  figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic

  considerations

Suffrage:   21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21

  with elementary education

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  Lebanon's first legislative election in 20 years was held in the summer of

  1992; the National Assembly is composed of 128 deputies, one-half Christian

  and one-half Muslim; its mandate expires in 1996

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a

  Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of

  the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee

  Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and

  one court for criminal cases)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 22 October 1992)



*Lebanon, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,

  ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Simon KARAM

 chancery:

  2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6300

 consulates general:

  Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER

 mailing embassy:

  Antelias, Beirut

 address:

  P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836

 telephone:

  [961] 417774 or 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a

  green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band



*Lebanon, Economy



Overview:

  Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic

  infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's

  position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October

  1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin

  restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port

  and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by

  a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale

  manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and

  farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main

  sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991,

  industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial

  gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country was delayed in 1992

  because of an upturn in political wrangling. Hope for restoring economic

  momentum in 1993 rests with the new, business-oriented Prime Minister

  HARIRI.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $1,400 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  100% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  35% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $490 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals

  and jewelry, metals and metal products

 partners:

  Saudi Arabia 21%, Switzerland 9.5%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 12%, US 5%

Imports:

  $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  Consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products

 partners:

  Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3%

External debt:

  $400 million (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,413 million kWh produced, 990 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals,

  jewelry, some metal fabricating

Agriculture:

  accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits,

  vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, goats; not

  self-sufficient in grain



*Lebanon, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium, hashish, and heroin for the international drug

  trade; opium poppy production in Al Biqa almost completely eradicated this

  year; hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, the

  Middle East, and South America

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9

  million

Currency:

  1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters

Exchange rates:

  Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 1,742.00 (April 1993), 1,712.80 (1992),

  928.23 (1991), 695.09 (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Lebanon, Communications



Railroads:

  system in disrepair, considered inoperable

Highways:

  7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km

  improved earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 72 km (none in operation)

Ports:

  Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil'ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre, Jubayl,

  Shikka Jadidah

Merchant marine:

  63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,505 GRT/403,328 DWT; includes 39

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 1

  container, 9 livestock carrier, 2 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 4

  bulk, 1 combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  9

 usable:

  8

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding still

  underway; 325,000 telephones (95 telephones per 1,000 persons); domestic

  traffic carried primarily by microwave radio relay and a small amount of

  cable; international traffic by satellite - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station (erratic operations),

  coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond

  Syria to Jordan, 3 submarine coaxial cables; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3

  FM, 13 TV (numerous AM and FM stations are operated sporadically by various

  factions)



*Lebanon, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 798,299; fit for military service 495,763 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget)



*Lesotho, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  30,350 km2

 land area:

  30,350 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 909 km, South Africa 909 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:

  mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains

Natural resources:

  some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  0%  meadows and pastures:

  66%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  24%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in

  overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification

Note:

  landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will

  control, store, and redirect water to South Africa



*Lesotho, People



Population:

  1,896,484 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.52% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  34.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  71.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  61.73 years

 male:

  59.91 years

 female:

  63.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

 adjective:

  Basotho

Ethnic divisions:

  Sotho 99.7%, Europeans 1,600, Asians 800

Religions:

  Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs

Languages:

  Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1966)

 total population:

  59%

 male:   44%

 female:

  68%

Labor force:

  689,000 economically active

 by occupation:

  86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60%

  of active male labor force works in South Africa



*Lesotho, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Lesotho

 conventional short form:

  Lesotho

 former:

  Basutoland

Digraph:

  LT

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Maseru

Administrative divisions:

  10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek,

  Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Independence:

  4 October 1966 (from UK)

Constitution:

  4 October 1966, suspended January 1970

Legal system:

  based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

Political parties and leaders:

  Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress

  Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI;

  Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Vincent MALEBO; United Democratic Party,

  Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), JCOB M. KENA

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged

  elections will take place in March 1993

Executive branch:

  monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in

  January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990

  to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it

  has no legislative authority

Judicial branch:

  High Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father,

  exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA)

 Head of Government:

  Chairman of the Military Council Gen. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April

  1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO



*Lesotho, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Designate Teboho KITLEI

 chancery:

  2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 797-5534

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr.

 embassy:

  address NA, Maseru

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho

 telephone:

  [266] 312-666

 FAX:

  (266) 310-116

Flag:

  divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white

  bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club;

  the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner



*Lesotho, Economy



Overview:

  Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural

  resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light

  manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($439

  million in 1991). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods

  from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on

  farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries;

  other industries include textile, clothing, and construction (in particular,

  a major water improvement project which will permit the sale of water to

  South Africa). Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989.

  Political and economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for

  Lesotho's economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances -

  recently the equivalent of nearly three-fourths of domestic output.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $620 million (1991 est.)

 note:

  GNP of $1.0 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.3% (1991 est.); GNP 2.2% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $340 (1991 est.); GNP $570 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  17.9% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $388 million; expenditures $399 million, including capital

  expenditures of $132 million (FY93)

Exports:

  $57 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets

 partners:

  South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989)

Imports:

  $805 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines,

  petroleum

 partners:

  South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989)

External debt:

  $358 million (for public sector) (December 1990/91 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

  power supplied by South Africa

Industries:

  food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 19% of GDP (1990 est.) and employs 60-70% of all households;

  exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal

  crops corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; US, $10.3 million

  (1992), $10.1 million (1993 est.); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF

  bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89),

  $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 million



*Lesotho, Economy



Currency:

  1 loti (L) = 100 lisente

Exchange rates:

  maloti (M) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991),

  2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Basotho loti is at

  par with the South African rand

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Lesotho, Communications



Railroads:

  2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa

Highways:

  7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized

  soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth

Airports:

 total:

  28

 usable:

  28

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system,

  and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Lesotho, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho

  Mounted Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 422,802; fit for military service 228,102 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Liberia, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and

  Sierra Leone

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  111,370 km2

 land area:

  96,320 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

  total 1,585 km, Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km

Coastline:

  579 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;

  wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Terrain:

  mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low

  mountains in northeast

Natural resources:

  iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  39%

 other:

  55%

Irrigated land:

  20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation



*Liberia, People



Population:

  2,874,881 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.37% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:   115.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  57.28 years

 male:

  54.88 years

 female:

  59.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Liberian(s)

 adjective:

  Liberian

Ethnic divisions:

  indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo,

  Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians

  5% (descendants of repatriated slaves)

Religions:

  traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10%

Languages:

  English 20% (official), Niger-Congo language group about 20 local languages

  come from this group

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  40%

 male:

  50%

 female:

  29%

Labor force:

  510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy

 by occupation:

  agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%

 note:

  non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and

  engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age



*Liberia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Liberia

 conventional short form:

  Liberia

Digraph:

  LI

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Monrovia

Administrative divisions:   13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand

Kru,

  Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe

Independence:

  26 July 1847

Constitution:

  6 January 1986

Legal system:

  dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the

  modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for

  indigenous sector

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 26 July (1847)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman;

  Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP),

  Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus

  MATTHEWS, chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel

  Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note -

  President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990

 Senate:

  last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower

  house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  People's Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990)

 note:

  this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West

  African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under

  a West African-brokered peace plan; a rebel faction led by Charles TAYLOR is

  challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy; former president, Gen. Dr.

  Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON



*Liberia, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:  chief of mission:

  Ambassador James TARPEH

 chancery:

  5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

 telephone:

  (202) 723-0437 through 0440

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William H. TWADDELL

 embassy:

  111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813

 telephone:

  [231] 222991 through 222994

 FAX:

  (231) 223710

Flag:

  11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;

  there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side

  corner; the design was based on the US flag



*Liberia, Economy



Overview:

  Civil war since 1990 has destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the

  infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Businessmen have fled the country,

  taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. Richly endowed

  with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to

  agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products,

  while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope.

  Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction and

  repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who have fled to neighboring

  countries. The political impasse between the interim government and rebel

  leader Charles Taylor has prevented restoration of normal economic life,

  including the re-establishment of a strong central government with effective

  economic development programs.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $988 million (1988)

National product real growth rate:

  1.5% (1988)

National product per capita:

  $400 (1988)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  12% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

  43% urban (1988)

Budget:

  revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $29.5 million (1989)

Exports:

  $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)

 commodities:

  iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee

 partners:

  US, EC, Netherlands

Imports:

  $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.)

 commodities:

  rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other

  foodstuffs

 partners:

  US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS

External debt:

  $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP

Electricity:

  410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm

  oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds)

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal

  products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil,

  sugarcane, bananas, sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports 25%

  of rice consumption

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77

  million



*Liberia, Economy



Currency:

  1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial

  parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Liberia, Communications



Railroads:

  480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow

  gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign

  steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government

Highways:

  10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km

  dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads

  open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies

Ports:   Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas)

Merchant marine:

  1,618 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,769,476 DWT/ 101,391,576 DWT;

  includes 20 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 132 cargo, 56 refrigerated

  cargo, 21 roll-on/roll-off, 58 vehicle carrier, 97 container, 3 barge

  carrier, 499 oil tanker, 108 chemical, 68 combination ore/oil, 62 liquefied

  gas, 6 specialized tanker, 456 bulk, 31 combination bulk; note - a flag of

  convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags

  are US 16%, Japan 14%, Norway 11%, and Hong Kong 9%

Airports:

 total:

  59

 usable:

  41

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is

  Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

  earth station; most telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency

  movement



*Liberia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  the ultimate structure of the Liberian military force will depend on who is

  the victor in the ongoing civil war

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 684,681; fit for military service 365,518 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Libya, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between

  Egypt and Tunisia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,759,540 km2

 land area:

  1,759,540 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:

  total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km,

  Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

Coastline:

  1,770 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

 Gulf of Sidra closing line:

  32 degrees 30 minutes north

International disputes:

  claims and occupies the Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary

  dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims part of northern Niger and part of

  southeastern Algeria

Climate:

  Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Terrain:

  mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  8%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  90%

Irrigated land:

  2,420 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in

  spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources

Note:

  the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the

  world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to

  coastal cities



*Libya, People



Population:

  4,872,598 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.73% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:   65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  63.47 years

 male:

  61.35 years

 female:

  65.7 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Libyan(s)

 adjective:

  Libyan

Ethnic divisions:

  Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis,

  Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 97%

Languages:

  Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  64%

 male:

  75%

 female:

  50%

Labor force:

  1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners

 by occupation:

  industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%



*Libya, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

 conventional short form:

  Libya

 local long form:

  Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishirakiyah

 local short form:

  none

Digraph:

  LY

Type:

  Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace

  through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship

Capital:

  Tripoli

Administrative divisions:   25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al

'Aziziyah,

  Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al

  Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,

  Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq,

  Yafran, Zlitan

Independence:

  24 December 1951 (from Italy)

Constitution:

  11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977

Legal system:

  based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious

  courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;

  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Other political or pressure groups:

  various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection

  (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning

  clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

  national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees

Executive branch:

  revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier),

  General People's Committee (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General People's Congress

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September

  1969)

 Head of Government:

  Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd 'umar DURDA

  (since 7 October 1990)



*Libya, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none

US diplomatic representation:

  none

Flag:

  plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)



*Libya, Economy



Overview:

  The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil

  sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about

  one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at

  $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response

  to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient

  resource allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs,

  although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the

  Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have eased shortages. Austerity

  budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's

  ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development

  projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990

  improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current account

  surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing and

  construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from

  processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron,

  steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it

  employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils

  severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food

  requirements.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $26.1 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.2% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $5,800 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $9.71 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas

 partners:

  Italy, former USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey

Imports:

  $8.66 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods

 partners:

  Italy, former USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, Korea

External debt:

  $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 10.5%; accounts for 7.6% of GDP (not including oil) (1990)

Electricity:

  4,935,000 kW capacity; 14,385 million kWh produced, 2,952 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

Agriculture:

  5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits,

  peanuts; 75% of food is imported



*Libya, Economy



Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),

  $242 million; no longer a recipient

Currency:

  1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams

Exchange rates:

  Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2998 (January 1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684

  (1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Libya, Communications



Railroads:

  Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems

  having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a standard gauge

  (1.435 m) line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then

  inland to Sabha, center of a mineral rich area, but there has been no

  progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line

  from As Sallum, Egypt to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994, progress

  unknown

Highways:

  19,300 km total; 10,800 km bituminous/bituminous treated, 8,500 km crushed

  stone or earth

Inland waterways:

  none

Pipelines:

  crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km

  (includes liquified petroleum gas 256 km)

Ports:

  Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Ra's al

  Unif

Merchant marine:

  32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 694,883 GRT/1,215,494 DWT; includes 4

  short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 oil tanker, 1 chemical

  tanker, 2 liquefied gas

Airports:

 total:

  138

 usable:

  124

 with permanent-surface runways:

  56

 with runways over 3,659 m:   9

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  27

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  47

Telecommunications:

  modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable,

  tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine

  cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric

  scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations



*Libya, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (including Army, Navy, Air and

  Air Defense Command)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,058,134; fit for military service 628,285; reach military

  age (17) annually 50,997 (1993 est.); conscription now being implemented

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, 15% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Liechtenstein, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  160 km2

 land area:

  160 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 78 km, Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family

  in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before

  February 1948, when the Communists seized power

Climate:

  continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to

  moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Terrain:

  mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third

Natural resources:

  hydroelectric potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  25%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  38%

 forest and woodland:

  19%

 other:

  18%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation

Note:

  landlocked



*Liechtenstein, People



Population:

  29,894 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.62 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  6.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.29 years

 male:

  73.65 years

 female:

  80.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Liechtensteiner(s)

 adjective:

  Liechtenstein

Ethnic divisions:

  Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)

Languages:

  German (official), Alemannic dialect

Literacy:

  age 10 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and

  Switzerland to work each day

 by occupation:

  industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture, fishing,

  forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990)



*Liechtenstein, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Principality of Liechtenstein

 conventional short form:

  Liechtenstein

 local long form:

  Furstentum Liechtenstein

 local short form:

  Liechtenstein

Digraph:

  LS

Type:

  hereditary constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Vaduz

Administrative divisions:

  11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin,

  Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz

Independence:

  23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established)

Constitution:

  5 October 1921

Legal system:

  local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Assumption Day, 15 August

Political parties and leaders:

  Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP),

  Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FL)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Diet:

  last held on 7 February 1993 (next to be held by March 1997); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) FBP 12, VU 11, FL 2

Executive branch:   reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of

  government

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Diet (Landtag)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases, Superior Court

  (Obergericht) for civil cases

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26

  August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11

  June 1968)

 Head of Government:

  Markus BUECHEL (since 7 February 1993); Deputy Head of Government Dr.

  Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)

Member of:

  CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN,

  UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the

  Swiss Embassy



*Liechtenstein, Government



US diplomatic representation:

  the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US

  Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the

  hoist side of the blue band



*Liechtenstein, Economy



Overview:

  The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and

  tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector

  45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of

  postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low

  business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules

  have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to

  establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated

  solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied

  closely to Switzerland's economy in a customs union, and incomes and living

  standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $22,300 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  1.5% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990)

Exports:

  $1.6 billion

 commodities:

  small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery

 partners:

  EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4%

  (1990)

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,230 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food

  products, precision instruments, tourism

Agriculture:

  livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Exchange rates:

  Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993),

  1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Liechtenstein, Communications



Railroads:

  18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and

  included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways

Highways:

  130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads

Airports:

  none

Telecommunications:

  limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;

  linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international

  telephone, radio, and TV services



*Liechtenstein, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is responsibility of Switzerland



*Lithuania, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia

Map references:

  Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  65,200 km2

 land area:

  65,200 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia

  (Kaliningrad) 227 km

Coastline:

  108 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman

  River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as

  by international standards

Climate:

  maritime; wet, moderate winters

Terrain:

  lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil

Natural resources:

  peat

Land use:

 arable land:

  49.1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  22.2%

 forest and woodland:

  16.3%

 other:

  12.4%

Irrigated land:

  430 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  risk of accidents from the two Chernobyl-type reactors at the Ignalina

  Nuclear Power Plant; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum

  products and chemicals at military bases



*Lithuania, People



Population:

  3,819,638 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.76% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.12 years

 male:

  66.39 years

 female:

  76.08 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Lithuanian(s)

 adjective:

  Lithuanian

Ethnic divisions:

  Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, Belarusian 1.5%, other 2.1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic, Lutheran, other

Languages:

  Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  1.836 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40%

  (1990)



*Lithuania, Government



Names:  conventional long form:

  Republic of Lithuania

 conventional short form:

  Lithuania

 local long form:

  Lietuvos Respublika

 local short form:

  Lietuva

 former:

  Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  LH

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Vilnius

Administrative divisions:

  NA districts

Independence:

  6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted 25 October 1992

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 16 February

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Party, Egidijus KLUMBYS, chairman; Democratic Labor

  Party of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian

  Democratic Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party,

  Irena IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas

  KAZLAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS,

  chairman; Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberal

  Union, Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas

  SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS,

  chairman; Union of the Motherland, Vytavtas LANDSBERGIS, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Algirdas

  BRAZAUSKAS was elected

 Seimas (parliament):

  last held 26 October and 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); results -

  Democratic Labor Party 51%; seats - (141 total) Democratic Labor Party 73

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Seimas (parliament)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Court of Appeals

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Seimas Chairman and Acting President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 15

  November 1992); Deputy Seimas Chairmen Aloyzas SAKALAS (since NA December

  1992) and Egidius BICKAUSKAS (since NA December 1992)



*Lithuania, Government



 Head of Government:

  Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since NA)

Member of:

  CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NACC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.

 chancery:

  2622 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 234-5860, 2639

 FAX:

  (202) 328-0466

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Darryl N. JOHNSON

 embassy:

  Akmenu 6, Vilnius 232600

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09723

 telephone:

  011 [7] (012-2) 222-031

 FAX:

  011 [7] (012-2) 222-779

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red



*Lithuania, Economy



Overview:

  Lithuania is striving to become an independent privatized economy. Although

  it was substantially above average in living standards and technology in the

  old USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in

  economic development. The country has no important natural resources aside

  from its arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on

  imported materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR.

  Lithuania benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and

  its rail and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication

  between Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry

  produces a small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex

  machine tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Because of nuclear

  power, Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its

  surplus to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the

  USSR, however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in

  safety standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former

  Soviet Union. Lithuania held first place in per capita consumption of meat,

  second place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy

  products. Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries.

  Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at least 60% of

  state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing), having already

  sold almost all housing and many small enterprises using a voucher system.

  Other government priorities include encouraging foreign investment by

  protecting the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign

  trade away from Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For

  the moment, Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw

  materials, grains, and markets for its products. In 1992, output plummeted

  by 30% because of cumulative problems with inputs and with markets, problems

  that were accentuated by the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium

  of exchange.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -30% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10%-20% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  1% (February 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $258.5 million; expenditures $270.2 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989)

 partners:

  Russia 40%, Ukraine 16%, other former Soviet republics 32%, West 12%

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989)

 partners:

  Russia 62%, Belarus 18%, former Soviet republics 10%, West 10%

External debt:

  $650 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -50% (1992 est.)



*Lithuania, Economy



Electricity:

  5,925,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced, 6,600 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  employs 25% of the labor force; shares in the total production of the former

  USSR are: metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; television

  sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other branches: petroleum

  refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food

  processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment,

  electronic components, computers, and amber

Agriculture:

  employs around 20% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets,

  vegetables, meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, fish; most developed are the

  livestock and dairy branches, which depend on imported grain; net exporter

  of meat, milk, and eggs

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to

  Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic

  consumption

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;

  Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million

Currency:

  using talonas as temporary currency (March 1993), but planning introduction

  of convertible litas (late 1993)

Exchange rates:

  NA

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Lithuania, Communications



Railroads:

  2,100 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  44,200 km total 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

  600 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

  crude oil 105 km, natural gas 760 km (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas

Merchant marine:

  46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 282,633 GRT/332,447 DWT; includes 31

  cargo, 3 railcar carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 11 combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  96

 useable:

  19

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  11

Telecommunications:

  better developed than in most other former USSR republics; operational

  NMT-450 analog cellular network in Vilnius; fiber optic cable installed

  beween Vilnius and Kaunas; 224 telephones per 1000 persons; broadcast

  stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; landlines or microwave to former

  USSR republics; leased connection to the Moscow international switch for

  traffic with other countries; satellite earth stations - (8 channels to

  Norway); new international digital telephone exchange in Kaunas for direct

  access to 13 countries via satellite link out of Copenhagen, Denmark



*Lithuania, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops), National Guard (Skat)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 933,245; fit for military service 739,400; reach military

  age (18) annually 27,056 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, 5.5% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Luxembourg, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, between Belgium and Germany

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,586 km2

 land area:

  2,586 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

  total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Terrain:

  mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to

  slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in

  the southeast

Natural resources:

  iron ore (no longer exploited)

Land use:

 arable land:

  24%

 permanent crops:   1%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  21%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  deforestation

Note:

  landlocked



*Luxembourg, People



Population:

  398,220 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.04% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.96 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  6.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.43 years

 male:

  72.71 years

 female:

  80.3 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.63 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Luxembourger(s)

 adjective:

  Luxembourg

Ethnic divisions:

  Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and

  European (guest and worker residents)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%

Languages:

  Luxembourgisch, German, French, English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  100%

 male:   100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  177,300 one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal,

  Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany

 by occupation:

  services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988)



*Luxembourg, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

 conventional short form:

  Luxembourg

 local long form:

  Grand-Duche de Luxembourg

 local short form:

  Luxembourg

Digraph:

  LU

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Luxembourg

Administrative divisions:

  3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg

Independence:

  1839

Constitution:

  17 October 1868, occasional revisions

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's

  birthday)

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party

  (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre

  HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS

Other political or pressure groups:

  group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry; Centrale

  Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor

  unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV

  31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%;

  seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1

Executive branch:

  grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of

  State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the

  Chamber of Deputies

Judicial branch:

  Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of

  Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister

  Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)



*Luxembourg, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,

  FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD,

  PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Alphonse BERNS

 chancery:

  2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-4171

 FAX:

  (202) 328-8270

 consulates general:

  New York and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL

 embassy:

  22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City

 mailing address:

  PSC 11, APO AE 09132-5380

 telephone:

  [352] 460123

 FAX:

  [352] 461401

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to

  the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design

  was based on the flag of France



*Luxembourg, Economy



Overview:   The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible

  unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive

  family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by

  steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward

  high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial

  sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services,

  especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy.

  Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most

  financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the

  Netherlands.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.5 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  2.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $21,700 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.6% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  1.4% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $3.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other

  industrial products

 partners:

  EC 76%, US 5%

Imports:

  $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods

 partners:

  Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%

External debt:

  $131.6 million (1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,238,750 kW capacity; 1,375 million kWh produced, 3,450 kWh per capita

  (1990)

Industries:

  banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products,

  engineering, tires, glass, aluminum

Agriculture:

  accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products -

  barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising

  widespread

Illicit drugs:

  money-laundering hub

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes



*Luxembourg, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992),

  34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988); note - the

  Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely

  in Luxembourg

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Luxembourg, Communications



Railroads:

  Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 272 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge; 178 km double track; 178 km electrified

Highways:

  5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km

  limited access divided highway

Inland waterways:

  37 km; Moselle River

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 48 km

Ports:

  Mertert (river port)

Merchant marine:

  53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,570,466 GRT/2,614,154 DWT; includes

  2 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3

  combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 2 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 combination

  bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried

  cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3

  channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast

  satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system



*Luxembourg, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 103,607; fit for military service 86,003; reach military age

  (19) annually 2,227 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.2% of GDP (1992)



*Macau, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas territory of Portugal)



*Macau, Geography



Location:

  East Asia, 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China

  bordering the South China Sea

Map references:

  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  16 km2

 land area:

  16 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 0.34 km, China 0.34 km

Coastline:

  40 km

Maritime claims:

  not specified

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Terrain:

  generally flat

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:   100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to

  the peninsula on mainland



*Macau, People



Population:

  477,850 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.44% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  79.64 years

 male:

  77.24 years

 female:

  82.17 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Macanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Macau

Ethnic divisions:

  Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%

Religions:

  Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2%

  (1981)

Languages:

  Portuguese (official), Cantonese is the language of commerce

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  86%

Labor force:

  180,000 (1986)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Macau, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Macau

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ilha de Macau

Digraph:

  MC

Type:

  overseas territory of Portugal scheduled to revert to China in 1999

Capital:

  Macau

Administrative divisions:

  2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau

Independence:

  none (territory of Portugal; Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13

  April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint

  declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic

  systems and lifestyle for 50 year after transition)

Constitution:

  17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by

  Beijing awaiting final approval

Legal system:

  Portuguese civil law system

National holiday:

  Day of Portugal, 10 June

Political parties and leaders:

  Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group

  to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group

Other political or pressure groups:

  wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy

  pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the

  Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over

  administration

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -

  (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7

  appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:  Chief of State:

  President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986)

 Head of Government:

  Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), GATT, IMO (associate), WTO (associate)



*Macau, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

  as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in

  the US are represented by Portugal

US diplomatic representation:

  the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US

  Consulate General in Hong Kong

Flag:

  the flag of Portugal is used



*Macau, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and

  fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small

  industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector

  has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided

  about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented well

  over 40% of GDP in 1992. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh

  water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw

  materials and capital goods.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  3.1% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $6,700 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8.2% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  2% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

  $1.8 billion (1992 est.)

 commodities:

  textiles, clothing, toys

 partners:

  US 36%, Hong Kong 13%, Germany 12%, France 8% (1991)

Imports:

  $2.0 billion (1992 est.)

 commodities:

  raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods

 partners:

  Hong Kong 35%, China 22%, Japan 17% (1991)

External debt:

  $91 million (1985)

Industrial production:

  NA

Electricity:

  258,000 kW capacity; 855 million kWh produced, 1,806 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism

Agriculture:

  rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on

  imports for food requirements

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 pataca (P) = 100 avos

Exchange rates:

  patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044

  (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of

  1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Macau, Communications



Highways:

  42 km paved

Ports:

  Macau

Airports:

  none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station

Telecommunications:

  fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and

  international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM,

  no TV (TV programs received from Hong Kong); 115,000 radio receivers (est.);

  international high-frequency radio communication facility; access to

  international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Macau, Defense Forces



Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 137,738; fit for military service 77,159 (1993 est.)

Note:

  defense is responsibility of Portugal



*Macedonia, Header



  Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally

  recognized as a state by the United States.



*Macedonia, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro and Greece

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  25,333 km2

 land area:

  24,856 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Vermont

Land boundaries:

  total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and

  Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean

  Macedonia

Climate:

  hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain:

  mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three

  large lakes, each divided by a frontier line

Natural resources:

  chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore,

  asbestos, sulphur, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  30%

 other:

  40%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical

  plants

Note:

  landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to

  Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe



*Macedonia, People



Population:

  2,193,951 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.91% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.79 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.19 years

 male:

  71.15 years

 female:

  75.41 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Macedonian(s)

 adjective:

  Macedonian

Ethnic divisions:

  Macedonian 67%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 6%

Religions:

  Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 10%

Languages:

  Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  507,324

 by occupation:

  agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)



*Macedonia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Macedonia

 conventional short form:

  Macedonia  local long form:

  Republika Makedonija

 local short form:

  Makedonija

Digraph:

  MK

Type:

  emerging democracy

Capital:

  Skopje

Administrative divisions:

  34 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar,

  Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani,

  Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep,

  Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos,

  Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole,

  Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica

Independence:

  20 November 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

  adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Social-Democratic League of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko

  CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity in Macedonia (PDPM),

  Nevzat HALILI, president; National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI,

  president; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia (SRSM), Stojan ANDOV,

  president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president;

  Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for

  Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party

  of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president

Other political or pressure groups:

  Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); League for Democracy; Albanian

  Democratic Union-Liberal Party

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was

  elected by the Assembly

 Assembly:

  last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 37,

  SDSM 31, PDPM 25, SRSM 17, SJM 1, SPM 5, others 4

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly (Sobranje)

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic



*Macedonia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since NA September 1992), Deputy Prime

  Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Stevo CRVENKOVSKI (since NA

  September 1992), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991)

Member of:

  EBRD, ICAO, IMF, UN, UNCTAD, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none; US does not recognize Macedonia

US diplomatic representation:

  none; US does not recognize Macedonia

Flag:

  16-point gold sun (Vergino, Sun) centered on a red field



*Macedonia, Economy



Overview:

  Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a dissolved

  Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own

  agricultural and coal resources. It will, however, move down toward a bare

  subsistence level of life unless economic ties are reforged or enlarged with

  its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The

  economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and its modern

  machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both internally and in the

  region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and

  economic programs. Inflation in early 1992 was out of control, the result of

  fracturing trade links, the decline in economic activity, and general

  uncertainties about the future status of the country; prices rose 38% in

  March 1992 alone. In August 1992, Greece, angry at the use of "Macedonia" as

  the republic's name, imposed a partial blockade for several months. This

  blockade, combined with the effects of the UN sanctions on Serbia and

  Montenegro, cost the economy approximately $1 billion in 1992 according to

  official figures. Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological

  backwardness, and potential political instability place it far down the list

  of countries of interest to Western investors. Resolution of the dispute

  with Greece and an internal commitment to economic reform would help to

  encourage foreign investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the

  worst scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its

  borders.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $7.1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -18% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,110 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  114.9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  20% (1991 est.)

Budget:   revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $578 million (1990)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous

  manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals

  5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7%

 partners:

  principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics,

  Germany, Greece, Albania

Imports:

  $1,112 million (1990)

 commodities:

  fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport

  equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials

  10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5%

 partners:

  other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria

External debt:

  $845.8 million

Industrial production:

  growth rate -18% (1991 est.)

Electricity:

  1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 2,900 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Macedonia, Economy



Industries:

  low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation

  only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and

  ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and

  tobacco

Agriculture:

  provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal crops are

  rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame,

  mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of the seven

  legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry,

  including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly labor

  intensive

Illicit drugs:

  NA

Economic aid:

  $10 million from the US for humanitarian and technical assistance; EC

  promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package

Currency:

  1 denar (abbreviation NA) = 100 NA

Exchange rates:

  denar per US$1 - 240 (January 1991)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Macedonia, Communications



Railroads:

  NA

Highways:

  10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  none

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 total:

  17

 useable:

  17

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;

  370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none



*Macedonia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 597,024; fit for military service 484,701; reach military

  age (19) annually 18,979 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the military

  budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Madagascar, Geography



Location:

  in the western Indian Ocean, 430 km east of Mozambique in Southern Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  587,040 km2

 land area:

  581,540 km2  comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Arizona

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  4,828 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova

  Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)

Climate:

  tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center

Natural resources:

  graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious

  stones, mica, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  58%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  11%

Irrigated land:

  9,000 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

  desertification

Note:

  world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel



*Madagascar, People



Population:

  13,005,989 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.2% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  13.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  91 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  53.52 years

 male:

  51.65 years

 female:

  55.45 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Malagasy (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Malagasy

Ethnic divisions:

  Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African,

  Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka,

  Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%

Languages:

  French (official), Malagasy (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  80%

 male:

  88%

 female:

  73%

Labor force:

  4.9 million 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence

  agriculture; 175,000 wage earners

 by occupation:

  agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, industry 15%, commerce 14%,

  construction 11%, services 9%, transportation 6%, other 2%

 note:

  51% of population of working age (1985)



*Madagascar, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Madagascar

 conventional short form:

  Madagascar

 local long form:

  Republique de Madagascar

 local short form:

  Madagascar

 former:

  Malagasy Republic

Digraph:

  MA

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Antananarivo

Administrative divisions:

  6 provinces - Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina,

  Toliary

Independence:

  26 June 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  12 September 1992

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 26 June (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of

  which are Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier

  RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM),

  RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama

  RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert

  ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime

  (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence of

  Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of

  Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY

Other political or pressure groups:

  National Council of Christian Churches (FFKM), leader NA; Federalist

  Movement, leader NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 10 February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert ZAFY

  (UNDD), 67%; Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33%

 Popular National Assembly:

  last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - AREMA 88.2%,

  MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120,

  MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers



*Madagascar, Government



Legislative branch:

  unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note -

  the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 and early

  1993 in preparation for new legislative elections. In its place, an interim

  High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council have been

  established

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour

  Constitutionnelle)

Leaders:  Chief of State:

  President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Guy RAZANAMASY (since 8 August 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO

 chancery:

  2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-5525 or 5526

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Douglas BARRETT

 embassy:

  14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo

 mailing address:

  B. P. 620, Antananarivo

 telephone:

  [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18

 FAX:

  261-234-539

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band

  of the same width on hoist side



*Madagascar, Economy



Overview:

  Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture,

  including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting

  for over 30% of GDP and contributing to more than 70% of total export

  earnings. Industry is largely confined to the processing of agricultural

  products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for only 13% of

  GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development plan that

  stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, increased

  production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After mid-1991, however,

  output dropped sharply because of protracted antigovernment strikes and

  demonstrations for political reform.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $200 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:   NA%

Budget:

  revenues $250 million; expenditures $265 million, including capital

  expenditures of $180 million (1991)

Exports:

  $312 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products

 partners:

  France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US

Imports:

  $350 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer

  goods 14%, food 13%

 partners:

  France, Germany, UK, other EC, US

External debt:

  $4.4 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP

Electricity:

  125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries,

  tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries

  (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum

Agriculture:

  accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves,

  cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising

  widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for

  domestic consumption

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million



*Madagascar, Economy



Currency:

  1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,910.2 (December 1992), 1,867.9 (1992),

  1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988),

  1,069.2 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Madagascar, Communications



Railroads:

  1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge

Highways:

  40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized

  soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.)

Inland waterways:

  of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des

  Pangalanes

Ports:

  Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara

Merchant marine:

  11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,359 GRT/48,772 DWT; includes 6

  cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1

  liquefied gas

Airports:

 total:

  146

 usable:

  103

 with permanent-surface runways:

  30

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  36

Telecommunications:

  above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay,

  and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations

  - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36

  repeaters) TV



*Madagascar, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces,

  Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential

  Security Regiment

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,826,018; fit for military service 1,681,553; reach

  military age (20) annually 118,233 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1991 est.)



*Malawi, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, between Mozambique and Zambia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  118,480 km2

 land area:

  94,080 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

  total 2,881 km, Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Terrain:

  narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains

Natural resources:

  limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite

Land use:

 arable land:

  25%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  50%

 other:

  5%

Irrigated land:

  200 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation

Note:

  landlocked



*Malawi, People



Population:

  9,831,935 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.95% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  51.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  22.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -37.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:   40.48 years

 male:

  39.61 years

 female:

  41.37 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.5 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Malawian(s)

 adjective:

  Malawian

Ethnic divisions:

  Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian,

  European

Religions:

  Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, traditional indigenous

  beliefs

Languages:

  English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important

  regionally

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1966)

 total population:

  22%

 male:

  34%

 female:

  12%

Labor force:

  428,000 wage earners

 by occupation:

  agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services 15%, commerce 9%,

  construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other permanently employed 6%

  (1986)



*Malawi, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Malawi

 conventional short form:

  Malawi

 former:

  Nyasaland

Digraph:

  MI

Type:

  one-party republic

 note:

  a referendum to determine whether Malawi should remain a one-party state is

  scheduled to be held on 14 June 1993

Capital:

  Lilongwe

Administrative divisions:

  24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga,

  Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza,

  Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima,

  Thyolo, Zomba

Independence:

  6 July 1964 (from UK)

Constitution:

  6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974

Legal system:

  based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 6 July (1964)

Political parties and leaders:

  only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative

  secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary

  general vacant since 1983

Other political or pressure groups:

  Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; United Democratic Front

  (UDF) Bakili MULUZI; Malawi Democratic People (MDP), leader NA

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971

 National Assembly:

  last held 26-27 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1997); results - MCP is

  the only party; seats - (141 total, 136 elected) MCP 141

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as

  President for Life 6 July 1971)



*Malawi, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS,

  NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA

 chancery:

  2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 797-1007

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR

 embassy:

  address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe

 telephone:

  [265] 730-166

 FAX:

  [265] 732-282

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant,

  rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of

  Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed

  on the hoist side of the black and red bands



*Malawi, Economy



Overview:

  Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The

  economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population

  living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export

  revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved

  significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based

  economic adjustment effort by the government. Drought cut overall output

  sharply in 1992. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic

  assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -7.7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $200 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  21% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital

  expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $400 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products

 partners:

  US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany

Imports:

  $660 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation

  equipment

 partners:

  South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe

External debt:

  $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988)

Electricity:

  190,000 kW capacity; 620 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer

  goods

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and

  corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock -

  cattle, goats

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million

Currency:

  1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala

Exchange rates:

  Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 4.3418 (November 1992), 2.8033 (1991),

  2.7289 (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Malawi, Communications



Railroads:

  789 km 1.067-meter gauge

Highways:

  13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized

  soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth

Inland waterways:

  Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km

Ports:

  Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake

  Malawi)

Airports:

 total:

  47

 usable:

  41

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  10

Telecommunications:

  fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications

  stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT

Note:

  a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira,

  Nacala, and Limgogo railroads, but now most go through South Africa because

  of insurgent activity and damage to rail lines



*Malawi, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including

  paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,059,509; fit for military service 1,048,986 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Malaysia, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Vietnam and Indonesia

Map references:

  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  329,750 km2

 land area:

  328,550 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km

Coastline:

  4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South

  China Sea

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,

  Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by

  the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that

  divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two

  islands in dispute with Indonesia

Climate:

  tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to

  February) monsoons

Terrain:   coastal plains rising to hills and mountains

Natural resources:

  tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  10%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  63%

 other:

  24%

Irrigated land:

  3,420 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to flooding; air and water pollution

Note:

  strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea



*Malaysia, People



Population:

  18,845,340 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  28.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  68.82 years

 male:

  65.96 years

 female:

  71.81 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Malaysian(s)

 adjective:

  Malaysian

Ethnic divisions:

  Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9%

Religions:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  Muslim (Malays)

  Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu (Indians)

 Sabah:

  Muslim 38%

  Christian 17%, other 45%

 Sarawak:

  tribal religion 35%

  Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5%

Languages:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  Malay (official)

  English, Chinese dialects, Tamil

 State of Sabah:

  English

  Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects

  predominate)

 State of Sarawak:

  English

  Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages,

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  78%

 male:

  86%

 female:

  70%

Labor force:

  7.258 million (1991 est.)



*Malaysia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Malaysia

 former:

  Malayan Union

Digraph:

  MY

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

 note:

  Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount

  ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states -

  hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by

  Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited

  by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in

  House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security,

  and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing

  state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with

  foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to

  federal government

Capital:   Kuala Lumpur

Administrative divisions:

  13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories*,   (wilayah-wilayah

persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah,

  Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau,   Pinang, Sabah,

Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*, Independence:

  31 August 1957 (from UK)

Constitution:

  31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963

Legal system:

  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the

  Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 31 August (1957)

Political parties and leaders:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United

  Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad;

  Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat

  Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S.

  Samy VELLU

 Sabah:

  Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph

  Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA

 Sarawak:

  coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra

  Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United

  People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National

  Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk

  Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM

  Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal



*Malaysia, Government



Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results -

  National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP

  20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO

  got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats

Executive branch:

  paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime

  minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan

  Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:   Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26

  April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26

  April 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime

  Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986)

Member of:

  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed

 chancery:

  2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 328-2700

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John S. WOLF

 embassy:

  376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur

 telephone:

  [60] (3) 248-9011

 FAX:

  [60] (3) 242-2207

Flag:

  fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white

  (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a

  yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the

  star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of

  the US



*Malaysia, Economy



Overview:

  The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a soundly managed

  public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 8%-9% average growth in

  1987-92. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in poverty and

  a marked rise in real wages. Despite sluggish growth in the major world

  economies in 1992, demand for Malaysian goods remained strong and foreign

  investors continued to commit large sums in the economy. The government is

  aware of the inflationary potential of this rapid development and is closely

  monitoring fiscal and monetary policies.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.5 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:   $2,960 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.7% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  4.1% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $18.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $4.5 billion (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $39.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and petroleum products, wood and

  wood products, rubber, textiles

 partners:

  Singapore 23%, US 18.6%, Japan 13.2%, UK 4%, Germany 4%

Imports:

  $39.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  food, consumer goods, petroleum products, chemicals, capital equipment

 partners:

  Japan 26%, US 15.8%, Singapore 15.7%, Taiwan 5.6%, Germany 4.2%

External debt:

  $25.7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

  8,000,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing

  industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing

  timber

 Sabah:

  logging, petroleum production

 Sarawak:

  agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

Agriculture:

  accounts for 20% of GDP

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  natural rubber, palm oil, rice

 Sabah:

  mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice



*Malaysia, Economy



 Sarawak:

  rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000

  metric tons in 1987

Illicit drugs:

  transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe,

  and the Third World

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million

Currency:

  1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen

Exchange rates:

  ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6238 (January 1993), 2.5475 (1992), 2.7501

  (1991), 1.7048 (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Malaysia, Communications



Railroads:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned

 Sabah:

  136 km 1.000-meter gauge

 Sarawak:

  none

Highways:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  23,600 km; 19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous surface treatment, and

  4,248 km unpaved

 Sabah:

  3,782 km

 Sarawak:

  1,644 km

Inland waterways:

 Peninsular Malaysia:

  3,209 km

 Sabah:

  1,569 km

 Sarawak:

  2,518 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km

Ports:

  Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang,

  Sandakan, Tawau

Merchant marine:

  184 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,869,817 GRT/2,786,765 DWT; includes

  1 passenger-cargo, 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 28 container, 2 vehicle

  carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 38 oil tanker, 6 chemical

  tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 27 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  111

 usable:

  102

 with permanent-surface runways:

  32

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:   7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  18

Telecommunications:

  good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave

  radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah

  and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio

  and television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations -

  28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM

  submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations -

  1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic



*Malaysia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal

  Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,837,256; fit for military service 2,941,577; reach

  military age (21) annually 181,435 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992)



*Maldives, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, in the Indian Ocean off the southwest coast of India

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  300 km2

 land area:

  300 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  644 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  35-310 nm as defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides

  with maritime boundary with India

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy,

  southwest monsoon (June to August)

Terrain:   flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  84%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls

Note:

  archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in

  Indian Ocean



*Maldives, People



Population:

  243,094 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.64% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.34 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  57.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  63.86 years

 male:

  62.5 years

 female:

  65.28 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.36 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Maldivian(s)

 adjective:

  Maldivian

Ethnic divisions:

  Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, African

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim

Languages:

  Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic), English spoken by

  most government officials

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1985)

 total population:

  92%

 male:

  92%

 female:

  92%

Labor force:

  66,000 (est.)

 by occupation:

  fishing industry 25%



*Maldives, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Maldives

 conventional short form:

  Maldives

Digraph:

  MV

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Male

Administrative divisions:

  19 districts (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu,

  Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa,

  Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu

Independence:

  26 July 1965 (from UK)

Constitution:

  4 June 1964

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in

  commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 26 July (1965)

Political parties and leaders:

  no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the

  past eight centuries

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1993); results -

  President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected

 Citizens' Council:

  last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results -

  percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected)

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis)

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978)

Member of:

  AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF,

  IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission

  in New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic

  visits there

 consular agency:

  Midhath Hilmy, Male



*Maldives, Government



 telephone:

  2581

Flag:

  red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white

  crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag



*Maldives, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is

  limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10%

  of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the

  work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important

  source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism became one of the

  most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry

  accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have

  increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $140 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.7% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $620 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  11.5% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NEGL%

Budget:

  revenues $52 million (excluding foreign transfers); expenditures $83

  million, including capital expenditures of $39 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $53.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  fish, clothing

 partners:

  US, UK, Sri Lanka

Imports:

  $150.9 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum products

 partners:

  Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India

External debt:

  $90 million (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 24.0% (1990); accounts for 6% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut

  processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts

Agriculture:

  accounts for almost 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important

  than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most

  staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.)

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million

Currency:

  1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris

Exchange rates:

  rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.506 (January 1993), 10.569 (1992), 10.253 (1991),

  9.509 (1990), 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Maldives, Communications



Highways:

  Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city

Ports:

  Male, Gan

Merchant marine:

  14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,848 GRT/58,496 DWT; includes 12

  cargo, 1 container, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  2

 useable:

  2  with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Maldives, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Security Service (paramilitary police force)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 53,730; fit for military service 30,014 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Mali, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1.24 million km2

 land area:

  1.22 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 7,243 km, Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote

  d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted

  to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ

  issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;

  Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the

  tripoint with Niger

Climate:

  subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild

  June to November; cool and dry November to February

Terrain:

  mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south,

  rugged hills in northeast

Natural resources:

  gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore,

  manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  7%

 other:

  66%

Irrigated land:

  50 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification

Note:

  landlocked



*Mali, People



Population:

  8,868,617 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.66% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  51.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  20.81 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  108 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  45.45 years

 male:

  43.89 years

 female:

  47.06 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Malian(s)

 adjective:

  Malian

Ethnic divisions:

  Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%,

  Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Religions:   Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Languages:

  French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  32%

 male:

  41%

 female:

  24%

Labor force:

  2.666 million (1986 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981)

 note:

  50% of population of working age (1985)



*Mali, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Mali

 conventional short form:

  Mali

 local long form:

  Republique de Mali

 local short form:

  Mali

 former:

  French Sudan

Digraph:

  ML

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Bamako

Administrative divisions:

  8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti,

  Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Independence:

  22 September 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in January 1992

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniverary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  Alliance for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE; National Committee for

  Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African

  Democratic Rally (US/RAD), Baba Hakib HAIDARA and Treoule Mamadon KONATE;

  Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa; Rally

  for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and

  Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor

  (RDT); Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Col. Youssouf TRAORE;

  Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for

  Democracy and Development (UMDD)

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held in April 1992; Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against

  Montaga TALL

 National Assembly:

  last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement

  for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3,

  UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1

Executive branch:

  Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25

  members, predominantly civilian

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)



*Mali, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Younoussi TOURE (since 8 June 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE

 chancery:

  2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Herbert Donald GELBER

 embassy:

  Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako

 mailing address:

  B. P. 34, Bamako

 telephone:

  [223] 225470

 FAX:

  [233] 228059

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the

  popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Mali, Economy



Overview:

  Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land

  area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the

  riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as

  nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and

  fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities.

  In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has

  adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual

  growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial

  reduction in the external current account deficit.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.2% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $265 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.4% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital

  expenditures of $178 (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $320 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins

 partners:

  mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Imports:

  $390 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals

 partners:

  mostly franc zone and Western Europe

External debt:

  $2.6 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 15.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 10.0% of GDP

Electricity:

  260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold,

  fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms;

  cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops -

  millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)



*Mali, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mali, Communications



Railroads:

  642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes

Highways:

  about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth,

  10,360 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  1,815 km navigable

Airports:

 total:

  34

 usable:

  27

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  10

Telecommunications:

  domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio

  relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in

  progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT



*Mali, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police (Surete

  Nationale)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,749,662; fit for military service 995,554 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989)



*Malta, Geography



Location:

  in the central Mediterranean Sea, 93 km south of Sicily (Italy), 290 km

  north of Libya

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  320 km2

 land area:

  320 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  140 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  25 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain:

  mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs

Natural resources:

  limestone, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  38%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  59%

Irrigated land:   10 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce; increasing

  reliance on desalination

Note:

  the country comprises an archipelago, with only the 3 largest islands

  (Malta, Gozo, and Comino) being inhabited



*Malta, People



Population:

  363,791 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.52 years

 male:

  74.32 years

 female:

  78.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Maltese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Maltese

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 98%

Languages:

  Maltese (official), English (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1985)

 total population:

  84%

 male:

  86%

 female:

  82%

Labor force:

  127,200

 by occupation:

  government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing 22%,

  training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990)



*Malta, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Malta

 conventional short form:

  Malta

Digraph:

  MT

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Valletta

Administrative divisions:

  none (administration directly from Valletta)

Independence:

  21 September 1964 (from UK)

Constitution:

  26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974

Legal system:

  based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 21 September

Political parties and leaders:

  Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred

  SANT

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results -

  NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note -

  additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to

  ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after

  adjustment)

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy

  Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987)

Member of:

  C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO,

  IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, PCA, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET

 chancery:

  2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 462-3611 or 3612

 FAX:

  (202) 387-5470



*Malta, Government



 consulate:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  2nd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 535, Valletta

 telephone:

  [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654

 FAX:

  same as telephone numbers

Flag:

  two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper

  hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red



*Malta, Economy



Overview:

  Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a

  productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has

  limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources.

  Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services.

  Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy.

  Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and

  textile industries major contributors and the state-owned Malta drydocks

  employing about 4,300 people. In 1991, about 900,000 tourists visited the

  island. Per capita GDP at $7,600 places Malta in the middle-income range of

  the world's nations.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  5.9% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $7,600 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.9% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  3.6% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $161 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $l.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  clothing, textiles, footwear, ships

 partners:

  Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11%

Imports:

  $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods

 partners:

  Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4%

External debt:

  $127 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP

Electricity:

  328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing,

  textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco

Agriculture:

  accounts for 3% of GDP and 2.5% of the work force (1992); overall, 20%

  self-sufficient; main products - potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat,

  barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs;

  generally adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products;

  seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic

  foodstuffs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48

  million

Currency:

  1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents



*Malta, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3687 (January 1993), 0.3178 (1992), 0.3226

  (1991), 0.3172 (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Malta, Communications



Highways:

  1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35

  km improved and unimproved earth

Ports:

  Valletta, Marsaxlokk

Merchant marine:

  789 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,059,874 GRT/18,758,969 DWT;

  includes 6 passenger, 17 short-sea passenger, 272 cargo, 26 container, 2

  passenger-cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 barge carrier, 17

  refrigerated cargo, 19 chemical tanker, 15 combination ore/oil, 3

  specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 131 oil tanker, 223 bulk, 26

  combination bulk, 3 multifunction large load carrier, 1 railcar carrier;

  note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, Russia owns 52

  ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, Croatia owns 37, Romania owns 3

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones;

  excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine

  cable and microwave radio relay between islands; international service by 1

  submarine cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Malta, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 97,446; fit for military service 77,481 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Man, Isle of, Header



Affiliation:

  (British crown dependency)



*Man, Isle of, Geography



Location:

  in the Irish Sea, between Ireland and Great Britain

Map references:

  Europe

Area:

 total area:

  588 km2

 land area:

  588 km2

 comparative area:

  nearly 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  113 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time

Terrain:

  hills in north and south bisected by central valley

Natural resources:

  lead, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA% (extensive arable land and forests)

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  strong westerly winds prevail

Note:

  one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a bird

  sanctuary



*Man, Isle of, People



Population:

  71,263 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:   9.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.98 years

 male:

  73.25 years

 female:

  78.92 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Manxman, Manxwoman

 adjective:

  Manx

Ethnic divisions:

  Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Religions:

  Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of

  Friends

Languages:

  English, Manx Gaelic

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  25,864 (1981)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Man, Isle of, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Isle of Man

Digraph:

  IM

Type:

  British crown dependency

Capital:

  Douglas

Administrative divisions:

  none (British crown dependency)

Independence:

  none (British crown dependency)

Constitution:   1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act

Legal system:

  English law and local statute

National holiday:

  Tynwald Day, 5 July

Political parties and leaders:

  there is no party system and members sit as independents

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Keys:

  last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA;

  no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24

Executive branch:

  British monarch, lieutenant governor, president, prime minister, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a

  lower house or House of Keys

Judicial branch:

  Court of Tynwald

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by

  Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990)

 Head of Government:

  President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (British crown dependency)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (British crown dependency)

Flag:

  red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three

  legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes

  pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used



*Man, Isle of, Economy



Overview:

  Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy.

  The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies

  and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding

  employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture

  and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their

  shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing

  about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access

  to European Community markets.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $490 million (1988)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:   $7,500 (1988)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  1% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat

 partners:

  UK

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  timber, fertilizers, fish

 partners:

  UK

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,965 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  an important offshore financial center; financial services, light

  manufacturing, tourism

Agriculture:

  cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

  (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Manx pound is at

  par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Man, Isle of, Communications



Railroads:

  60 km; 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track

Highways:

  640 km motorable roads

Ports:

  Douglas, Ramsey, Peel

Merchant marine:

  59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,363,502 GRT/2,363,502 DWT; includes

  10 cargo, 6 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker,

  4 liquefied gas, 12 bulk; note - a captive register of the United Kingdom,

  although not all ships on the register are British owned

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV



*Man, Isle of, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Marshall Islands, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between

  Hawaii and Papua New Guinea

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  181.3 km2

 land area:

  181.3 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Washington, DC

 note:

  includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  370.4 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims US territory of Wake Island

Climate:   wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt

Terrain:

  low coral limestone and sand islands

Natural resources:

  phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  60%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  40%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30

  atolls and 1,152 islands

Note:

  Bikini and Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous

  World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range



*Marshall Islands, People



Population:

  51,982 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.87% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  46.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  50.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.79 years

 male:

  61.27 years

 female:

  64.38 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Marshallese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Marshallese

Ethnic divisions:   Micronesian

Religions:

  Christian (mostly Protestant)

Languages:

  English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major

  Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  88%

Labor force:

  4,800 (1986)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Marshall Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of the Marshall Islands

 conventional short form:

  Marshall Islands

 former:

  Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)

Digraph:

  RM

Type:

  constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of

  Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986

Capital:

  Majuro

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Constitution:

  1 May 1979

Legal system:

  based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,

  common, and customary laws

National holiday:

  Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional)

  leader

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata

  KABUA was reelected

 Parliament:

  last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results -

  percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total)

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Nitijela (parliament)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Amata KABUA (since 1979)

Member of:

  AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD,

  WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL

 chancery:

  2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-5414

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador David C. FIELDS



*Marshall Islands, Government



 embassy:

  NA address, Majuro

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379

 telephone:

  (011) 692-4011

 FAX:

  (011) 692-4012

Flag:

  blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange

  (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small

  rays on the hoist side above the two stripes



*Marshall Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural

  production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial

  crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches

  supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to

  handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary

  source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The

  islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987

  the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese

  budget of $55 million.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $63 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $55 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1987 est.)

Exports:

  $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985)

 commodities:

  copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, beverages, building materials

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore

  banking (embryonic)

Agriculture:

  coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs, chickens

Economic aid:

  under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide

  approximately $40 million in aid annually

Currency:

  US currency is used

Exchange rates:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Marshall Islands, Communications



Highways:

  paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-,

  or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks

Ports:   Majuro

Merchant marine:

  29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,786,070 GRT/3,498,895 DWT; includes

  2 cargo, 1 container, 9 oil tanker, 15 bulk carrier, 2 combination ore/oil;

  note - a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  16

 usable:

  16

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services;

  islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government

  purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific

  Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system

  on Kwajalein



*Marshall Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Martinique, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas department of France)



*Martinique, Geography



Location:

  in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America

Area:

 total area:

  1,100 km2

 land area:

  1,060 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  290 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October)

Terrain:

  mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano

Natural resources:

  coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  8%

 meadows and pastures:

  30%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  26%

Irrigated land:

  60 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an

  average of one major natural disaster every five years



*Martinique, People



Population:

  387,656 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.21% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.82 years

 male:

  74.68 years

 female:

  81.01 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:   1.94 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Martiniquais (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Martiniquais

Ethnic divisions:

  African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian,

  Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%

Languages:

  French, Creole patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  92%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  100,000

 by occupation:

  service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, agriculture

  13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3%



*Martinique, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Department of Martinique

 conventional short form:

  Martinique

 local long form:

  Departement de la Martinique

 local short form:

  Martinique

Digraph:

  MB

Type:

  overseas department of France

Capital:

  Fort-de-France

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas department of France)

Independence:

  none (overseas department of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French legal system

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union for a Martinique of Progress (UMP);

  Martinique Progressive Party (PPM); Socialist Federation of Martinique

  (FSM); Martinique Communist Party (PCM); Martinique Patriots (PM); Union for

  French Democracy (UDF)

Other political or pressure groups:

  Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution

  Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary

  Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc PULVAR;

  Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French Senate:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1

 French National Assembly:

  last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1

 General Council:

  last held in 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by

  party NA; note - a leftist coalition obtained a one-seat margin

 Regional Assembly:

  last held on NA March 1992 (next to be held by March 1998); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) UMP 16

Executive branch:

  government commissioner

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Martinique, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of

  the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988)

Member of:

  FZ, WCL

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented

  in the US by France

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON

 embassy:

  Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, Fort-de-France

 mailing address:

  B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206

 telephone:   [596] 63-13-03

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Martinique, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry.

  Agriculture accounts for about 10% of GDP and the small industrial sector

  for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used

  for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to

  France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be

  imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual

  transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than

  agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the

  work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. Banana

  workers launched protests late in 1992 because of falling banana prices and

  fears of greater competition in the European market from other producers.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1988)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $6,000 (1988)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.9% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  32.1% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $196 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples

 partners:

  France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987)

Imports:

  $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles,

  clothing and other consumer goods

 partners:

  France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,580 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism

Agriculture:

  including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal

  crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, sugarcane for

  rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $10.1 billion

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)



*Martinique, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Martinique, Communications



Highways:

  1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Fort-de-France

Airports:

 total:

  2

 useable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland microwave

  radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast

  stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Martinique, Defense Forces



Branches:

  French Forces, Gendarmerie

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Mauritania, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, along the North Atlantic Ocean, between Western Sahara and

  Senegal

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,030,700 km2

 land area:

  1,030,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 5,074 km, Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western

  Sahara 1,561 km

Coastline:

  754 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  boundary with Senegal

Climate:

  desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Terrain:

  mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills

Natural resources:

  iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  38%

 forest and woodland:

  5%

 other:

  56%

Irrigated land:

  120 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April;

  desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal



*Mauritania, People



Population:

  2,124,792 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.14% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  47.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  87 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  47.59 years

 male:

  44.81 years

 female:

  50.48 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mauritanian(s)

 adjective:

  Mauritanian

Ethnic divisions:

  mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

Religions:

  Muslim 100%

Languages:

  Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official)

Literacy:

  age 10 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  34%

 male:

  47%

 female:

  21%

Labor force:

  465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%

 note:

  53% of population of working age (1985)



*Mauritania, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Islamic Republic of Mauritania

 conventional short form:

  Mauritania  local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah

 local short form:

  Muritaniyah

Digraph:

  MR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Nouakchott

Administrative divisions:

  12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet

  Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri,

  Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza

 note:

  there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott

Independence:

  28 November 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  12 July 1991

Legal system:

  three-tier system: Islamic (Shari'a) courts, special courts, state security

  courts (in the process of being eliminated)

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to

  be tribally based; emerging parties include Democratic and Social Republican

  Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA; Union of

  Democratic Forces - New Era (UFD/NE), headed by Ahmed Ould DADDAH; Assembly

  for Democracy and Unity (RDU), Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA; Popular Social and

  Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; Mauritanian Party for

  Renewal (PMR), Hameida BOUCHRAYA; National Avant-Garde Party (PAN), Khattry

  Ould JIDDOU; Mauritanian Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould

  SIDI BADI

Other political or pressure groups:

  Mauritanian Workers Union (UTM)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held January 1992 (next to be held January 1998); results - President

  Col. Maaouya Ould Sid 'Ahmed TAYA elected

 Senate:

  last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (one-third of the seats up for re-election in

  1994)

 National Assembly:

  last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held March 1997)

Executive branch:

  president

Legislative branch:

  bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or Senate (Majlis

  al-Shuyukh) and a lower house or National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani)



*Mauritania, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

Member of:

  ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO,

  ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA

 chancery:

  2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-5700

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN

 embassy:

  address NA, Nouakchott

 mailing address:

  B. P. 222, Nouakchott

 telephone:

  [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63

 FAX:

  [222] (2) 525-89

Flag:

  green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent;

  the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green

  are traditional symbols of Islam



*Mauritania, Economy



Overview:

  A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for

  a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers

  were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s.

  Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50%

  of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led

  to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest

  fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens

  this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near

  Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with

  Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a

  substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second

  stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the

  IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major

  setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's

  support of SADDAM Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi

  Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $555 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6.2% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  20% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital

  expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $447 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded

  but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal

 partners:

  EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Cote d'Ivoire 3%

Imports:

  $385 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods

 partners:

  EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3%

External debt:

  $1.9 billion (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 33% of GDP

Electricity:

  190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Agriculture:

  accounts for 50% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and

  nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops -

  dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large

  food deficit in years of drought



*Mauritania, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277

  million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million

Currency:

  1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums

Exchange rates:

  ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 116.990 (February 1993), 87.082 (1992), 81.946

  (1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mauritania, Communications



Railroads:

  690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by

  government mining company

Highways:

  7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise

  improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks

Inland waterways:

  mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River

Ports:

  Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  29

 usable:

  29

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  16

Telecommunications:

  poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links,

  and radio communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast

  stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with six planned



*Mauritania, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National

  Police, Presidential Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 452,008; fit for military service 220,717 (1993 est.);

  conscription law not implemented

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989)



*Mauritius, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 900 km east of Madagascar

Map references:   Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,860 km2

 land area:

  1,850 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and

  Rodrigues

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  177 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of

  Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims

  French-administered Tromelin Island

Climate:

  tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to

  November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Terrain:

  small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central

  plateau

Natural resources:

  arable land, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  54%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  31%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  170 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by

  reefs



*Mauritius, People



Population:

  1,106,516 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.95% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.24 years

 male:

  66.34 years

 female:

  74.3 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.23 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mauritian(s)

 adjective:

  Mauritian

Ethnic divisions:

  Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%

Religions:

  Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim

  16.6%, other 3.1%

Languages:

  English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori

Literacy:

  age 13 and over can read and write (1962)

 total population:

  61%

 male:

  72%

 female:

  50%

Labor force:

  335,000

 by occupation:

  government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%,

  other 22%

 note:

  43% of population of working age (1985)



*Mauritius, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Republic of Mauritius

 conventional short form:

  Mauritius

Digraph:

  MP

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Port Louis

Administrative divisions:

  9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados,   Carajos*, Flacq,

Grand, Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port

  Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne, Independence:

  12 March 1968 (from UK)

Constitution:

  12 March 1968

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in

  certain areas

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Political parties and leaders:

 government coalition:

  Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH

  Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People

  of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil

  BAICHOO

 opposition:

  Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN

  Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party

  (PMSD), X. DUVAL

Other political or pressure groups:

  various labor unions

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996);

  results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM

  alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice President Robin Dranooth

  GHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime

  Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990)



*Mauritius, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING

 chancery:

  Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 244-1491 or 1492

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador vacant

 embassy:

  4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis

 mailing address:

  4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis

 telephone:

  [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767

 FAX:

  [230] 208-9534

Flag:

  four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green



*Mauritius, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism.

  Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for

  40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on

  industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification,

  and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real

  growth and low unemployment.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (FY91 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6.1% (FY91 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,300 (FY91 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  7% (FY91)

Unemployment rate:

  2.4% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital

  expenditures of $111 million (FY90)

Exports:

  $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%

 partners:

  EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%

Imports:

  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum

  products 8%, chemicals 7%

 partners:

  EC, US, South Africa, Japan

External debt:

  $869 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  235,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel,

  chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery,

  tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other

  products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net

  food importer, especially rice and fish

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US)

  countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54

  million

Currency:

  1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 16.982 (January 1993), 15.563 (1992),

  15.652 (1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988)



*Mauritius, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Mauritius, Communications



Highways:

  1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth

Ports:

  Port Louis

Merchant marine:

  7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 103,328 GRT/163,142 DWT; includes 3

  cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk

Airports:  total:

  5

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  small system with good service utilizing primarily microwave radio relay;

  new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several

  countries; over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Mauritius, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Police Force (including the paramilitary Special Mobile Force

  (SMF), Special Support Units (SSU), and National Coast Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 312,056; fit for military service 159,408 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89)



*Mayotte, Header



Affiliation:

  (territorial collectivity of France)



*Mayotte, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the northern Mozambique Channel about halfway between

  Madagascar and Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  375 km2

 land area:

  375 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:   185.2 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Comoros

Climate:

  tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon

  (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)

Terrain:

  generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to cyclones during rainy season

Note:

  part of Comoro Archipelago



*Mayotte, People



Population:

  89,983 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.8% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  49.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  57.35 years

 male:

  55.23 years

 female:

  59.55 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mahorais (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Mahoran

Ethnic divisions:

  NA

Religions:

  Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

Languages:

  Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA

 male:

  NA

 female:

  NA

Labor force:

  NA



*Mayotte, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte

 conventional short form:

  Mayotte

Digraph:

  MF

Type:

  territorial collectivity of France

Capital:

  Mamoutzou

Administrative divisions:

  none (territorial collectivity of France)

Independence:

  none (territorial collectivity of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French law

National holiday:

  Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran

  Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic

  (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 General Council:   last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 12, RPR 5

 French Senate:

  last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1

 French National Assembly:

  last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1

Executive branch:

  government commissioner

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council (Conseil General)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since

  NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976)

Member of:

  FZ

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented

  in the US by France

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Mayotte, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including

  fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must

  import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The

  economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French

  financial assistance.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1985)

Exports:

  $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984)

 commodities:

  ylang-ylang, vanilla

 partners:   France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%

Imports:

  $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984)

 commodities:

  building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour

 partners:

  France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita

Industries:

  newly created lobster and shrimp industry

Agriculture:

  most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla,

  ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $402 million

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mayotte, Communications



Highways:

  42 km total; 18 km bituminous

Ports:

  Dzaoudzi

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanet-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  small system administered by French Department of Posts and

  Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio

  communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450

  telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV



*Mayotte, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Mexico, Geography



Location:

  Central America, between Guatemala and the US

Map references:

  North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,972,550 km2

 land area:

  1,923,040 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km

Coastline:

  9,330 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims Clipperton Island (French possession)

Climate:

  varies from tropical to desert

Terrain:

  high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert

Natural resources:

  petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  12%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  39%

 forest and woodland:

  24%

 other:

  24%

Irrigated land:

  51,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in

  the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north,

  inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast;

  deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in

  Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border

Note:

  strategic location on southern border of US



*Mexico, People



Population:

  90,419,606 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.97% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.55 years

 male:

  68.99 years

 female:

  76.3 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mexican(s)

 adjective:

  Mexican

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%,

  Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1%

Religions:

  nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%

Languages:

  Spanish, various Mayan dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  87%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  85%

Labor force:

  26.2 million (1990)

 by occupation:

  services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce

  14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining

  and quarrying 1.5%



*Mexico, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  United Mexican States

 conventional short form:

  Mexico

 local long form:

  Estados Unidos Mexicanos

 local short form:

  Mexico

Digraph:

  MX

Type:

  federal republic operating under a centralized government

Capital:

  Mexico

Administrative divisions:

  31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito,   federal);

Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche,

  Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,,   Guanajuato, Guerrero,

Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit,

  Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,

  Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

Independence:

  16 September 1810 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  5 February 1917

Legal system:

  mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of

  legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Political parties and leaders:

  (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando Ortiz

  Arana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party

  (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD),

  Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction

  Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican

  Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD),

  Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres

Other political or pressure groups:

  Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation

  of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of

  Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary

  Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants

  (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of

  Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of

  Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade

  Business Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods and

  Services (FESEBES)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - Carlos

  SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%,

  Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller

  parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National

  Democratic Front (FDN)



*Mexico, Government



 Senate:

  last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD

  1, PAN 1

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI

  53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats -

  (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper

  chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of

  Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)

Member of:

  AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6,

  G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,

  LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez

 chancery:

  1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

 telephone:

  (202) 728-1600

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan

  (Puerto Rico)

 consulates:

  Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico

  (California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales

  (Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Seattle

US diplomatic representation:  chief of mission:

  Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.

 embassy:

  Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F.

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087

 telephone:

  [52] (5) 211-0042

 FAX:

  [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373

 consulates general:

  Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana

 consulates:

  Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo Laredo

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat

  of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered

  in the white band



*Mexico, Economy



Overview:

  Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notably

  oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and

  traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic

  difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum

  prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply;

  and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute.

  Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988

  to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US is

  Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of its

  exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are

  the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation

  with international economic agencies, has been implementing programs to

  stabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized more

  than two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks.

  In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on a

  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussed

  by the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced its

  old peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso.

  Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in the

  early 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of the

  decade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution,

  particularly in Mexico City.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.6% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $3,600 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  11.9% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  14%-17% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-owned

  companies

Exports:

  $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton,

  consumer electronics

 partners:

  US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.)

Imports:

  $48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery,

  electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor

  vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts

 partners:

  US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992)

External debt:

  $104 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP

Electricity:

  27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Mexico, Economy



Industries:

  food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining,

  textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small

  farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans;

  cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million

  metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)

Illicit drugs:

  illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active

  government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues

  as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million

Currency:

  1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198

  (November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1

  (1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 new

  pesos = 1,000 old pesos

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mexico, Communications



Railroads:

  24,500 km total

Highways:

  212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,

  62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000

  km unimproved earth roads

Inland waterways:

  2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals

Pipelines:

  crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;

  petrochemical 1,400 km

Ports:

  Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan,

  Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

Merchant marine:

  58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4

  short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31

  oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 container

Airports:

 total:

  1,841

 usable:

  1,478

 with permanent-surface runways:

  200

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  35

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  273

Telecommunications:

  highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links;

  privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave

  System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22

  shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT



*Mexico, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reach

  military age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between

  Hawaii and Indonesia

Map references:

  Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  702 km2

 land area:

  702 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  6,112 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;

  located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage

Terrain:

  islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral

  atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk

Natural resources:

  forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling

  607 islands



*Micronesia, Federated States of, People



Population:

  117,588 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.37% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.45 years

 male:

  65.49 years

 female:

  69.44 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Micronesian(s)

 adjective:

  Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese

Ethnic divisions:

  nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups

Religions:

  Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches

  include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist,

  Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith)

Languages:

  English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  85%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  two-thirds are government employees

 note:

  45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Federated States of Micronesia

 conventional short form:

  none

 former:

  Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific

  Islands)

Abbreviation:

  FSM

Digraph:

  FM

Type:

  constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of

  Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986

Capital:

  Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei)

 note:

  a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley

Administrative divisions:

  4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap

Independence:

  3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Constitution:

  10 May 1979

Legal system:

  based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,

  common, and customary laws

National holiday:

  Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  no formal parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President

  Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA

 Congress:

  last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of

  vote NA; seats - (14 total)

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Congress

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since

  21 May 1991)

Member of:

  AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU

 chancery:

  1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government



 telephone:

  (202) 223-4383

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL

 embassy:

  address NA, Kolonia

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941

 telephone:

  691-320-2187

 FAX:

  691-320-2186

Flag:

  light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are

  arranged in a diamond pattern



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The

  islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade

  phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness

  of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.

  Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the

  US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical

  isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to

  long-term growth.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.)

 note:

  GNP numbers reflect US spending

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital

  expenditures of $20 million (1988)

Exports:

  $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  copra

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and

  pearls

Agriculture:

  mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables,

  coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens

Economic aid:

  under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3

  billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001

Currency:

  US currency is used

Exchange rates:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications



Highways:

  39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or

  laterite-surfaced roads

Ports:

  Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae)

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands

  interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);

  16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5

  AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Midway Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Midway Islands, Geography



Location:

  located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu,

  about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  5.2 km2

 land area:

  5.2 km2

 comparative area:

  about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Eastern Island and Sand Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  15 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth)

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds

Terrain:

  low, nearly level

Natural resources:

  fish, wildlife

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%  permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  coral atoll

Note:

  closed to the public



*Midway Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel



*Midway Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Midway Islands

Digraph:

  MQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under

  command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed

  cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US

  Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;

  legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within

  the State of Hawaii

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC

Flag:

  the US flag is used



*Midway Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations

  located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.

Electricity:

  supplied by US Military



*Midway Islands, Communications



Highways:

  32 km total

Pipelines:

  7.8 km

Ports:

  Sand Island

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1



*Midway Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Moldova, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Romania

Map references:

  Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  33,700 km2

 land area:

  33,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii

Land boundaries:

  total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas;

  northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR

Climate:

  mild winters, warm summers

Terrain:

  rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Natural resources:

  lignite, phosphorites, gypsum

Land use:

 arable land:

  50%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  9%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  41%

Irrigated land:

  2,920 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as

  DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poor

  farming methods

Note:

  landlocked



*Moldova, People



Population:

  4,455,645 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.4% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.92 years

 male:

  64.49 years

 female:

  71.53 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Moldovan(s)

 adjective:

  Moldovan

Ethnic divisions:

  Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish

  1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures)

 note:

  internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region

  and Gagauz Turks in the south

Religions:

  Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members)

  (1991)

 note:

  almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are not

  churchgoers

Languages:

  Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language,

  Russian

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  2.095 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)



*Moldova, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Moldova

 conventional short form:

  Moldova

 local long form:

  Republica Moldoveneasca

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia

Digraph:

  MD

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Chisinau (Kishinev)

Administrative divisions:

  previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger

  districts at some future point

Independence:

  27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution

  (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the

  past few years

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not

  accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 27 August 1991

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie

  ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social

  Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian

  Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe

  GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The

  Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian

  Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National

  Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders;

  The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic

  Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working

  People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for

  Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great Movement

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR

  ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote

 Parliament:

  last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50;

  Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70;

  Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies

  who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats

  filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet



*Moldova, Government



Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990)

 Head of Legislature:

  Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime

  Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992)

Member of:

  BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as

  representative to US)

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON

 embassy:

  Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94

 FAX:

  7-0422-23-34-94

Flag:

  same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),

  yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold

  outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its

  beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in

  its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over

  blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined

  yellow



*Moldova, Economy



Overview:

  Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the

  most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population,

  labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living

  standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys

  a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on

  agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry

  accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than

  one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other

  former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic

  equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles.

  Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the

  other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized

  private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are

  dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the

  political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics

  and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz

  regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second

  consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture.

  The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -26% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   27% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

  underemployed workers)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals

  (1991)

 partners:

  Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania

Imports:

  100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer

  durables

 partners:

  Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania

External debt:

  $100 million (1993 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -22% (1992)

Electricity:

  3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where

  known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and

  freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar

  (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles



*Moldova, Economy



Agriculture:

  Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total

  output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%),

  sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes

  (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%)

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption;

  transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million

  (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31

  million

Currency:

  plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining

  Russian ruble as currency

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Moldova, Communications



Railroads:

  1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

  natural gas 310 km (1992)

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 total:

  26

 useable:

  15

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with

  a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications

  for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by

  landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international

  gateway switch in Moscow



*Moldova, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and

  border troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military

  age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Monaco, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the

  border with Italy

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  1.9 km2

 land area:

  1.9 km2

 comparative area:

  about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km

Coastline:

  4.1 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain:

  hilly, rugged, rocky

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  almost entirely urban

Note:

  second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See)



*Monaco, People



Population:

  31,008 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.93% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:  total population:

  77.5 years

 male:

  73.7 years

 female:

  81.49 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)

 adjective:

  Monacan or Monegasque

Ethnic divisions:

  French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

  French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Monaco, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Principality of Monaco

 conventional short form:

  Monaco

 local long form:

  Principaute de Monaco

 local short form:

  Monaco

Digraph:

  MN

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Monaco

Administrative divisions:

  4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,

  Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo

Independence:

  1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)

Constitution:

  17 December 1962

Legal system:   based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 19 November

Political parties and leaders:

  National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco

  Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)

Suffrage:

  25 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Council:

  last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18

Executive branch:

  prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Council (Conseil National)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT

  Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)

 Head of Government:

  Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA)

Member of:

  ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 honorary consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan

  (Puerto Rico)

 honorary consulates:

  Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington

US diplomatic representation:

  no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is

  accredited to Monaco



*Monaco, Government



Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of

  Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and

  red



*Monaco, Economy



Overview:

  Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort,

  attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has

  successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added,

  nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes

  and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established

  residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices.

  About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels,

  banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism.

  Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in

  prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $16,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NEGL%

Budget:

  revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

  $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates

  Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs

  union with France

Imports:

  $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates

  Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs

  union with France

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from France

Agriculture:

  NA

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Monaco, Communications



Railroads:

  1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge

Highways:

  none; city streets

Ports:

  Monaco

Merchant marine:

  1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT

Airports:

  1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways

Telecommunications:

  served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone

  system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no

  communication satellite earth stations



*Monaco, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Mongolia, Geography



Location:

  East Central Asia, between China and Russia

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1.565 million km2

 land area:

  1.565 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:

  total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Terrain:

  vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi

  Desert in southeast

Natural resources:

  oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,

  wolfram, fluorspar, gold

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  79%

 forest and woodland:

  10%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  770 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  harsh and rugged

Note:

  landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia



*Mongolia, People



Population:

  2,367,054 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.62% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.77 years

 male:

  63.53 years

 female:

  68.13 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mongolian(s)

 adjective:

  Mongolian

Ethnic divisions:

  Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Religions:

  predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%

 note:

  previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime

Languages:

  Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  primarily herding/agricultural

 note:

  over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large

  percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor



*Mongolia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Mongolia

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Mongol Uls

 former:

  Outer Mongolia

Digraph:

  MG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Ulaanbaatar

Administrative divisions:

  18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,,   singular - hot);

Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,,   Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,

Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,,   Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,

Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence:

  13 March 1921 (from China)

Constitution:

  adopted 13 January 1992

Legal system:

  blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional

  provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 11 July (1921)

Political parties and leaders:

  Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,

  presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL,

  general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and

  Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and

  Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D.

  ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP);

  Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party,

  Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD

 note:

  opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The

  Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party,

  Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP),

  Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party,

  Mongolian Workers Party

Suffrage:   18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results -

  Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate

  Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)

 State Great Hural:

  first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%;

  seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1

 note:

  the People's Small Hural no longer exists



*Mongolia, Government



Executive branch:

  president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister,

  cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral State Great Hural

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts,

  but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President

  Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime

  Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA)

Member of:

  AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  (301) 983-1962

 FAX:

  (301) 983-2025

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE

 embassy:

  address NA, Ulaanbaatar

 mailing address:

  Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road;

  PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002

 telephone:

  [976] (1) 329095, 329606

 FAX:

  Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH

Flag:

  three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on

  the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a

  columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun,

  moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)



*Mongolia, Economy



Overview:

  Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of

  unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity

  traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -

  Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In

  recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet

  support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,

  tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber

  and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership

  continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly

  attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade

  and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was

  provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly

  due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.

  By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete

  shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal

  shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally

  planned economy through privatization and price reform.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $800 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  325% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  deficit of $67 million (1991)

Exports:

  $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other

  nonferrous metals

 partners:

  USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%

Imports:

  $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,

  chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea

 partners:

  USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%

External debt:

  $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR

Industrial production:

  growth rate -15% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and

  beverage, mining (particularly coal)

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the

  population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but

  also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage



*Mongolia, Economy



Economic aid:

  about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR

  and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170

  million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,

  including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over

  $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992

Currency:

  1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos

Exchange rates:

  tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mongolia, Communications



Railroads:

  1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)

Highways:

  46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)

Inland waterways:

  397 km of principal routes (1988)

Airports:

 total:

  81

 usable:

  31

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  fewer than 5

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  fewer than 20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  12

Telecommunications:

  63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18

  provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at

  least 1 earth station



*Mongolia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier

  Guards), Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military

  age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)



*Montserrat, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Montserrat, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  100 km2

 land area:

  100 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  40 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:   20%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  10%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  30%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to severe hurricanes from June to November

Note:

  located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea



*Montserrat, People



Population:

  12,661 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.36% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.76 years

 male:

  74 years

 female:

  77.56 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Montserratian(s)

 adjective:

  Montserratian

Ethnic divisions:

  black, Europeans

Religions:

  Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist,

  other Christian denominations

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:   97%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  97%

Labor force:

  5,100

 by occupation:

  community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade,

  restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry,

  and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)



*Montserrat, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Montserrat

Digraph:

  MH

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Plymouth

Administrative divisions:

  3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  1 January 1960

Legal system:

  English common law and statute law

National holiday:

  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation

  Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand

  OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -

  (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1

Executive branch:

  monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David

  TAYLOR (since NA 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)

Member of:

  CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat

  of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a

  black cross



*Montserrat, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and

  construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly

  one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%.

  The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to

  fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts

  sold to the US.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  13.5% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $5,800 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  3% (1987)

Budget:

  revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $3.2 million (1988)

Exports:

  $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods,

  fuels, lubricants, and related materials

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $2.05 million (1987)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Agriculture:

  accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions,

  peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90

  million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Montserrat, Communications



Highways:

  280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Plymouth

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV



*Montserrat, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police Force

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Morocco, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea,

  between Algeria and Western Sahara

Map references:   Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  446,550 km2

 land area:

  446,300 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

  total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km

Coastline:

  1,835 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN

  is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been

  currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of

  sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the

  coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the

  islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas

  Chafarinas

Climate:

  Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with rich coastal plains

Natural resources:

  phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  18%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  28%

 forest and woodland:

  12%

 other:

  41%

Irrigated land:

  12,650 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes;

  desertification

Note:

  strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar



*Morocco, People



Population:

  27,955,090 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.16% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.5 years

 male:

  65.7 years

 female:

  69.4 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Moroccan(s)

 adjective:

  Moroccan

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Religions:

  Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business,

  government, and diplomacy

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  50%

 male:

  61%

 female:

  38%

Labor force:

  7.4 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)



*Morocco, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Morocco

 conventional short form:   Morocco

 local long form:

  Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah

 local short form:

  Al Maghrib

Digraph:

  MO

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Rabat

Administrative divisions:

  37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al,   Hoceima, Azilal,

Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,,   El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er

Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,,   Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga,

Laayoune, Larache,

  Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,,   Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,,

Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate,

  Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit

Independence:

  2 March 1956 (from France)

Constitution:

  10 March 1972, revised in September 1992

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial

  review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court

National holiday:

  National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to

  the throne)

Political parties and leaders:

  Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union

  (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;

  Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN),

  Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular

  Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI;

  Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Chamber of Representatives:

  last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but

  postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61,

  MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992)



*Morocco, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO,

  G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS

  (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT

 chancery:

  1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;

 telephone:

  (202) 462-7979

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718

 telephone:

  [212] (7) 76-22-65

 FAX:

  [212] (7) 76-56-61

 consulate general:

  Casablanca

Flag:

  red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's

  seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam



*Morocco, Economy



Overview:

  The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a

  trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile

  sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker

  remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling

  agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped

  real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial

  policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of

  domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was

  adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992,

  Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the

  IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's

  commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993

  the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service

  obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high

  unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain

  severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to

  privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut

  back agricultural output in 1992.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,060 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  19% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992)

Exports:

  $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,

  phosphates 17%

 partners:

  EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2%

Imports:

  $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and

  lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%

 partners:

  EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2%

External debt:

  $20 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990)

Electricity:

  2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,

  textiles, construction, tourism



*Morocco, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not

  self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate;

  barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000

  metric tons in 1987

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic

  and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to

  Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America

  destined for Western Europe.

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional

  $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral

  commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8

  billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt

  canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million;

  World Bank, $450 million (1991)

Currency:

  1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707

  (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Morocco, Communications



Railroads:

  1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km

  electrified)

Highways:

  59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved

  earth, and unimproved earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km

Ports:

  Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,

  Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla

Merchant marine:

  50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2

  container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11

  chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passenger

Airports:

 total:

  73

 usable:

  65

 with permanent-surface runways:

  26

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  13

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links;

  principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes,

  Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones

  per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26

  repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and

  Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio

  relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and

  Morocco



*Morocco, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal

  Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach

  military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)



*Mozambique, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and

  Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  801,590 km2

 land area:

  784,090 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:

  total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km,

  Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Coastline:

  2,470 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical to subtropical

Terrain:

  mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest,

  mountains in west

Natural resources:

  coal, titanium

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  56%

 forest and woodland:   20%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  1,150 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification



*Mozambique, People



Population:

  16,341,777 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  6.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  48.03 years

 male:

  46.22 years

 female:

  49.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Mozambican(s)

 adjective:

  Mozambican

Ethnic divisions:

  indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000,

  Indians 15,000

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%

Languages:

  Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  33%

 male:

  45%

 female:

  21%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:   90% engaged in agriculture



*Mozambique, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Mozambique

 conventional short form:

  Mozambique

 local long form:

  Republica Popular de Mocambique

 local short form:

  Mocambique

Digraph:

  MZ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Maputo

Administrative divisions:

  10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,

  Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia

Independence:

  25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  30 November 1990

Legal system:

  based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 25 June (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,

  chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR;

  FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new

  Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system

 note:

  the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties,

  including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique

  National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the

  Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have

  already emerged

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

  draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly

  elections

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:   President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO



*Mozambique, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO

 chancery:

  Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 293-7146

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.

 embassy:

  Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 783, Maputo

 telephone:

  [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50

 FAX:

  [258] (1) 49-01-14

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red

  isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in

  white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a

  crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book



*Mozambique, Economy



Overview:

  One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the

  economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and

  transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and

  investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of

  internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing

  foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic

  reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late

  1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output,

  nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be

  imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends

  heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil

  strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3%

  in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $115 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  50% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  50% (1989 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%

 partners:

  US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan

Imports:

  $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum

 partners:

  US, Western Europe, USSR

External debt:

  $5.4 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5% (1989 est.)

Electricity:

  2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products,

  textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco

Agriculture:

  accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton,

  cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice,

  tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890

  million

Currency:

  1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos



*Mozambique, Economy



Exchange rates:

  meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47

  (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Mozambique, Communications



Railroads:

  3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;

  Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to

  closure because of insurgency

Highways:

  26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized

  soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  about 3,750 km of navigable routes

Pipelines:

  crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km

Ports:

  Maputo, Beira, Nacala

Merchant marine:

  4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  194

 usable:

  131

 with permanent-surface runways:

  25

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast

  stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and

  3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT



*Mozambique, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Namibia, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South

  Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  824,290 km2

 land area:

  823,290 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Land boundaries:

  total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km,

  Zambia 233 km

Coastline:

  1,489 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with

  Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

  is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands

  administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to

  jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be

  covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at

  this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over

  the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili

  (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti River

Climate:

  desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Terrain:

  mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east

Natural resources:

  diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,

  vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,

  iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  64%

 forest and woodland:

  22%

 other:

  13%

Irrigated land:

  40 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification

Note:

  Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia



*Namibia, People



Population:

  1,541,321 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.46% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  61.2 years

 male:

  58.57 years

 female:

  63.91 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Namibian(s)

 adjective:

  Namibian

Ethnic divisions:

  black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%

 note:

  about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the

  Kavangos tribe

Religions:

  Christian

Languages:

  English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population

  and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1960)

 total population:

  38%

 male:

  45%

 female:

  31%

Labor force:

  500,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%,

  mining 6% (1981 est.)



*Namibia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Namibia

 conventional short form:

  Namibia

Digraph:

  WA

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Windhoek

Administrative divisions:

  13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena,

  Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

 note:

  the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland,

  Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg,

  Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland,

  Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund,

  Tsumeb, Windhoek

Independence:

  21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Constitution:

  ratified 9 February 1990

Legal system:

  based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

  South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia

  (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United

  Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN),

  Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal

  Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF),

  Vekuii RUKORO

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam

  NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National

  Assembly)

 National Assembly:

  last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results

  - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4,

  ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1

 National Council:

  last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998);

  seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a

  lower house or National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Namibia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)

Member of:

  ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM

  (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH

 chancery:

  1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box

  34738, Washington, DC 20043)

 telephone:

  (202) 986-0540

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY

 embassy:

  Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000

 telephone:

  [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680

 FAX:

  [264] (61) 229-792

Flag:

  a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section,

  and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the

  triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow

  white-edge borders



*Namibia, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and

  process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia

  is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's

  fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the

  richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality

  diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver,

  and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely

  subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood.



































National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10% (1992) in urban area

Unemployment rate:

  25-35% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital

  expenditures of $144 million (FY 92)

Exports:

  $1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakul

  skins

 partners:

  Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan

Imports:

  $1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991)



*Namibia, Economy



 commodities:

  foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment

 partners:

  South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland

External debt:

  about $220 million (1992 est.)

Industrial production:   growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining

Electricity:

  490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc,

  diamond, uranium)

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major

  source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch

  potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch

  reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),

  $47.2 million

Currency:

  1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653

  (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Namibia, Communications



Railroads:

  2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

  54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks

Ports:

  Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)

Airports:

 total:

  137

 usable:

  112

 with permanent-surface runways:

  21

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  62

Telecommunications:

  good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires

  extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations -

  4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV



*Namibia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Defense Force (Army), Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92)



*Nauru, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  21 km2

 land area:

  21 km2

 comparative area:

  about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  30 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)

Terrain:

  sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate

  plateau in center

Natural resources:

  phosphates

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  only 53 km south of Equator

Note:

  Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean

  - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French

  Polynesia



*Nauru, People



Population:

  9,882 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.42% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  66.68 years

 male:

  64.3 years

 female:

  69.18 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Nauruan(s)

 adjective:

  Nauruan

Ethnic divisions:

  Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%

Religions:

  Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)

Languages:

  Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely

  understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

 by occupation:

  NA



*Nauru, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Republic of Nauru

 conventional short form:

  Nauru

 former:

  Pleasant Island

Digraph:

  NR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  no official capital; government offices in Yaren

Administrative divisions:

  14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu,

  Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren

Independence:

  31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK)

Constitution:

  29 January 1968

Legal system:

  own Acts of Parliament and British common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 31 January (1968)

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -

  Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament

 Parliament:

  last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -

  percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989)

Member of:

  AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

  there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam)

US diplomatic representation:

  the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru

Flag:

  blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large

  white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates

  the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and

  the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru



*Nauru, Economy



Overview:

  Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are

  expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans

  one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually.

  Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including

  fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the

  replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems.

  Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help

  cushion the transition.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $10,000 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  0%

Budget:

  revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)

Exports:

  $93 million (f.o.b., 1984)

 commodities:

  phosphates

 partners:

  Australia, NZ

Imports:

  $73 million (c.i.f., 1984)

 commodities:

  food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery

 partners:

  Australia, UK, NZ, Japan

External debt:

  $33.3 million

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products

Agriculture:

  coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completely

  dependent on imports for food and water

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Nauru, Communications



Railroads:

  3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing

  facilities on the southwest coast

Highways:

  about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth

Ports:

  Nauru

Merchant marine:

  1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  adequate local and international radio communications provided via

  Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations -

  1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Nauru, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Directorate of the Nauru Police Force

 note:

  no regular armed forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA

Defense expenditures:

  $NA - no formal defense structure



*Navassa Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Navassa Island, Geography



Location:

  in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo

  (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  5.2 km2

 land area:

  5.2 km2

 comparative area:

  about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  8 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Haiti

Climate:

  marine, tropical

Terrain:

  raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical

  white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)

Natural resources:

  guano

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  10%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  90%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense

  stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus

Note:

  strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba



*Navassa Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the

  island



*Navassa Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Navassa Island

Digraph:

  BQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Navassa Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Navassa Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only



*Navassa Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Nepal, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  140,800 km2

 land area:

  136,800 km2

 comparative area:   slightly larger than Arkansas

Land boundaries:

  total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers

  and mild winters in south

Terrain:

  Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region,

  rugged Himalayas in north

Natural resources:

  quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, small

  deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  17%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  13%

 forest and woodland:

  33%

 other:

  37%

Irrigated land:

  9,430 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion;

  water pollution

Note:

  landlocked; strategic location between China and India



*Nepal, People



Population:

  20,535,466 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.43% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  37.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  13.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  85.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  51.98 years  male:

  51.84 years

 female:

  52.12 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Nepalese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Nepalese

Ethnic divisions:

  Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus,

  Sherpas

Religions:

  Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981)

 note:

  only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between

  many Hindu and Buddhist groups

Languages:

  Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  26%

 male:

  38%

 female:

  13%

Labor force:

  8.5 million (1991 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%

 note:

  severe lack of skilled labor



*Nepal, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Nepal

 conventional short form:

  Nepal

Digraph:

  NP

Type:

  parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991

Capital:

  Kathmandu

Administrative divisions:

  14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri,

  Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti,

  Sagarmatha, Seti

Independence:   1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)

Constitution:

  9 November 1990

Legal system:

  based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

 ruling party:

  Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Party president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, Prime

  Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH

 center:

  the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand),

  Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa),

  Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, Gayendra

  Narayan SINGH

 Communist:

  Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan

  ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL;

  Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE;

  Democratic Party, leader NA

 note:

  the two factions of the NDP announced a merger in late 1991

Other political or pressure groups:

  numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small,

  radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%,

  CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana

  Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats -

  (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6,

  NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note

  - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy

  system for the first time in 32 years

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a

  lower house or House of Representatives



*Nepal, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24

  February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son

  of the King (born 21 June 1971)

 Head of Government:   Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)

Member of:

  AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA

 chancery:

  2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 667-4550

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH

 embassy:

  Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890

 FAX:

  [977] (1) 419963

Flag:

  red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right

  triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the

  larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun



*Nepal, Economy



Overview:

  Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world.

  Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over

  90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is

  limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute,

  sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has

  expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in

  FY91. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural

  resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the

  late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of

  2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished partly because of

  poor distribution. The top 10% of the population receives 47% of total

  income, the bottom 20% less than 5% of the total. Since May 1991, the

  government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by

  eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order to

  simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been

  cutting public expenditures by reducing subsides, privatizing state

  industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade and

  investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size of

  the economy, its technological backwardness, and its remoteness.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (FY92)

National product real growth rate:

  3.1% (FY92)

National product per capita:

  $170 (FY92)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  14% (November 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (1987); underemployment estimated at 25-40%

Budget:

  revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $672.0 million, including capital

  expenditures of $396 million (FY92 est.)

Exports:

  $313 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) but does not include unrecorded border

  trade with India

 commodities:

  carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

 partners:

  US, Germany, India, UK

Imports:

  $751 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%

 partners:

  India, Singapore, Japan, Germany

External debt:

  $2 billion (FY92 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP

Electricity:

  300,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet,

  cement, and brick production; tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn,

  wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in

  food, particularly in drought years



*Nepal, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug

  markets; probable transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the West

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286

  million

Currency:

  1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa

Exchange rates:

  Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 43.200 (January 1993), 42.742 (1992),

  37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988)

Fiscal year:   16 July - 15 July



*Nepal, Communications



Railroads:

  52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian

  border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned

Highways:

  7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone;

  also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks

Airports:

 total:

  37

 usable:

  37

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast

  service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000

  telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Nepal, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,849,109; fit for military service 2,517,385; reach

  military age (17) annually 234,060 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92)



*Netherlands, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  37,330 km2

 land area:

  33,920 km2  comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Coastline:

  451 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Terrain:

  mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast

Natural resources:

  natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil

Land use:

 arable land:

  26%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  32%

 forest and woodland:

  9%

 other:

  32%

Irrigated land:

  5,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  without an extensive system of dikes and dams, nearly one-half of the total

  area would be inundated by sea water

Note:

  located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse,

  Schelde)



*Netherlands, People



Population:

  15,274,942 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.63% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.81 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:   6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.55 years

 male:

  74.48 years

 female:

  80.78 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.59 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)

 adjective:

  Dutch

Ethnic divisions:

  Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988)

Languages:

  Dutch

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1979)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  5.3 million

 by occupation:

  services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government 15.9%,

  agriculture 5.8% (1986)



*Netherlands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of the Netherlands

 conventional short form:

  Netherlands

 local long form:

  Koninkrijk de Nederlanden

 local short form:

  Nederland

Digraph:

  NL

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government

Administrative divisions:

  12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland,

  Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland,

  Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland

Dependent areas:

  Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Independence:

  1579 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  17 February 1983

Legal system:

  civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the

  Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States

  General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK;

  Liberal (VVD), Frederick BOLKSTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a

  host of minor parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement

  (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade

  union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the

  nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch

  Peace Council (IKV)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 First Chamber:

  last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by

  the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by

  party NA

 Second Chamber:

  last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held in May 1994); results - CDA

  35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 total)

  CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or

  First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede

  Kamer)



*Netherlands, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent

  WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April

  1967)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice

  Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 2 November 1989)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN,

  COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, IADB,

  IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest),

  NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN

 chancery:

  4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 244-5300

 FAX:

  (202) 362-3430

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific

  Islands), New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. GEWECKE

 embassy:

  Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague

 mailing address:

  PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715

 telephone:

  [31] (70) 310-9209

 FAX:

  [31] (70) 361-4688

 consulate general:

  Amsterdam

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the

  flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer



*Netherlands, Economy



Overview:

  This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise.

  The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations,

  permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic

  activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of

  GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the

  food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly

  mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but

  provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing

  industry. Unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most

  serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will

  reflect the course of European economic integration.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $259.8 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.6% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $17,200 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5.3% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $109.9 billion; expenditures $122.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $128.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals,

  metal products, textiles, clothing

 partners:

  EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), US 4% (1991)

Imports:

  $117.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation

  equipment, crude oil, food products

 partners:

  EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991)

External debt:

  $0

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,500 million kWh produced, 4,200 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and

  equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics

Agriculture:

  accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains,

  potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and

  oils

Illicit drugs:

  transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries;

  European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion



*Netherlands, Economy



Currency:

  1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.8167 (January

  1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Netherlands, Communications



Railroads:

  2,828 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS)

  (includes 1,957 km electrified and 1,800 km double track)

Highways:

  108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access,

  divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone

Inland waterways:

  6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or

  larger

Pipelines:

  crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km

Ports:

  coastal - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden,

  Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports

Merchant marine:

  344 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,762,000 GRT/3,675,649 DWT; includes

  3 short-sea passenger, 193 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 26 container, 13

  roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 11 multifunction large-load carrier,

  23 oil tanker, 22 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 6

  bulk, 4 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered

  on the captive Netherlands Antilles register

Airports:

 total:

  28

 usable:

  28

 with permanent-surface runways:

  20

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  11

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  6

Telecommunications:

  highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant

  system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay

  microwave links; 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM,

  12 (39 repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1

  communication satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean

  and 2 Atlantic Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone

  system



*Netherlands, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service

  and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,183,167; fit for military service 3,677,445; reach

  military age (20) annually 104,263 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 3% of GDP (1992)



*Netherlands Antilles, Header



Affiliation:

  (part of the Dutch realm)



*Netherlands Antilles, Geography



Location:

  two island groups - Curacas and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean Sea are

  about 70 km north of Venezuela near Aruba and the rest of the country is

  about 800 km to the northeast about one-third of the way between Antigua and

  Barbuda and Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  960 km2

 land area:

  960 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch

  part of the island of Saint Martin)

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  364 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

Terrain:

  generally hilly, volcanic interiors

Natural resources:

  phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%  forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  92%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely

  threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes

  from July to October



*Netherlands Antilles, People



Population:

  184,990 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.4% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.73 years

 male:

  73.55 years

 female:

  78.03 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Netherlands Antillean(s)

 adjective:

  Netherlands Antillean

Ethnic divisions:

  mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, Oriental

Religions:

  Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist

Languages:

  Dutch (official), Papiamento a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect

  predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  94%

 male:

  94%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  89,000

 by occupation:

  government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983)



*Netherlands Antilles, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Netherlands Antilles

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Nederlandse Antillen

Digraph:

  NA

Type:

  part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954

Capital:

  Willemstad

Administrative divisions:

  none (part of the Dutch realm)

Independence:

  none (part of the Dutch realm)

Constitution:

  29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended

Legal system:

  based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

National holiday:

  Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)

Political parties and leaders:

  political parties are indigenous to each island

 Bonaire:

  Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire

  (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN

 Curacao:

  National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement

  (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson

  (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE;

  Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA

 Saba:

  Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba

  Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS

 Sint Eustatius:

  Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward

  Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL

 Sint Maarten:

  Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic

  Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:  Staten:

  last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2,

  DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the

  government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several

  parties

Executive branch:

  Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of

  Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral legislature (Staten)



*Netherlands Antilles, Government



Judicial branch:

  Joint High Court of Justice

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by

  Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served

  from September 1984 to November 1985)

Member of:

  CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO

  (associate), UPU, WMO, WTO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in

  the US are represented by the Netherlands

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Consul General Bernard J. WOERZ

 consulate general:

  Saint Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao

 telephone:

  [599] (9) 613066

 FAX:

  [599] (9) 616489

Flag:

  white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical

  red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an

  oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the

  five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint

  Maarten



*Netherlands Antilles, Economy



Overview:

  Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the

  economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed

  infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many

  Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large

  international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with

  the US being the major supplier.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $8,700 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  16.4% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $209 million; expenditures $232 million, including capital

  expenditures of $8 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $200 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum products 98%

 partners:

  US 40%, UK 7%, Guadeloupe 5%

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures

 partners:

  Venezuela 42%, US 21%, Netherlands 8%

External debt:

  $701 million (December 1987)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,980 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum

  transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing

  (Curacao)

Agriculture:

  hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes,

  sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in

  food

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $513 million

Currency:

  1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79

  (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Netherlands Antilles, Communications



Highways:

  950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth

Ports:

  Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk

Merchant marine:

  89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 781,646 GRT/962,138 DWT; includes 4

  passenger, 29 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off,

  12 multifunction large-load carrier, 5 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 2

  bulk, 1 oil tanker, 1 railcar carrier, 1 combination ore/oil; note - all but

  a few are foreign owned, mostly in the Netherlands

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland microwave radio relay

  links; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Netherlands Antilles, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National

  Guard, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 48,965; fit for military service 27,531; reach military age

  (20) annually 1,638 (1993 est.)

Note:

  defense is responsibility of the Netherlands



*New Caledonia, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas territory of France)



*New Caledonia, Geography



Location:

  in the South Pacific Ocean, 1,750 km east of Australia

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  19,060 km2

 land area:

  18,760 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  2,254 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

Terrain:

  coastal plains with interior mountains

Natural resources:

  nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  14%

 forest and woodland:

  51%

 other:

  35%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  typhoons most frequent from November to March



*New Caledonia, People



Population:

  178,056 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  22.7 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.22 years

 male:

  69.92 years

 female:

  76.7 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  New Caledonian(s)

 adjective:

  New Caledonian

Ethnic divisions:

  Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%,

  Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%

Languages:

  French, 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  91%

 male:

  91%

 female:

  90%

Labor force:

  50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna,

  Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.)

 by occupation:

  NA



*New Caledonia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies

 conventional short form:

  New Caledonia

 local long form:

  Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances

 local short form:

  Nouvelle-Caledonie

Digraph:

  NC

Type:

  overseas territory of France since 1956

Capital:

  Noumea

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative

  divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named

  Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud

Independence:

  none (overseas territory of France; a referendum on independence will be

  held in 1998)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands;

  formerly under French law

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la Republique (RPCR),

  conservative, Jacques LAFLEUR - affiliated to France's Rassemblement pour la

  Republique (RPR); Melanesian proindependence Kanaka Socialist National

  Liberation Front (FLNKS), Paul NEAOUTYINE; Melanesian moderate Kanak

  Socialist Liberation (LKS), Nidoish NAISSELINE; National Front (FN), extreme

  right, Guy GEORGE; Caledonie Demain (CD), right-wing, Bernard MARANT; Union

  Oceanienne (UO), conservative, Michel HEMA; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak

  (FULK), proindependence, UREGEI; Union Caledonian (UC), Francois BURCK

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French Senate:

  last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held September 2001); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1

 French National Assembly:

  last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results

  - RPR 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2

 Territorial Assembly:

  last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS

  28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19,

  FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK

Executive branch:

  French president, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Territorial Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal



*New Caledonia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain

  CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:   as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are

represented

  in the US by France

US diplomatic representation:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*New Caledonia, Economy



Overview:

  New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In

  recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international

  demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a

  negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts

  for about 25% of imports.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.4% (1988)

National product per capita:

  $6,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.1% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

  16% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1985)

Exports:

  $671 million (f.o.b., 1989)

 commodities:

  nickel metal 87%, nickel ore

 partners:

  France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4%

Imports:

  $764 million (c.i.f., 1989)

 commodities:

  foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment

 partners:

  France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita

  (1990)

Industries:

  nickel mining and smelting

Agriculture:

  large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60%

  self-sufficient in beef

Illicit drugs:

  illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for

  some families

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $4,185 million

Currency:

  1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January

  1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30

  (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*New Caledonia, Communications



Highways:

  6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987)

Ports:

  Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio

Airports:

 total:

  29

 usable:

  27

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific

  Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*New Caledonia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Gendarmerie, Police Force

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*New Zealand, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, southeast of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:  total area:

  268,680 km2

 land area:

  268,670 km2

 comparative area:

  about the size of Colorado

 note:

  includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell

  Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  15,134 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)

Climate:

  temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Terrain:

  predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains

Natural resources:

  natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  53%

 forest and woodland:

  38%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  2,800 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  earthquakes are common, though usually not severe



*New Zealand, People



Population:

  3,368,774 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.61% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.11 years

 male:

  72.46 years

 female:

  79.95 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.07 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  New Zealander(s)

 adjective:

  New Zealand

Ethnic divisions:

  European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2%

Religions:

  Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist

  2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986)

Languages:

  English (official), Maori

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1,603,500 (June 1991)

 by occupation:

  services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary production 9.3% (1987)



*New Zealand, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  New Zealand

Abbreviation:

  NZ

Digraph:

  NZ

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Wellington

Administrative divisions:   93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri,,

Ashburton,

  Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha,

  Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston,

  Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*,,   Hawke's Bay,

Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui,,   Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood,

Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie,

  Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton,,   Matamata, Mount

Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*,,   Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea,

Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*,,   Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda,,

Silverpeaks, Southland,

  Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo,

  Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo,,   Waikato, Waikohu,

Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa,

  Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*,,   Waitotara, Wallace,

Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei,,   Whangaroa, Woodville

Dependent areas:

  Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Independence:

  26 September 1907 (from UK)

Constitution:

  no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including

  certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986

  was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted

Legal system:

  based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for

  Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British

  sovereignty)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party

  (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON;

  Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE

  and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin

  RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS

 note:

  the New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition

  called the Alliance Party, Jim ANDERTON, president, in September 1991; the

  Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*New Zealand, Government



Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held NA November 1993); results -

  NP 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29,

  NLP 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:   unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament)

Judicial branch:

  High Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister

  Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990)

Member of:

  ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC,

  AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM (cooperating country), EBRD, ESCAP,

  FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR,

  NAM (guest), OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN

 chancery:

  37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 328-4800

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP 96531-1001

 telephone:

  [64] (4) 722-068

 FAX:

  [64] (4) 723-537

 consulate general:

  Auckland

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red

  five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag;

  the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation



*New Zealand, Economy



Overview:

  Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent

  on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can

  compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth

  would boost real incomes, broaden and deepen the technological capabilities

  of the industrial sector, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the

  expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is

  down from double-digit levels, but growth was sluggish in 1988-91, and

  unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May

  1991. In 1992, growth picked up to 3%, a sign that the new economic approach

  is beginning to pay off.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $49.8 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $14,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.2% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  10.1% (September 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $14.0 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $3.65 billion (f.o.b., FY92)

 commodities:

  wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals,

  forestry products

 partners:

  EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea

  3.1%

Imports:

  $3.99 billion (f.o.b., FY92)

 commodities:

  petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment

 partners:

  Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0%

External debt:

  $38.5 billion (September 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  8,000,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 9,250 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,

  transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 9% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; livestock

  predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat,

  barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; surplus producer of farm

  products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million

Currency:

  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents



*New Zealand, Economy



Exchange rates:

  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),

  1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*New Zealand, Communications



Railroads:

  4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km

  electrified; over 99% government owned

Highways:

  92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone

Inland waterways:

  1,609 km; of little importance to transportation

Pipelines:

  natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate (liquified

  petroleum gas - LPG) 150 km

Ports:

  Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga

Merchant marine:

  18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2

  cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas,

  5 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  120

 usable:

  120

 with permanent-surface runways:

  33

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  42

Telecommunications:

  excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to

  Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*New Zealand, Defense Forces



Branches:

  New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 878,028; fit for military service 741,104; reach military

  age (20) annually 29,319 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY90/91)



*Nicaragua, Geography



Location:

  Central America, between Costa Rica and Honduras

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America

Area:

 total area:

  129,494 km2

 land area:

  120,254 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New York State

Land boundaries:

  total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km

Coastline:

  910 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain)

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y

  Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; International Court of Justice (ICJ)

  referred the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca to an

  earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite

  resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be

  required

Climate:

  tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Terrain:

  extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains;

  narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes

Natural resources:

  gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  9%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  43%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  12%

Irrigated land:

  850 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional

  severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution



*Nicaragua, People



Population:

  3,987,240 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.74% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  54.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  63.5 years

 male:

  60.7 years

 female:

  66.41 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.48 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Nicaraguan(s)

 adjective:

  Nicaraguan

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5%

Languages:

  Spanish (official)

 note:

  English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1971)

 total population:

  57%

 male:

  57%

 female:

  57%

Labor force:

  1.086 million

 by occupation:

  service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986)



*Nicaragua, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Republic of Nicaragua

 conventional short form:

  Nicaragua

 local long form:

  Republica de Nicaragua

 local short form:

  Nicaragua

Digraph:

  NU

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Managua

Administrative divisions:

  17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo,

  Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua,

  Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva

  Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS)

Independence:

  15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  January 1987

Legal system:

  civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

 ruling coalition:

  National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 10-party alliance - moderate parties:

  National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS Lacayo, president;

  Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto SOMARRIBA, Arnold

  ALEMAN; Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN, Agustin

  JARQUIN, Azucena FERREY, Roger MIRANDA, Francisco MAYORGA; National

  Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; National Action Party (PAN),

  Duilio BALTODANO; NOU - hardline parties: Independent Liberal Party (PLI),

  Wilfredo NAVARRO,Virgilio GODOY Reyes; Social Democratic Party (PSD),

  Guillermo POTOY, Alfredo CESAR Aguirre, secretary general; Conservative

  Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Communist Party of Nicaragua

  (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez; Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA

  Esquivel

 opposition parties:

  Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American

  Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of

  Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN),

  Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER;

  Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party

  (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando

  AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ;

  Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ



*Nicaragua, Government



Other political or pressure groups:

  National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor

  unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC);

  Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE);

  National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists

  of Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional

  Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers

  (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four

  non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS);

  Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent General

  Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS);

  Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior

  Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups

Suffrage:

  16 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results -

  Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN)

  40.8%, other 4.5%

 National Assembly:

  last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO

  53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 42, FSLN 39,

  PSC 1, MUR 1, "Centrist" (Dissident UNO) 9

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President

  Virgilio GODOY Reyes (since 25 April 1990)

Member of:

  BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA

  (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roberto MAYORGA (since January 1993)

 chancery:

  1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6570

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Charge d'Affaires Ronald GODARD

 embassy:

  Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34021

 telephone:

  [505] (2) 666010 or 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032

  through 34

 FAX:

  [505] (2) 666046



*Nicaragua, Government



Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the

  national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features

  a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and

  AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which

  features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN

  LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of

  Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the

  white band



*Nicaragua, Economy



Overview:

  Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although

  the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four

  private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign

  trade and abolished price controls on most goods. In early 1993, fewer than

  50% of the agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista

  economic policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The

  foundation of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural

  commodities, largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7%

  in 1989 and 4% in 1990, and remained about even in 1991-92. The agricultural

  sector employs 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of

  export earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and

  contributes about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in

  1990, and remained flat in 1991-92; output still is below pre-1979 levels.

  External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In

  1992 the inflation rate was 8%, down sharply from the 766% of 1991.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $425 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  13% underemployment 50% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA million (1991)

Exports:

  $280 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals

 partners:

  OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10%

Imports:

  $720 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing

 partners:

  Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15%

  (1990 est.)

External debt:

  $10 billion (December 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for about 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  434,000 kW capacity; 1,118 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum

  refining and distribution, beverages, footwear

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas,

  sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans;

  variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally

  self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  minor transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US



*Nicaragua, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion

Currency:

  1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 6 (10 January 1993), 25,000,000 (March 1992),

  21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987); note - new gold

  cordoba issued in 1992

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Nicaragua, Communications



Railroads:

  373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not

  operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect

  with mainline)

Highways:

  25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km

  earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km

Inland waterways:

  2,220 km, including 2 large lakes

Pipelines:

  crude oil 56 km

Ports:

  Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama

Merchant marine:

  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  226

 usable:

  151

 with permanent-surface runways:

  11

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  12

Telecommunications:

  low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into

  Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations -

  45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT



*Nicaragua, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 911,397; fit for military service 561,448; reach military

  age (18) annually 44,226 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 2.7% of GDP (1992 budget)



*Niger, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, between Algeria and Nigeria

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1.267 million km2

 land area:

  1,266,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,697 km, Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km,

  Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:   Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of

  international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border

  incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon,

  Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary

  demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger

Climate:

  desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Terrain:

  predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south;

  hills in north

Natural resources:

  uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  2%

 other:

  88%

Irrigated land:

  320 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal

  agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion

Note:

  landlocked



*Niger, People



Population:

  8,337,352 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.49% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  57.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  22.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  112.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  44.15 years

 male:

  42.6 years

 female:

  45.75 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Nigerien(s)

 adjective:

  Nigerien

Ethnic divisions:

  Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab,

  Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 French expatriates

Religions:

  Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians

Languages:

  French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  28%

 male:

  40%

 female:

  17%

Labor force:

  2.5 million wage earners (1982)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%

 note:

  51% of population of working age (1985)



*Niger, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Niger

 conventional short form:

  Niger

 local long form:

  Republique du Niger

 local short form:

  Niger

Digraph:

  NG

Type:

  transition government as of November 1991, appointed by national reform

  conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected

  government in March 1993

Capital:

  Niamey

Administrative divisions:

  7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso,

  Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder

Independence:

  3 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

  December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic

  Reform Conference

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Republic Day, 18 December (1958)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tandja MAMADOU;

  Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA;

  Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo

  BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of

  Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; other parties

  forming

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the

  presidency is now a largely ceremonial position

 National Assembly:

  last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only

  party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held

  a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a

  transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections

Executive branch:

  president (ceremonial), prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post

  since national conference (1991)



*Niger, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since NA November 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Adamou SEYDOU

 chancery:

  2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-4224 through 4227

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD

 embassy:   Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey

 mailing address:

  B. P. 11201, Niamey

 telephone:

  [227] 72-26-61 through 64

 FAX:

  [227] 73-31-67

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small

  orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to

  the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band



*Niger, Economy



Overview:

  About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising,

  activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also

  depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium

  production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s

  when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany,

  Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for

  uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe

  trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.9% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $290 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.3% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $193 million; expenditures $355 million, including capital

  expenditures of $106 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $294 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  uranium ore 60%, livestock products 20%, cowpeas, onions

 partners:

  France 77%, Nigeria 8%, Cote d'Ivoire, Italy

Imports:

  $346 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic equipment,

  cereals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, foodstuffs

 partners:

  Germany 26%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, France 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 2%

External debt:

  $1.2 billion (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -2.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP

Electricity:   105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a

  few other small light industries; uranium mining began in 1971

Agriculture:

  accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops -

  cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice;

  livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought

  years

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes



*Niger, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Niger, Communications



Highways:

  39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470

  km earthen, 23,000 km tracks

Inland waterways:

  Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier

  from mid-December through March

Airports:

 total:

  28

 usable:

  26

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  13

Telecommunications:

  small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links

  concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations -

  15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned



*Niger, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police, Republican Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,784,966; fit for military service 961,593; reach military

  age (18) annually 87,222 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989)



*Nigeria, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Benin and

  Cameroon

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  923,770 km2

 land area:

  910,770 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:

  total 4,047 km, Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km

Coastline:

  853 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  30 nm

International disputes:

  demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has

  led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification

  by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with

  Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet

  convened

Climate:

  varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Terrain:

  southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in

  southeast, plains in north

Natural resources:

  petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural

  gas

Land use:

 arable land:   31%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  23%

 forest and woodland:

  15%

 other:

  28%

Irrigated land:

  8,650 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural

  activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation



*Nigeria, People



Population:

  95,060,430 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.13% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.85 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  54.7 years

 male:

  53.54 years

 female:

  55.88 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.43 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Nigerian(s)

 adjective:

  Nigerian

Ethnic divisions:

 north:

  Hausa and Fulani

 southwest:

  Yoruba

 southeast:

  Ibos

  non-Africans 27,000

 note:

  Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibos together make up 65% of population

Religions:   Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Languages:

  English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  51%

 male:

  62%

 female:

  40%

Labor force:

  42.844 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15%

 note:

  49% of population of working age (1985)



*Nigeria, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Federal Republic of Nigeria

 conventional short form:

  Nigeria

Digraph:

  NI

Type:

  military government since 31 December 1983; plans to turn over power to

  elected civilians in August 1993

Capital:

  Abuja

 note:

  on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja;

  many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion of facilities in

  Abuja

Administrative divisions:

  30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa,   Ibom, Anambra,

Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo,

  Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo,

  Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe

Independence:

  1 October 1960 (from UK)

Constitution:

  1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989

Legal system:

  based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 October (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  Social Democratic Party (SDP), Alhaji Baba Gana KINGIBE, chairman; National

  Republican Convention (NRC), Chief Tom IKIMI, chairman

 note:

  these are the only two political parties, and they were established by the

  government in 1989

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for

  June 1993

 Senate:

  last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (total 84) SDP 47, NRC 37

 House of Representatives:

  last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (total 577) SDP 310, NRC 267

Executive branch:

  president, vice-president, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower

  house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA

  (since 27 August 1985); Vice-President Admiral (Ret.) Augustus AIKHOMU

  (since 30 August 1990)



*Nigeria, Government



Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN,

  UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE

 chancery:

  2201 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 822-1500

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William L. SWING

 embassy:

  2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 554, Lagos

 telephone:

  [234] (1) 610097

 FAX:

  [234] (1) 610257  branch office:

  Abuja

 consulate general:

  Kaduna

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green



*Nigeria, Economy



Overview:

  Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor

  with a $300 per capita GDP. In 1991-92 massive government spending, much of

  it to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget

  deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal

  discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an

  18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious

  targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign

  companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to

  reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary

  growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment

  funds and endemic corruption. Living standards remain below the level of the

  early 1980s oil boom.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  60% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  28% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $9 billion; expenditures $10.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  oil 95%, cocoa, rubber

 partners:

  EC countries 43%, US 41%

Imports:

  $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials

 partners:

  EC countries 70%, US 16%

External debt:

  $33.4 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.5% (1991); accounts for 8.5% of GDP

Electricity:

  4,740,000 kW capacity; 8,300 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:   crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries -

  palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing

  industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear,

  chemical, printing, ceramics, steel

Agriculture:

  accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale

  farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer;

  cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice,

  sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs;

  fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited



*Nigeria, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  passenger and cargo air hub for West Africa facilitates Nigeria's position

  as a major transit country for heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest

  Asia via Africa to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit

  route for cocaine from South America intended for West European and North

  American markets (some of that cocaine is also consumed in Nigeria)

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion

Currency:

  1 naira (N) = 100 kobo

Exchange rates:

  naira (N) per US$1 - 19.661 (December 1992), 17.298 (1992), 9.909 (1991),

  8.038 (1990), 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Nigeria, Communications



Railroads:

  3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge

Highways:

  107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment);

  25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km

  unimproved

Inland waterways:

  8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km

Ports:

  Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele

Merchant marine:

  28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 oil tanker, 1 chemical

  tanker, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  76  usable:

  63

 with permanent-surface runways:

  34

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  15

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  23

Telecommunications:

  above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in

  progress; radio relay microwave and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35

  AM, 17 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable



*Nigeria, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, paramilitary Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 21,790,956; fit for military service 12,447,547; reach

  military age (18) annually 1,297,790 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $172 million, about 1% of GDP (1992)



*Niue, Header



Affiliation:

  (free association with New Zealand)



*Niue, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 460 km east of Tonga in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  260 km2

 land area:

  260 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  64 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:   200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Terrain:

  steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau

Natural resources:

  fish, arable land

Land use:

 arable land:

  61%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  19%

 other:

  12%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons

Note:

  one of world's largest coral islands



*Niue, People



Population:

  1,977 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -3.66% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:   Niuean(s)

 adjective:

  Niuean

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)

Religions:

  Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) 75% - a Protestant church closely related to

  the London Missionary Society, Morman 10%, other 15% (mostly Roman

  Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist)

Languages:

  Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  1,000 (1981 est.)

 by occupation:

  most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government

  service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board



*Niue, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Niue

Digraph:

  NE

Type:

  self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully

  responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for

  external affairs

Capital:

  Alofi

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  19 October 1974 (became a self-governing territory in free association with

  New Zealand on 19 October 1974)

Constitution:

  19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Legal system:

  English common law

National holiday:

  Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British

  sovereignty)

Political parties and leaders:

  Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN

Suffrage:   18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of

  vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5

Executive branch:

  British monarch, premier, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand

  Representative John SPRINGFORD (since NA 1974)

 Head of Government:

  Acting Premier Young VIVIAN (since the death of Sir Robert R. REX on 12

  December 1992)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)

Flag:

  yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of

  the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in

  the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross



*Niue, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government

  expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants

  from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The

  agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some

  cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small

  factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The

  sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of

  revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of

  population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $1,000 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9.6% (1984)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.)

Exports:

  $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985)

 commodities:

  canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root

  crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts

 partners:

  NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia

Imports:

  $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985)

 commodities:

  food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants,

  chemicals, drugs

 partners:

  NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourist, handicrafts, coconut products

Agriculture:

  coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, yams,

  cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62

  million

Currency:

  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),

  1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Niue, Communications



Highways:

  123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads

Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:   1

Telecommunications:

  single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383

  telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1

  FM, no TV



*Niue, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police Force

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of New Zealand



*Norfolk Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Australia)



*Norfolk Island, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  34.6 km2

 land area:

  34.6 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  32 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:   0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  75%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons (especially May to July)



*Norfolk Island, People



Population:

  2,665 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.69% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Norfolk Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Norfolk Islander(s)

Ethnic divisions:

  descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander

Religions:

  Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%,

  Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986)

Languages:

  English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient

  Tahitian

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:   NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Norfolk Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of Norfolk Island

 conventional short form:

  Norfolk Island

Digraph:

  NF

Type:

  territory of Australia

Capital:

  Kingston (administrative center); Burnt Pine (commercial center)

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

  none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

  Norfolk Island Act of 1957

Legal system:

  wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act

  of 1979; Supreme Court

National holiday:

  Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)

Political parties and leaders:

  NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party

  NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive

  Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator A.

  G. KERR (since NA 1990), who is appointed by the Governor General of

  Australia

 Head of Government:

  Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA)

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

  three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large

  green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band



*Norfolk Island, Economy



Overview:

  The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of

  prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of

  visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89.

  Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and

  helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production

  of beef, poultry, and eggs.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of

  $400,000 (FY89)

Exports:

  $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86)

 commodities:

  postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small

  quantities of avocados

 partners:

  Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe

Imports:

  $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism

Agriculture:

  Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit,

  cattle, poultry

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

  1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Norfolk Island, Communications



Highways:

  80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral

  surfaced

Ports:

  none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways :

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones

  (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV



*Norfolk Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of Australia



*Northern Mariana Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (commonwealth in political union with the US)



*Northern Mariana Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about

  three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  477 km2

 land area:

  477 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,482 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth)

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal

  temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to

  October

Terrain:

  southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs;

  northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Okso'

  Takpochao on Saipan)

Natural resources:

  arable land, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  5% on Saipan

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  19%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons (most during

  August through November)

Note:

  strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean



*Northern Mariana Islands, People



Population:

  48,581 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.04% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.43 years

 male:

  65.53 years

 female:

  69.48 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.69 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  NA

 adjective:

  NA

Ethnic divisions:

  Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese,

  Korean

Religions:

  Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos

  may still be found)

Languages:

  English, Chamorro, Carolinian

 note:

  86% of population speaks a language other than English at home

Literacy:

  age NA and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  97%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:

  7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; 21,188 foreign workers

  (1990)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Northern Mariana Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

 conventional short form:

  Northern Mariana Islands

Digraph:

  CQ

Type:

  commonwealth in political union with the US; self-governing with locally

  elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature; federal funds to the

  Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of

  Territorial and International Affairs

Capital:

  Saipan

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  none (commonwealth in political union with the US)

Constitution:

  Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 and the constitution of the

  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Legal system:

  based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation

National holiday:

  Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

  Republican Party, Governor Lorenzo GUERRERO; Democratic Party, Carlos SHODA,

  chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do

  not vote in US presidential elections

Elections:

 Governor:

  last held in NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1993); results -

  Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor

 Senate:

  last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republicans 6, Democrats 3

 House of Representatives:

  last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) Republicans 10, Democrats 6,

  Independent 2

 US House of Representatives:

  the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it

  has an elected official "resident representative" located in Washington, DC;

  seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA)

Executive branch:

  US president; governor, lieutenant governor

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Commonwealth Supreme Court, Superior Court, Federal District Court

Leaders:  Chief of State:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)



*Northern Mariana Islands, Government



 Head of Government:

  Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant

  Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), SPC

Flag:

  blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a

  latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center



*Northern Mariana Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US.

  The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues

  have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to

  $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special

  programs. A rapidly growing major source of income is the tourist industry,

  which now employs about 50% of the work force. Japanese tourists

  predominate. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small

  farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is

  small scale, mostly handicrafts and light manufacturing.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $541 million (1992)

 note:

  GNP numbers reflect US spending

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $11,500 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6.5-7.5% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $147.0 million; expenditures $127.7 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

  $263.4 million (f.o.b. 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, garments, bread, pastries, concrete blocks, light iron

  work

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $392.4 million (c.i.f. 1991 est.)

 commodities:   food, construction, equipment, materials

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $0

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  coconuts, fruits, cattle, vegetables

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Northern Mariana Islands, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  381.5 km total; 134.5 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local (1991)

Inland waterways:

  none

Ports:

  Saipan, Tinian

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV, 2 cable TV stations; 2 Pacific

  Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Northern Mariana Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Norway, Geography



Location:

  Northern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  324,220 km2

 land area:

  307,860 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 2,515 km, Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km

Coastline:

  21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords,

  numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  10 nm

 continental shelf:

  to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  4 nm

International disputes:

  territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); dispute between Denmark

  and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan

  Mayen is before the Interntional Court of Justice; maritime boundary dispute

  with Russia over portion of Barents Sea

Climate:

  temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior;

  rainy year-round on west coast

Terrain:

  glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile

  valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords;

  arctic tundra in north

Natural resources:

  petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish,

  timber, hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  27%

 other:

  70%

Irrigated land:   950 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to

  sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest

  coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land

  boundary with Russia



*Norway, Geography



Note:

  about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much indented

  coastline



*Norway, People



Population:

  4,297,436 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.41% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.16 years

 male:

  73.79 years

 female:

  80.73 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Norwegian(s)

 adjective:

  Norwegian

Ethnic divisions:

  Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps 20,000

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant and Roman

  Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980)

Languages:

  Norwegian (official)

 note:

  small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  2.004 million (1992)

 by occupation:

  services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%,

  banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications 7.8%,

  construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5% (1989)



*Norway, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Norway

 conventional short form:

  Norway

 local long form:

  Kongeriket Norge

 local short form:

  Norge

Digraph:

  NO

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Oslo

Administrative divisions:

  19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud,

  Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag,

  Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark,

  Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold

Dependent areas:

  Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

Independence:

  26 October 1905 (from Sweden)

Constitution:

  17 May 1814, modified in 1884

Legal system:

  mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;

  Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)

Political parties and leaders:

  Labor Party, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative Party, Kaci Kullmann FIVE;

  Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's Party, Kjell Magne

  BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Ingre IVERSEN;

  Progress Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List,

  leader NA

Suffrage:   18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Storting:

  last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results -

  Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%,

  Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%;

  seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left

  17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower

  Chamber (Odelsting)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Hoyesterett)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON

  MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973)



*Norway, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990)

Member of:

  AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD,

  ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN,

  UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM,

  UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kjeld VIBE

 chancery:

  2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 333-6000

 FAX:

  (202) 337-0870

 consulates general:

  Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco

 consulate:

  Miami

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2

 mailing address:

  PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707

 telephone:

  [47] (2) 44-85-50

 FAX:   [47] (2) 43-07-77

Flag:

  red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the

  flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the

  style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)



*Norway, Economy



Overview:

  Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity

  and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the

  vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises) and

  extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, and areas with sparse

  resources. Norway also maintains an extensive welfare system that helps

  propel public sector expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and

  results in one of the highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A

  small country with a high dependence on international trade, Norway is

  basically an exporter of raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an

  abundance of small- and medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major

  shipping nations. The country is richly endowed with natural resources -

  petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent

  on its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Although one of the

  government's main priorities is to reduce this dependency, this situation is

  not likely to improve for years to come. The government also hopes to reduce

  unemployment and strengthen and diversify the economy through tax reform and

  a series of expansionary budgets. The budget deficit is expected to hit a

  record 8% of GDP because of welfare spending and bail-outs of the banking

  system. Unemployment continues at record levels of over 10% - including

  those in job programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside the

  oil sector. Overall economic growth is expected to be around 2% in 1993

  while inflation is likely to rise slightly to 4%. Oslo, a member of the

  European Free Trade Area, has applied for EC membership and continues to

  deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European

  Economic Area (EEA) - which creates an EC/EFTA market with free movement of

  capital, goods, services, and labor - to take effect in late 1993 and its EC

  bid.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $76.1 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  2.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $17,700 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.3% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  5.9% (excluding people in job-training programs) (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $50.6 billion; expenditures $57.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $35.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  petroleum and petroleum products 37.8%, metals and products 10.7%, natural

  gas 7.3%, fish 6.6%, chemicals 6.3%, ships 5.4%

 partners:

  EC 67%, Nordic countries 18.2%, developing countries 7.9%, US 5.1%, Japan

  1.6% (1992)

Imports:

  $26.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals,

  foodstuffs, clothing, ships

 partners:

  EC 48.7%, Nordic countries 26.8%, developing countries 9.3%, US 8.6%, Japan

  6.3% (1992)

External debt:

  $6.5 billion (1992 est.)



*Norway, Economy



Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.3% (1992)

Electricity:

  26,900,000 kW capacity; 111,000 million kWh produced, 25,850 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products,

  metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 2.6% of GDP and 5.5% of labor force; among world's top 10

  fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food

  needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to

  Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states

  for the European market

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion

Currency:

  1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re

Exchange rates:

  Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992),

  6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Norway, Communications



Railroads:

  4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates

  4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other

Highways:

  79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

Inland waterways:

  1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum

Pipelines:   refined products 53 km

Ports:

  Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim

Merchant marine:

  829 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,312,412 GRT/38,532,109 DWT;

  includes 13 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 106 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo,

  19 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 23 vehicle

  carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 174 oil tanker, 91 chemical tanker, 82 liquefied

  gas, 25 combination ore/oil, 201 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - the

  government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship

  Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS

  enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by

  Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now

  registered with the NIS

Airports:

 total:

  103

 usable:

  102

 with permanent-surface runways:

  63

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  12

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  16

Telecommunications:

  high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex

  services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters)

  TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations

  operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and

  domestic systems



*Norway, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,120,744; fit for military service 934,968; reach military

  age (20) annually 31,903 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1992)





*Oman, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, along the Arabian Sea, between Yemen and the United Arab

  Emirates

Map references:   Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  212,460 km2

 land area:

  212,460 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Kansas

Land boundaries:

  total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km

Coastline:

  2,092 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  to be defined

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far

  north; a treaty with Yemen to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary was ratified

  in December 1992

Climate:

  dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest

  summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Terrain:

  vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south

Natural resources:

  petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum,

  natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  less than 2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  93%

Irrigated land:

  410 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse

  natural freshwater resources

Note:

  strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling

  Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going

  from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)



*Oman, People



Population:

  1,643,579 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.46% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  40.56 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  38.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.32 years

 male:

  65.47 years

 female:

  69.27 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.58 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Omani(s)

 adjective:

  Omani

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab, Balochi, Zanzibari, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi)

Religions:

  Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu

Languages:

  Arabic (official), English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  430,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 40% (est.)



*Oman, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Sultanate of Oman

 conventional short form:

  Oman

 local long form:   Saltanat Uman

 local short form:

  Uman

Digraph:

  MU

Type:

  absolute monarchy with residual UK influence

Capital:

  Muscat

Administrative divisions:

  there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US

  Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat);

  Musqat, Musandam, Zufar

Independence:

  1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

Constitution:

  none

Legal system:

  based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan;

  has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 18 November

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Other political or pressure groups:

  outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  elections scheduled for October 1992

Executive branch:

  sultan, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa'id Al Sa'id (since 23 July 1970)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,

  IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,

  NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI

 chancery:

  2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 387-1980 through 1982

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador David DUNFORD



*Oman, Government



 embassy:

  address NA, Muscat

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat

 telephone:

  [968] 698-989

 FAX:

  [968] 604-316

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double

  width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national

  emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in

  scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band



*Oman, Economy



Overview:

  Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry.

  Petroleum accounts for more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of

  government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of

  4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate

  of extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level and the

  general population depends on imported food.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10.2 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  7.4% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $6,670 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.6% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $4.1 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $1 billion (1991)

Exports:

  $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum 87%, reexports, fish, processed copper, textiles

 partners:

  UAE 30%, Japan 27%, South Korea 10%, Singapore 5%

Imports:

  $3.0 billion (f.o.b, 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock,

  lubricants

 partners:

  Japan 20%, UAE 19%, UK 19%, US 7%

External debt:

  $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:   growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector

Electricity:

  1,142,400 kW capacity; 5,100 million kWh produced, 3,200 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction,

  cement, copper

Agriculture:

  accounts for 6% of GDP and 40% of the labor force (including fishing); less

  than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes,

  bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food;

  annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million

Currency:

  1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza

Exchange rates:

  Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Oman, Communications



Highways:

  26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km

Ports:

  Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut, Mina' al Fahl

Merchant marine:

  1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  138

 usable:

  130

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  9

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  74

Telecommunications:

  modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications

  stations; limited coaxial cable; 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2

  AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1

  ARABSAT, and 8 domestic



*Oman, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 370,548; fit for military service 210,544; reach military

  age (14) annually 20,810 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, 16% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Header



Affiliation:

  (UN trusteeship administered by the US)



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 850 km southeast of the Philippines

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  458 km2

 land area:

  458 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,519 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  wet season May to November; hot and humid

Terrain:

  about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main

  island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier

  reefs

Natural resources:

  forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals

Land use:  arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups

  totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain

Note:

  includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), People



Population:

  16,071 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  22.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.01 years

 male:

  69.14 years

 female:

  73.02 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Palauan(s)

 adjective:

  Palauan

Ethnic divisions:

  Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races

Religions:

  Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the

  Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day Saints), Modekngei

  religion (one-third of the population observes this religion which is

  indigenous to Palau)

Languages:   English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese (official in the

  state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state of Anguar), Tobi (in

  the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 states)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  92%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  91%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  NA



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

 conventional short form:

  none

 note:

  may change to Republic of Palau after independence; the native form of Palau

  is Belau and is sometimes used incorrectly in English and other languages

Digraph:

  NQ

Type:

  UN trusteeship administered by the US

 note:

  constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US

  on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of UN-observed

  plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of

  the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of

  the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; administrative authority resides

  in the Department of the Interior and is exercised by the Assistant

  Secretary for Territorial and International Affairs through the Palau

  Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr.,

  Director (since 16 December 1990)

Capital:

  Koror

 note:

  a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern Babelthuap

Administrative divisions:

  there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US

  Government, but there are 16 states: Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel,

  Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar,

  Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi

Independence:

  the last polity remaining under the US-administered UN trusteeship following

  the departure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States

  of Micronesia, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas from the

  trusteeship; administered by the Office of Territorial and International

  Affairs, US Department of Interior

Constitution:

  1 January 1981

Legal system:

  based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common,

  and customary laws

National holiday:

  Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  Kuniwo NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG 49.3%

 Senate:

  last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA

 House of Delegates:

  last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  national president, national vice president



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house

  or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common Pleas

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Kuniwo NAKAMURA (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy E.

  REMENGESAU Jr. (since 1 January 1993)

Member of:

  ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer)

Diplomatic representation in US:

 administrative officer:

  Charles UONG,

 address:

  Palau Liaison Office, 444 North Capitol St., N.W., Suite 308, Washington, DC

  20001

US diplomatic representation:

 director:

  US Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS

 liaison office:

  US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, Koror

 mailing address:

  P.O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940

 telephone:

  (680) 488-2920; (680) 488-2911

Flag:

  light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly

  to the hoist side



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Economy



Overview:

  The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing.

  Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of

  Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The

  government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on

  financial assistance from the US.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million (1986)

 note:

  GDP numbers reflect US spending

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $2,260 (1986)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  20% (1986)

Budget:

  revenues $6.0 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1986)

Exports:

  $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  US, Japan

Imports:

  $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  US

External debt:

  about $100 million (1989)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and

  agriculture

Agriculture:

  subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Communications



Highways:

  22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991)

Ports:

  Koror

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN

  trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes

  into effect



*Pacific Ocean, Geography



Location:

  body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Asia/Australia

Map references:

  Asia, North America, Oceania, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  165.384 million km2

 comparative area:

  about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the

  Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about

  one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the

  world

 note:

  includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering

  Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait,

  Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea,

  Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Coastline:

  135,663 km

International disputes:

  some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Climate:

  the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer

  months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a

  dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land

  mass back to the ocean

Terrain:

  surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise,

  warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern

  Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific sea

  ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern

  Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October;

  the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific

  Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the

  world's deepest, the 10,924 meter Marianas Trench

Natural resources:

  oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer

  deposits, fish

Environment:

  endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals,

  turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea;

  dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the

  southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in

  southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to

  October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike

  Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and

  September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica;

  occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade

  winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing

  the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently,

  the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds

  to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source



*Pacific Ocean, Geography



Note:

  the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait,

  and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the

  North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to

  superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme

  south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June

  to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent

  volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring

  of Fire



*Pacific Ocean, Government



Digraph:   ZN



*Pacific Ocean, Economy



Overview:

  The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and

  particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides

  low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing

  grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the

  construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish

  catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish

  catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and

  gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of

  Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering

  offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil

  since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings.

Industries:

  fishing, oil and gas production



*Pacific Ocean, Communications



Ports:

  Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan

  (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China),

  Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ),

  Yokohama (Japan)

Telecommunications:

  several submarine cables with network nodal points on Guam and Hawaii



*Pakistan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, along the Arabian Sea, between India and Afghanistan

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  803,940 km2

 land area:

  778,720 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:

  total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909

  km

Coastline:

  1,046 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  status of Kashmir with India; border question with Afghanistan (Durand

  Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) over the Indus with upstream

  riparian India

Climate:

  mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Terrain:

  flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan

  plateau in west

Natural resources:

  land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal,

  iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  26%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  64%

Irrigated land:

  162,200 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west;

  flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation;

  soil erosion; desertification; water logging

Note:

  controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between

  Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent



*Pakistan, People



Population:

  125,213,732 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.87% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  42.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  103.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:  total population:

  57.11 years

 male:

  56.54 years

 female:

  57.72 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.5 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Pakistani(s)

 adjective:

  Pakistani

Ethnic divisions:

  Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India

  and their descendents)

Religions:

  Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%

Languages:

  Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and

  most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual

  replacement by Urdu), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi

  and other 9%

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  35%

 male:

  47%

 female:

  21%

Labor force:

  28.9 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensive

  export of labor (1987 est.)



*Pakistan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Islamic Republic of Pakistan

 conventional short form:

  Pakistan

 former:

  West Pakistan

Digraph:

  PK

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Islamabad

Administrative divisions:

  4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally,   Administered

Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West,   Frontier, Punjab, Sindh

 note:

  the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region

  includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas

Independence:

  14 August 1947 (from UK)

Constitution:

  10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December

  1985

Legal system:

  based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's

  stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic)

Political parties and leaders:

 government:

  Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Mian Nawaz SHARIF; Jamhoori Watan

  Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (JUI),

  Fazl-ur-REHMAN and Sami-ul-HAQ; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI

  KHAN; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Niazi, Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI;

  Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI

 opposition:

  Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO and Nusrat BHUTTO; Pakistan

  Muslim League-Chattha (PML-C), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI),

  Qazi Hussain AHMED; National People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI

  (formerly the PNP); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal (TI), Air Marshal (Ret.) Mohammad

  ASGHAR KHAN; Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqah-i-Jafaria (TNFJ), Agha Hamid Ali MUSAVI;

  Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Noorani (JUP-Noorani), Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI;

  Mohajir Quami Mahaz-Haqiqi (MQM-H), Afaq AHMED

Other political or pressure groups:

  military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners,

  industrialists, and small merchants also influential

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results

  - Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial

  assemblies



*Pakistan, Government



 Senate:

  last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) PML

  52, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3,

  PNP 2 (name later chaged to NPP), JI 2, JUP 2, JUI 2, PKMAP 1, independent 1

 National Assembly:

  last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by October 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) number of seats by party

  NA; note - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed the National Assembly on 18

  April 1993; it was reestablished, however, on 26 May 1993 by the Supreme

  Court, which ruled the dismissal order unconstitutional

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate

  and a lower house or National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN (since 13 December 1988)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990); note - President

  GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed Prime Minister SHARIF on 18 April 1993, but he

  was reinstated by the Supreme Court on 26 May 1993

Member of:

  AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS

  (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6200

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John MONJO

 embassy:

  Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE 09812-2000

 telephone:

  [92] (51) 826161 through 79

 FAX:

  [92] (51) 822004

 consulates general:

  Karachi, Lahore

 consulate:

  Peshawar

Flag:

  green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious

  minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered

  in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional

  symbols of Islam



*Pakistan, Economy



Overview:

  Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of

  rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy

  dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large

  military establishment. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent

  years has helped the country to cope with these problems. Almost all

  agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan

  embarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and

  domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF

  government denationalized several state-owned firms and attracted some

  foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living

  standards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate

  of growth, population would double in 25 years.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $48.3 billion (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6.4% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $410 (FY92 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  12.7% (FY91)

Unemployment rate:

  10% (FY91 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY93 est.)

Exports:

  $6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92)

 commodities:

  cotton, textiles, clothing, rice

 partners:

  EC 35%, US 11%, Japan 8% (FY91)

Imports:

  $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92)

 commodities:

  petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment,

  vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals

 partners:

  EC 29%, Japan 13%, US 12% (FY91)

External debt:

  $16.5 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP

Electricity:

  10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,000 million kWh produced, 350 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing,

  paper products, shrimp

Agriculture:

  25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation

  system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables;

  livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grain

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade;

  government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success;

  largest producer of Southwest Asian heroin



*Pakistan, Economy



Economic aid:

  (including Bangladesh prior to 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im

  (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral

  commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3

  billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion

Currency:

  1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa

Exchange rates:

  Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 25.904 (January 1993), 25.083 (1992),

  23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Pakistan, Communications



Railroads:

  8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less

  than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified;

  all government owned (1985)

Highways:

  101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km

  improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987)

Ports:

  Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim

Merchant marine:

  29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,916 GRT/530,855 DWT; includes 3

  passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  111

 usable:

  104

 with permanent-surface runways:

  75

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  31

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  42

Telecommunications:

  the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government and

  business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system for

  international traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay and

  satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV



*Pakistan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 28,657,084; fit for military service 17,585,542; reach

  military age (17) annually 1,337,352 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91/92)



*Palmyra Atoll, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Palmyra Atoll, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost

  halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  11.9 km2

 land area:

  11.9 km2

 comparative area:

  about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  14.5 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth)

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  equatorial, hot, and very rainy

Terrain:

  low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:  arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  100%

 other:

  0%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like

  trees up to 30 meters tall



*Palmyra Atoll, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Palmyra Atoll, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Palmyra Atoll

Digraph:

  LQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the

  Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the

  Interior

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC



*Palmyra Atoll, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Palmyra Atoll, Communications



Ports:

  the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the

  southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate

  vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built

  during the war are unserviceable and overgrown

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1



*Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Panama, Geography



Location:

  extreme southern Central America, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  78,200 km2

 land area:

  75,990 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:

  total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Coastline:

  2,490 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short

  dry season (January to May)

Terrain:

  interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains;

  coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills

Natural resources:

  copper, mahogany forests, shrimp

Land use:  arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  15%

 forest and woodland:

  54%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  320 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  dense tropical forest in east and northwest

Note:

  strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting

  North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic

  Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean



*Panama, People



Population:

  2,579,047 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.98% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.56 years

 male:

  71.99 years

 female:

  77.27 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Panamanian(s)

 adjective:

  Panamanian

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white

  10%, Indian 6%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), English 14%  note:

  many Panamanians bilingual

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  88%

 male:

  88%

 female:

  88%

Labor force:

  921,000 (1992 est.)

 by occupation:

  government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing

  26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining

  9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance,

  insurance, and real estate 4.3%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor



*Panama, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Panama

 conventional short form:

  Panama

 local long form:

  Republica de Panama

 local short form:

  Panama

Digraph:

  PM

Type:

  centralized republic

Capital:

  Panama

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca);,   Bocas del Toro,

Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama,

  San Blas*, Veraguas, Independence:

  3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November

  1821)

Constitution:

  11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the

  Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 3 November (1903)

Political parties and leaders:

 government alliance:   Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;

  Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA),

  Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER

 other parties:

  Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic

  Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA),

  Nestor Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Doctrinaire

  Panamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement, Ruben

  BLADES; Renovacion Civilista, Manuel BURGOS; Civic Renewal Party (PRC),

  Tomas HERRERA; National Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA;

  National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Independent

  Democratic Union Party (UDI), leader NA; Popular Nationalist Party (PNP),

  leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private

  Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE);

  National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life; Chamber of

  Commerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of

  the Republic of Panama (CTRP)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held May

  1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of

  the total votes cast



*Panama, Government



 Legislative Assembly:

  last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total)

 progovernment parties:

  PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4

 opposition parties:

  PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President

  Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991

Executive branch:

  president, two vice presidents, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior courts, 3

  courts of appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);

  First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December 1992); Second

  Vice President (vacant)

Member of:

  AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES,

  LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jaime FORD

 chancery:

  2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-1407;

 note:

  the status of the consulates general and consulates has not yet been

  determined

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Deane R. HINTON

 embassy:

  Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5

 mailing address:

  Box E, APO AA 34002

 telephone:

  (507) 27-1777

 FAX:

  (507) 27-1713

Flag:

  divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue

  five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom

  quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star

  in the center



*Panama, Economy



Overview:

  GDP expanded by roughly 8% in 1992, following growth of 9.3% in 1991. The

  economy thus continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster

  of Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustment

  program has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passive

  administration. Public investment has been limited as the administration has

  kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and economic reform

  are the two major issues the government must face in 1993-94.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,400 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.8% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $200 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $486 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2%

 partners:

  US 38%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1992 est.)

Imports:

  $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods, chemicals

 partners:

  US 36%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1992

  est.)

External debt:

  $5.2 billion (year-end 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,584,000 kW capacity; 4,360 billion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing,

  cement and other construction material, sugar milling

Agriculture:

  accounts for 10.5% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops -

  bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food

  grain, vegetables

Illicit drugs:

  major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering center

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million

Currency:

  1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos

Exchange rates:

  balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)



*Panama, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Panama, Communications



Railroads:

  238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge

Highways:

  8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km

  improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal

Pipelines:

  crude oil 130 km

Ports:

  Cristobal, Balboa, Bahia Las Minas

Merchant marine:

  3,244 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,353,963 GRT/82,138,537 DWT;

  includes 22 passenger, 26 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,091

  cargo, 246 refrigerated cargo, 196 container, 63 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 121

  vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 5 multifunction large-load carrier,

  403 oil tanker, 180 chemical tanker, 26 combination ore/oil, 121 liquefied

  gas, 9 specialized tanker, 688 bulk, 34 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier;

  note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign owners

  are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and Taiwan 5%; (China owns at least

  131 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 3, Cuba 4, Cyprus 6, and Russia 16)

Airports:

 total:

  112

 usable:

  104

 with permanent-surface runways:

  39

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  15

Telecommunications:

  domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into

  Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations -

  91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations -

  2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT



*Panama, Defense Forces



Branches:

  the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military

  institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December

  1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces, under the new name of

  Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) and worked to assert civilian control over

  them; the PPF is divided into the National Police, Maritime Service, and

  National Air Service; the Judicial Technical Police serve under the Attorney

  General; the Council of Public Security and National Defense under Menalco

  SOLIS in the Office of the President is analogous to the US National

  Security Council; the Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is

  attached to the presidency

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 671,059; fit for military service 461,471 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  expenditures for the Panamanian Public Forces for internal security amounted

  to $104.7 million, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Papua New Guinea, Geography



Location:   Southeast Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the Solomon

  Islands

Map references:

  Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  461,690 km2

 land area:

  451,710 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

  total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km

Coastline:

  5,152 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to

  October); slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills

Natural resources:

  gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  71%

 other:

  28%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos;

  frequent earthquakes

Note:

  shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia



*Papua New Guinea, People



Population:   4,100,714 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  56.02 years

 male:

  55.19 years

 female:

  56.88 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Papua New Guinean(s)

 adjective:

  Papua New Guinean

Ethnic divisions:

  Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary

  Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%,

  other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34%

Languages:

  English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua

  region

 note:

  715 indigenous languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  52%

 male:

  65%

 female:

  38%

Labor force:

  NA



*Papua New Guinea, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Independent State of Papua New Guinea

 conventional short form:

  Papua New Guinea

Digraph:

  PP

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Port Moresby

Administrative divisions:

  20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East

  Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New

  Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western,

  Western Highlands, West New Britain

Independence:

  16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration)

Constitution:

  16 September 1975

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 16 September (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic

  Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI;

  People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul

  TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA;

  Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Parliament:

  last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by

  party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10,

  independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is fluid)

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  National Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of

  Assembly)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR



*Papua New Guinea, Government



 chancery:

  3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 745-3680

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND

 embassy:

  Armit Street, Port Moresby

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553

 telephone:

  [675] 211-455 or 594, 654

 FAX:

  [675] 213-423

Flag:

  divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red

  with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black

  with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation

  centered



*Papua New Guinea, Economy



Overview:

  Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation

  has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an

  infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the

  population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts

  for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and

  development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy.

  Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a

  large new gold mine helped the advance.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  8.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $850 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.5% (1992-93)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $1.33 billion; expenditures $1.49 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  gold, copper ore, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster

 partners:

  FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US

Imports:   $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods

 partners:

  Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK

External debt:

  $2.2 billion (April 1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 21% of GDP

Electricity:

  400,000 kW capacity; 1,600 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip

  production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourism

Agriculture:

  one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and

  favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops -

  coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet

  potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban

  centers

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million

Currency:

  1 kina (K) = 100 toea

Exchange rates:

  kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0065 (January 1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991),

  1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988)



*Papua New Guinea, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Papua New Guinea, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or

  stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  10,940 km

Ports:

  Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul

Merchant marine:

  11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,523 GRT/24,774 DWT; includes 2

  cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk, 1 container

Airports:

 total:

  504  usable:

  457

 with permanent-surface runways:

  18

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  39

Telecommunications:

  services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,

  radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and

  international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to

  Australia and Guam; more than 70,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations -

  31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,046,929; fit for military service 582,685 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Paracel Islands, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about

  one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines

Map references:

  Asia

Area:

 total area:

  NA km2

 land area:

  NA km2

 comparative area:

  NA

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  518 km

Maritime claims:

  NA

International disputes:

  occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  NA

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons



*Paracel Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese garrisons



*Paracel Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Paracel Islands

Digraph:

  PF



*Paracel Islands, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Paracel Islands, Communications



Ports:

  small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently

  under expansion

Airports:

  1 on Woody Island



*Paracel Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  occupied by China



*Paraguay, Geography



Location:

  Central South America, between Argentina and Brazil

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  406,750 km2

 land area:

  397,300 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than California

Land boundaries:

  total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the

  Rio Parana) has not been determined

Climate:

  varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west

Terrain:

  grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west

  of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and

  thorny scrub elsewhere

Natural resources:

  hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  39%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  5%

Irrigated land:

  670 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains

  may become boggy (early October to June)

Note:

  landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil



*Paraguay, People



Population:

  5,070,856 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.8% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  32.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.58 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.98 years

 male:

  71.42 years

 female:

  74.62 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Paraguayan(s)

 adjective:

  Paraguayan

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominations

Languages:

  Spanish (official), Guarani

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  92%

 female:

  88%

Labor force:

  1.641 million (1992 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986)



*Paraguay, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Paraguay  conventional short form:

  Paraguay

 local long form:

  Republica del Paraguay

 local short form:

  Paraguay

Digraph:

  PA

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Asuncion

Administrative divisions:

  19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto

  Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco,

  Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion,

  Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro

Independence:

  14 May 1811 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was

  promulgated on 20 June 1992

Legal system:

  based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of

  legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)

Political parties and leaders:

  Colorado Party, Blas N. RIQUELME, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party

  (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO;

  Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEUEDO; Popular Democratic

  Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo Caballero

  VARGAS

Other political or pressure groups:

  Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60

Elections:

 President:

  last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held 9 May 1993); results - Gen. RODRIGUEZ

  75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4%

 Chamber of Senators:

  last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF

  1

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2,

  PDC 1, other 2

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of

  Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies

  (Camara de Diputados)



*Paraguay, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)

Member of:

  AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

  MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ

 chancery:

  2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-6960 through 6962

 consulates general:

  New Orleans and New York

 consulate:

  Houston

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jon David GLASSMAN

 embassy:

  1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion

 mailing address:

  C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001

 telephone:

  [595] (21) 213-715

 FAX:

  [595] (21) 213-728

Flag:

  three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem

  centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on

  each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of

  arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words

  REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at

  the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of

  Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words

  REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)



*Paraguay, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs

  about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay

  lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large

  hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared

  with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual

  rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five

  years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose.

  Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the

  completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak

  international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy

  experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and

  stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery

  continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a

  major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in

  March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes

  Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an

  unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official

  creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt

  in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid

  100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and

  Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run,

  the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic

  reforms.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  10% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $487 million (1991)

Exports:

  $719 million (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products

 partners:

  EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%

Imports:

  $1.33 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw

  materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%

 partners:

  Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%

External debt:

  $1.2 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,257,000 kW capacity; 16,200 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Paraguay, Economy



Industries:

  meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light

  consumer goods, cement, construction

Agriculture:

  accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton,

  sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits,

  vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of

  timber; self-sufficient in most foods

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important

  transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion

Currency:

  1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos

Exchange rates:

  guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,637.6 (January 1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March

  1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate

  1986-February 1989)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Paraguay, Communications



Railroads:

  970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,

  470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)

Highways:

  21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth

Inland waterways:

  3,100 km

Ports:

  Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del Este

Merchant marine:

  13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11

  cargo, 2 oil tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used

  commercially

Airports:

 total:

  862

 usable:

  719

 with permanent-surface runways:

  7

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  64

Telecommunications:

  principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300

  telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Paraguay, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,210,171; fit for military service 879,601; reach military

  age (17) annually 51,361 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)



*Peru, Geography



Location:

  Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and

  Ecuador

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,285,220 km2

 land area:

  1.28 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries:

  total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia

  2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

Coastline:

  2,414 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute

Climate:

  varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

Terrain:

  western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),

  eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Natural resources:

  copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,

  potash

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  21%  forest and woodland:

  55%

 other:

  21%

Irrigated land:

  12,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in

  Lima

Note:

  shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with

  Bolivia



*Peru, People



Population:

  23,210,352 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.17 years

 male:

  63.02 years

 female:

  67.44 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Peruvian(s)

 adjective:

  Peruvian

Ethnic divisions:

  Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%,

  black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic

Languages:

  Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  85%

 male:   92%

 female:

  29%

Labor force:

  8 million (1992)

 by occupation:

  government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)



*Peru, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Peru

 conventional short form:

  Peru

 local long form:

  Republica del Peru

 local short form:

  Peru

Digraph:

  PE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Lima

Administrative divisions:

  24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional

  province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,,   Ayacucho,

Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La,   Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima,

Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,

  Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

 note:

  the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the

  creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function

  eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12

  regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from

  Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from

  Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from

  Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los

  Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from

  Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque,

  Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali);

  formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the

  constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima;

  because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have

  yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the

  departmental structure

Independence:

  28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the

  Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect

  the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replaced

Legal system:   based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

  New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian

  Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL

  del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular

  Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front

  (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic

  Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLER

Other political or pressure groups:

  leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned);

  Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY

  (imprisoned)



*Peru, Government



Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto

  FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%

 Democratic Constituent Congress:

  last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New

  Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization

  Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic

  Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular

  Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participate

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)

Member of:

  AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG

  (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ricardo LUNA

 chancery:

  1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 833-9860 through 9869)

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San

  Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW

 embassy:

  corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031

 telephone:

  [51] (14) 33-8000

 FAX:

  [51] (14) 31-6682

Flag:

  three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the

  coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield

  bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow

  cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath



*Peru, Economy



Overview:

  The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large

  dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In

  the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita

  output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World

  Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity

  program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in

  July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic

  activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991.

  After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government

  price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and

  by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima

  obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September

  1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By

  working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and

  arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993.

  In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino

  current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of

  growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and

  private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -2.8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  56.7% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.)

Exports:   $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined

  silver, coffee, cotton

 partners:

  EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991)

Imports:

  $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,

  chemicals, pharmaceuticals

 partners:

  US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991)

External debt:

  $21 billion (December 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP

Electricity:

  5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing,

  cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication



*Peru, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops -

  coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains,

  coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient

  in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)

Illicit drugs:

  world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under

  cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine

  base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of

  cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into

  cocaine for the international drug market

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million

Currency:

  1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991),

  0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Peru, Communications



Railroads:   1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

Highways:

  69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved

  earth

Inland waterways:

  8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

Pipelines:

  crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km

Ports:

  Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara

Merchant marine:

  21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13

  cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk;

  note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used

  commercially

Airports:

 total:

  228

 usable:

  199

 with permanent-surface runways:

  37

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  23

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  46

Telecommunications:

  fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000

  telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave;

  satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic



*Peru, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza

  Aerea del Peru), National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach

  military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)



*Philippines, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, between Indonesia and China

Map references:

  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:   300,000 km2

 land area:

  298,170 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  36,289 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 continental shelf:

  to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898

  treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South

  China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth

International disputes:

  involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,

  Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah

Climate:

  tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon

  (May to October)

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands

Natural resources:

  timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

Land use:

 arable land:

  26%

 permanent crops:

  11%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  16,200 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six

  cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,

  destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water

  pollution



*Philippines, People



Population:

  68,464,368 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.97% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  27.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.03 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  51.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.13 years

 male:

  62.59 years

 female:

  67.79 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Filipino(s)

 adjective:

  Philippine

Ethnic divisions:

  Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%

Languages:

  Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  90%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  90%

Labor force:

  24.12 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%,

  other 9.5% (1989)



*Philippines, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of the Philippines

 conventional short form:

  Philippines

 local long form:

  Republika ng Pilipinas

 local short form:

  Pilipinas

Digraph:   RP

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Manila

Administrative divisions:

  73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del,   Sur, Aklan, Albay,

Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,,   Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan,,

Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,,   Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*,,

Cadiz*, Cagayan,,   Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,,  

Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu,   City*, Cotabato*,,

Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del,   Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*,,

Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,,   Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,,

Iloilo, Iloilo City*,,   Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte,,

Lanao

  del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,,   Maguindanao, Mandaue*,,

Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro,   Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,

Misamis Oriental,

  Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,,   Northern Samar, Nueva

Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,,   Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*,,

Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto,   Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,,

Roxas*, Samar, San,   Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San,  

Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan,   Kudarat, Sulu,

Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,,   Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*,

Tarlac,, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,,   Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte,

Zamboanga, del Sur

Independence:

  4 July 1946 (from US)

Constitution:

  2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Legal system:

  based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas, Laban),

  Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas

  ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President

  of the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de VENECIA, secretary general;

  Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party,

  Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New

  Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista

  Party (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, president

Suffrage:

  15 years of age; universal



*Philippines, Government



Elections:

 President:

  last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results -

  Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality

 Senate:

  last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP

  66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5,

  Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1

 House of Representatives:

  last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP

  43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total)

  LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, Independent 3

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado)

  and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph

  Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992)

Member of:

  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Raul RABE

 chancery:

  1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 483-1414

 consulates general:

  Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San

  Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'affaires Donald WESTMORE

 embassy:

  1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96440

 telephone:

  [63] (2) 521-7116

 FAX:

  [63] (2) 522-4361

 consulate general:

  Cebu

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral

  triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow

  sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in

  each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star



*Philippines, Economy



Overview:

  Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy remained the same in

  1992 as in 1991. Drought and power supply problems hampered production,

  while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Despite a flat

  GDP performance, GNP mustered a small 0.6% expansion, attributable to

  inflows of workers' remittances combined with smaller foreign interest

  payments. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power

  generations equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic data

  processors, contributed to a 20.5% import growth in 1992. Exports rose 11%,

  led by earnings from the Philippines' two leading manufactures - electronics

  and garments.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.1 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $860 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8.9% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  9.8% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  $11.0 billion; expenditures $12.0 billion, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $9.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  electronics, textiles, coconut oil, copper

 partners:

  US 39%, EC, Japan, ASEAN

Imports:

  $14.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  raw materials 45%, capital goods 26%, petroleum products 18%

 partners:

  US, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia

External debt:

  $29.8 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDP

Electricity:

  7,850,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,

  electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for about one-third of GNP and about 45% of labor force; major

  crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animal

  products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2

  million metric tons annually

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are

  producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication

  efforts



*Philippines, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123

  million

Currency:

  1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.817 (April 1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479

  (1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Philippines, Communications



Railroads:

  378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)

Highways:

  157,450 km total (1988); 22,400 km paved; 85,050 km gravel, crushed-stone,

  or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 357 km

Ports:

  Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay

Merchant marine:

  562 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,282,936 GRT/13,772,023 DWT;

  includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo,

  27 refrigerated cargo, 25 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 13

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 38 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3

  liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 249 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note -

  many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the

  purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are

  principally in Japan and Germany

Airports:

 total:

  270

 usable:

  238

 with permanent-surface runways:

  73

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  9

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  57

Telecommunications:

  good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and

  interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267

  AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables

  extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth

  stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11

  domestic



*Philippines, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 17,188,695; fit for military service 12,144,278; reach

  military age (20) annually 716,881 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991)



*Pitcairn Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Pitcairn Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  47 km2

 land area:

  47 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  51 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season

  (November to March)

Terrain:

  rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs

Natural resources:

  miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons (especially November to March)



*Pitcairn Islands, People



Population:

  52 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Pitcairn Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Pitcairn Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  descendants of the Bounty mutineers

Religions:

  Seventh-Day Adventist 100%

Languages:

  English (official), Tahitian/English dialect

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence

  farming and fishing



*Pitcairn Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands

 conventional short form:

  Pitcairn Islands

Digraph:

  PC

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Adamstown

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  Local Government Ordinance of 1964

Legal system:

  local island by-laws

National holiday:

  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June (1989) (second Saturday in

  June)

Political parties and leaders:

  NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal with three years residency

Elections:

 Island Council:

  last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA;

  seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, island magistrate

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Island Council

Judicial branch:

  Island Court

Leaders:  Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and

  UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA)

Member of:

  SPC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the

  coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a

  yellow anchor



*Pitcairn Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil

  of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including

  citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an

  important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of

  postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (FY87 est.)

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  fruits, vegetables, curios

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  postage stamp sales, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and

  vegetables grown; must import grain products

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),

  1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Pitcairn Islands, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  6.4 km dirt roads

Ports:

  Bounty Bay

Airports:

  none

Telecommunications:

  24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast

  stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity



*Pitcairn Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Poland, Geography



Location:

  Central Europe, between Germany and Belarus

Map references:

  Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  312,680 km2

 land area:

  304,510 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km,

  Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km,

  Ukraine 428 km

Coastline:

  491 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent

  precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Terrain:

  mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Natural resources:

  coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  46%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  13%

 forest and woodland:

  28%

 other:

  12%

Irrigated land:

  1,000 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and

  water pollution in south

Note:

  historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of

  natural barriers on the North European Plain



*Poland, People



Population:

  38,519,486 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.2 years

 male:

  68.14 years

 female:

  76.51 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Pole(s)

 adjective:

  Polish

Ethnic divisions:

  Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and

  other 5%

Languages:

  Polish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  15.609 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, and

  communications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991)



*Poland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Poland

 conventional short form:

  Poland

 local long form:

  Rzeczpospolita Polska

 local short form:

  Polska

Digraph:

  PL

Type:

  democratic state

Capital:

  Warsaw

Administrative divisions:

  49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska,

  Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag,

  Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin,

  Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn,

  Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow,

  Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg,

  Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora

Independence:

  11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)

Constitution:

  interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing the

  Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic Constitution

  being drafted

Legal system:

  mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal

  theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader

  democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; has

  not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Political parties and leaders:

 post-Solidarity parties:

  Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),

  Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic

  Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity

  Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ;

  Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party,

  Alexander HALL

 non-Communist, non-Solidarity:

  Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish

  Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej

  OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR),

  Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X,

  Stanislaw Tyminski

 Communist origin or linked:

  Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish

  Peasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK

Other political or pressure groups:

  powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade

  Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*Poland, Government



Elections:

 president:

  first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next

  to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,

  Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%

 Senat:

  last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);

  seats - (100 total)

 post-Solidarity bloc:

  UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, PC 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3,

  other local candidates 11;

 non-Communist, non-Solidarity:

  KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1, local candidates 5

 Communist origin or linked:

  PSL 8, SLD 4

 Sejm:

  last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);

  seats - (460 total)

 post-Solidarity bloc:

  UD 62, ZCHN 49, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4,

  PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast

  Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1

 non-Communist, non-Solidarity:

  KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2,

  SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1,

  Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants

  1, Party X 3

 Communist origin or linked:

  SLD 60, PSL 48

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper

  house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)

Member of:

  BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),

  ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

  WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI

 chancery:

  2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 234-3800 through 3802

 FAX:

  (202) 328-6271

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York



*Poland, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.  embassy:

  Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw

 mailing address:

  American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 25402, or APO AE 09213-5010

 telephone:

  [48] (2) 628-3041

 FAX:

  [48] (2) 628-8298

 consulates general:

  Krakow, Poznan

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of

  Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white



*Poland, Economy



Overview:

  Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy -

  with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy.

  On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock

  therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money

  supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and

  restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and

  lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992.

  Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external

  debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994. The

  private sector accounted for 29% of industrial production and nearly half of

  nonagricultural output in 1992. Production fell in state enterprises,

  however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing

  in 1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance with its

  IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The

  increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to strikes

  in the coal, auto, copper, and railway sectors in 1992. Large state

  enterprises in the coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employment

  over the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach 3

  million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the budget deficit

  to reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial production began a slow, uneven

  upturn. In 1993, the government will struggle to win legislative approval

  for faster privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approved

  limits.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $4,400 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  44% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  13.6% (December 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.)

Exports:   $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food 10%

  (1991)

 partners:

  Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (1991)

Imports:

  $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals 13%, food 10%, light industry

  6% (1991)

 partners:

  Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%, Austria 5.2% (1991)

External debt:

  $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors

  promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33

  billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheres

  to its IMF program

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.5% (1992)



*Poland, Economy



Electricity:

  31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh produced, 3,570 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,

  shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private

  farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards;

  leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of

  other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally

  self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the

  international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to

  Western Europe

Economic aid:

  donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2

  billion (1954-89); the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and credit

  guarantees to Poland

Currency:

  1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy

Exchange rates:

  zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991),

  9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Poland, Communications



Railroads:

  26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge,

  1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km electrified;

  government owned (1991)

Highways:

  360,629 km total (excluding farm, factory and forest roads); 220 km limited

  access expressways, 45,257 km main highways, 128,775 km regional roads,

  186,377 urban or village roads (local traffic); 220,000 km are paved

  (including all main and regional highways) (1988)

Inland waterways:

  3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991)

Pipelines:

  natural gas 4,600 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1992)

Ports:

  Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on

  Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula

Merchant marine:

  209 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,747,631 GRT/3,992,053 DWT; includes

  5 short-sea passenger, 76 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 11 roll-on/roll-off

  cargo, 9 container, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 101 bulk, 1 passenger;

  Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry

Airports:

 total:

  163

 usable:

  163

 with permanent-surface runways:

  100

 with runway over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  51

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  95

Telecommunications:

  severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave;

  phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.6 million

  telephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991); broadcast

  stations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1

  satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik



*Poland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 9,914,128; fit for military service 7,774,499; reach

  military age (19) annually 304,956 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Portugal, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of Spain

Map references:

  Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  92,080 km2

 land area:

  91,640 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Indiana

 note:

  includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Land boundaries:

  total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 km

Coastline:

  1,793 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia

Climate:

  maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Terrain:

  mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south

Natural resources:

  fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble

Land use:

 arable land:

  32%

 permanent crops:

  6%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  16%

Irrigated land:

  6,340 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Note:

  Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea

  approaches to Strait of Gibraltar



*Portugal, People



Population:

  10,486,140 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.36% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.89 years

 male:

  71.43 years

 female:

  78.56 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Portuguese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Portuguese

Ethnic divisions:

  homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;

  citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during

  decolonization number less than 100,000

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%

Languages:

  Portuguese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  85%

 male:

  89%

 female:

  82%

Labor force:

  4,605,700

 by occupation:

  services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)



*Portugal, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:   Portuguese Republic

 conventional short form:

  Portugal

 local long form:

  Republica Portuguesa

 local short form:

  Portugal

Digraph:

  PO

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Lisbon

Administrative divisions:

  18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*,   (regioes autonomas,

singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,,   Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco,

Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,

  Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,,   Vila Real, Viseu

Dependent areas:

  Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 20

  December 1999)

Independence:

  1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)

Constitution:

  25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989

Legal system:

  civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality

  of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Day of Portugal, 10 June

Political parties and leaders:

  Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist

  Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Pedro

  CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; Social

  Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party, Manuel

  SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU;

  Communists)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr.

  Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos

  MARQUES 3%

 Assembly of the Republic:

  last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD

  50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party

  1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17,

  Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1

Executive branch:

  president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council

  of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)

Judicial branch:   Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)



*Portugal, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)

Member of:

  AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE,

  ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC,

  ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA

  (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),

  OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI

 chancery:

  2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 328-8610

 consulates general:

  Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco

 consulates:

  Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGS

 embassy:

  Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon

 mailing address:

  PSC 83, APO AE 09726

 telephone:

  [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880

 FAX:

  [351] (1) 726-9109

 consulate:

  Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag:

  two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths)

  with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line



*Portugal, Economy



Overview:

  Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986

  - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest

  members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is

  restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major

  privatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalized

  its capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tight

  monetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and

  1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick up

  again in 1994.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1.1% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $9,000 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  9% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  5% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991)

Exports:

  $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and

  timber products, resin, machinery, appliances

 partners:

  EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991)

Imports:

  $26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals,

  petroleum, textiles

 partners:

  EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US

  3.4%

External debt:

  $16.9 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP

Electricity:

  6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil

  refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms;

  imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives,

  grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy

  products

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering

  the European market

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion



*Portugal, Economy



Currency:

  1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

  Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992),

  144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Portugal, Communications



Railroads:

  3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km

  1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km

  1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track,

  privately owned

Highways:

  73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone),

  including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;

  4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)

Inland waterways:

  820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by

  shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity

Pipelines:

  crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km

Ports:

  Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal,

  Sines

Merchant marine:

  51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1

  short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2

  liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira

  (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing

  benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known

  to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority

  of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years

Airports:

 total:

  64

 usable:

  62

 with permanent-surface runways:

  36

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  11

Telecommunications:

  generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and

  microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66

  (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT

  earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic

  satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores



*Portugal, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal

  Guard, Public Security Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reach

  military age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992)



*Puerto Rico, Header



Affiliation:

  (commonwealth associated with the US)



*Puerto Rico, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin

  Islands group

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  9,104 km2

 land area:

  8,959 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  501 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m (depth)

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:   tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

  mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to

  sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas

Natural resources:

  some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oil

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  9%

 meadows and pastures:

  41%

 forest and woodland:

  20%

 other:

  22%

Irrigated land:

  390 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered;

  south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north

Note:

  important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the

  Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the

  Caribbean



*Puerto Rico, People



Population:

  3,797,082 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.13% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.84 years

 male:

  70.25 years

 female:

  77.61 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Puerto Rican(s)

 adjective:   Puerto Rican

Ethnic divisions:

  Hispanic

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), English widely understood

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  89%

 male:

  90%

 female:

  88%

Labor force:

  1.17 million (1992)

 by occupation:

  government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%,

  communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992)



*Puerto Rico, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

 conventional short form:

  Puerto Rico

Digraph:

  QR

Type:

  commonwealth associated with the US

Capital:

  San Juan

Administrative divisions:

  none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78

  municipalities

Independence:

  none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Constitution:

  ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25

  July 1952

Legal system:

  based on Spanish civil code

National holiday:

  US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular

  Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP),

  Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras

  and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS

  Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown

Other political or pressure groups:

  all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National

  Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua

  Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular

  Resistance

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do

  not vote in US presidential elections

Elections:

 Governor:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4%

 Senate:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NA

 US House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note -

  Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives,

  Carlos Romero BARCELO

 House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  US president, US vice president, governor

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a

  lower house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Puerto Rico, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993)

Member of:

  CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL,

  WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Flag:

  five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;

  a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white

  five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag



*Puerto Rico, Economy



Overview:

  Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region.

  Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic

  activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax

  incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s.

  US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals,

  electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production

  has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main

  source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been

  an important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of

  nearly 3 million tourists in 1989.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  2.2% (FY90)

National product per capita:

  $6,200 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.3% (October 1990-91)

Unemployment rate:

  17% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $258 million (FY89)

Exports:

  20.4 billion (1990)

 commodities:

  pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage

  concentrates, medical equipment, instruments

 partners:

  US 87.8% (1990)

Imports:

  16.2 billion (1990)

 commodities:

  chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products

 partners:

  US 66.6% (1990)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.2% (FY92)

Electricity:

  5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals,

  electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops -

  sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle,

  chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992)

Economic aid:

  none

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Puerto Rico, Communications



Railroads:

  96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger

  railroads

Highways:

  13,762 km paved (1982)

Ports:

  San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo

Airports:

 total:

  30

 usable:

  23

 with permanent-surface runways:

  19

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarine

  cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone system

  with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations -

  50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990)



*Puerto Rico, Defense Forces



Branches:

  paramilitary National Guard, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Qatar, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iran

  and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  11,000 km2

 land area:

  11,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km

Coastline:

  563 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary

  with Bahrain

Climate:

  desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer

Terrain:

  mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  95%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean

  increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Note:

  strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits



*Qatar, People



Population:

  499,115 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:  total population:

  72.25 years

 male:

  69.73 years

 female:

  74.68 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Qatari(s)

 adjective:

  Qatari

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Religions:

  Muslim 95%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1986)

 total population:

  76%

 male:

  77%

 female:

  72%

Labor force:

  104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)



*Qatar, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  State of Qatar

 conventional short form:

  Qatar

 local long form:

  Dawlat Qatar

 local short form:

  Qatar

Digraph:

  QA

Type:

  traditional monarchy

Capital:

  Doha

Administrative divisions:

  there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US

  Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular -

  baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan,

  Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal

Independence:

  3 September 1971 (from UK)

Constitution:

  provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970

Legal system:

  discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are

  being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

 Advisory Council:

  constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no

  elections have been held; seats - (30 total)

Executive branch:

  amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972);

  Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB,

  IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

  OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANI

 chancery:

  Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 338-0111



*Qatar, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH

 embassy:

  149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station),

  Doha

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 2399, Doha

 telephone:

  (0974) 864701 through 864703

 FAX:

  (0974) 861669

Flag:

  maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist

  side



*Qatar, Economy



Overview:

  Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export

  earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3

  billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about

  25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparable

  to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is

  becoming increasingly important.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $17,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.)

Exports:

  $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers

 partners:

  Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4%

Imports:

  $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals

 partners:

  France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9%

External debt:

  $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil

Electricity:

  1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rolls

  reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cement

Agriculture:

  farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural area

  is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance;

  most food imported

Economic aid:

  donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)

Currency:

  1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams

Exchange rates:   Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Qatar, Communications



Highways:

  1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km

Ports:

  Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island

Merchant marine:

  20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13

  cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  4

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to

  Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to

  Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV



*Qatar, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach military

  age (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP



*Reunion, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas department of France)



*Reunion, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of Madagascar

Map references:

  World

Area:

 total area:

  2,510 km2

 land area:

  2,500 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  201 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November,

  hot and rainy from November to April

Terrain:

  mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast

Natural resources:

  fish, arable land

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  35%

 other:

  39%

Irrigated land:

  60 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  periodic devastating cyclones



*Reunion, People



Population:

  639,622 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  73.68 years

 male:

  70.61 years

 female:

  76.91 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Reunionese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Reunionese

Ethnic divisions:

  French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 94%

Languages:

  French (official), Creole widely used

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)

 total population:

  69%

 male:

  67%

 female:

  74%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981)

 note:

  63% of population of working age (1983)



*Reunion, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Department of Reunion

 conventional short form:

  Reunion

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ile de la Reunion

Digraph:

  RE

Type:

  overseas department of France

Capital:

  Saint-Denis

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas department of France)

Independence:

  none (overseas department of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French law

National holiday:

  Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy

  (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;

  France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS),

  Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 General Council:

  last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (44 total)

 Regional Council:

  last held 28 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1998); results - UDF

  25.6%, PRC 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 30.7%, other 15.3%; seats - (45

  total) Independent 17, UDF 14, PRC 9, PS 5

 French Senate:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent

  1

 French National Assembly:

  last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA

  1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the

  French National Assembly who are voting members

Executive branch:

  French president, commissioner of the Republic

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)



*Reunion, Government



 Head of Government:

  Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since NA July 1991)

Member of:

  FZ

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in

  the US by France

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Reunion, Economy



Overview:

  The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been

  the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for

  85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist

  industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third

  of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is

  extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and

  Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the

  population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups

  suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the

  African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991

  illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic

  well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from

  France.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion (1987 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  9% (1987 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,000 (1987 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.3% (1988)

Unemployment rate:

  35% (February 1991)

Budget:

  revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1986)

Exports:

  $166 million (f.o.b., 1988)

 commodities:

  sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and

  tea 1%

 partners:

  France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy

Imports:

  $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation

  equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products

 partners:

  France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:   growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  245,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 1,230 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items

Agriculture:

  accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops -

  sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn;

  imports large share of food needs

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $14.8 billion

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes



*Reunion, Economy



Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Reunion, Communications



Highways:

  2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized

  earth

Ports:

  Pointe des Galets

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runway 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runway 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center

  Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new

  microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,

  13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Reunion, Defense Forces



Branches:

  French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age

  (18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.)

Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Romania, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and the

  Ukraine

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  237,500 km2

 land area:

  230,340 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

  total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and

  Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south)

  169 km

Coastline:

  225 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers

  with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain:

  central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the

  east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on

  the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Natural resources:

  petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,

  salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  43%

 permanent crops:   3%

 meadows and pastures:

  19%

 forest and woodland:

  28%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  34,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure

  and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south

Note:

  controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova,

  and Ukraine



*Romania, People



Population:

  23,172,362 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.02% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.25 years

 male:

  68.32 years

 female:

  74.34 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Romanian(s)

 adjective:

  Romanian

Ethnic divisions:

  Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,

  Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%

Religions:

  Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate),

  Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%

Languages:

  Romanian, Hungarian, German

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  10,945,700

 by occupation:

  industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)



*Romania, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Romania

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Romania

Digraph:

  RO

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Bucharest

Administrative divisions:

  40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);,   Alba, Arad, Arges,

Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov,

  Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,,   Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,

Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,

  Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,

  Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Independence:

  1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)

Constitution:

  8 December 1991

Legal system:

  former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that

  increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised

National holiday:

  National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

  National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National Salvation

  Front (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;

  National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants'

  Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National

  Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie

  VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The

  Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM),

  Corneliu Vadim TUDOR

 note:   there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceased

  to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party,

  have been formed

Other political or pressure groups:

  various human right and professional associations

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11

  October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil

  CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%

 Senate:

  last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%,

  CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18,

  PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5



*Romania, Government



 House of Deputies:

  last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%,

  CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 38.5%; seats - (341 total) DFSN 117, CDR 82, FSN

  43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16, PSM 13, other 13

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a

  lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of

  Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992)

Member of:

  BIS, BSEC, CCC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),

  ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Aurel-Dragos MUNTEANU

 chancery:

  1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-4747, 6634, 5693

 FAX:

  (202) 232-4748

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr.

 embassy:   Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest

 mailing address:

  AmConGen (Buch), Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5260

 telephone:

  [40] (0) 10-40-40

 FAX:

  [40] (0) 12-03-95

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the

  national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been

  removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad



*Romania, Economy



Overview:

  Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and

  generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and

  persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed a 17% drop in

  industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor

  unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with

  flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the

  dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of inputs and a severe drought in

  1991 contributed to a poor harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and

  an obsolete distribution system. The new government has instituted moderate

  land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and

  it has liberalized private agricultural output. Private enterprises form an

  increasingly important portion of the economy largely in services,

  handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Little progress on large scale

  privatization has been made since a law providing for the privatization of

  large state firms was passed in August 1991. Most of the large state firms

  have been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares

  and assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has

  halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard

  currency export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. The new

  government continues to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. In 1992

  the economy muddled along toward the new, more open system, yet output and

  living standards continued to fall.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,700 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  200% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  9% (January 1993)

Budget:

  revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%,

  manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry

  products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989)

 partners:

  USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)

Imports:

  $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%,

  agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%,

  other 6.5% (1989)

 partners:

  Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)

External debt:

  $3 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -17% (1991 est.); accounts for 48% of GDP

Electricity:

  22,500,000 kW capacity; 59,000 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Romania, Economy



Industries:

  mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine

  building, food processing, petroleum production and refining

Agriculture:

  accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn

  producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk,

  eggs, meat, grapes

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

  donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed

  countries (1956-89)

Currency:

  1 leu (L) = 100 bani

Exchange rates:

  lei (L) per US$1 - 470.10 (January 1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991),

  22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Romania, Communications



Railroads:

  11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km

  broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned

  (1987)

Highways:

  72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other

  stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985)

Inland waterways:   1,724 km (1984)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km (1992)

Ports:

  Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu

  Severin, Orsova

Merchant marine:

  249 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,882,727 GRT/4,463,879 DWT; includes

  1 passenger-cargo, 170 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 15 oil tanker, 51 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  158

 usable:

  158

 with permanent-surface runways:

  27

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  21

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is

  automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone

  density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service

  (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite

  ground station using INTELSAT



*Romania, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reach

  military age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures

  into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading

  results



*Russia, Geography



Location:

  Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,

  Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of

  the World

Area:

 total area:   17,075,200 km2

 land area:

  16,995,800 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries:

  total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605

  km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,

  Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania

  (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland

  (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km

Coastline:

  37,653 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with

  China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and

  Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union

  in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the

  Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved

  the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation

Climate:

  ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of

  European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;

  winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers

  vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain:

  broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra

  in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Natural resources:

  wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,

  coal, and many strategic minerals, timber

 note:

  formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation

  of natural resources

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%



*Russia, Geography



 other:   NA%

 note:

  agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area

Irrigated land:

  61,590 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too

  far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major

  impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water,

  including both inland waterways and sea coasts

Note:

  largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in

  relation to major sea lanes of the world



*Russia, People



Population:

  149,300,359 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.21% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  68.69 years

 male:

  63.59 years

 female:

  74.04 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Russian(s)

 adjective:

  Russian

Ethnic divisions:

  Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,

  Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

Religions:

  Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Languages:

  Russian, other

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:   100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  75 million (1993 est.)

 by occupation:

  production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%



*Russia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Russian Federation

 conventional short form:

  Russia

 local long form:

  Rossiyskaya Federatsiya

 local short form:

  Rossiya

 former:

  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  RS

Type:

  federation

Capital:

  Moscow

Administrative divisions:

  21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya

  respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),

  Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay

  (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia

  (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia

  (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk),

  North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'),

  Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey,

  singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan',

  Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad,

  Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,

  Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow,

  Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk,

  Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin

  (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk,

  Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin),

  Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6

  krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,

  Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'

 note:

  the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the

  automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and

  Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St.

  Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name

  as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name

  following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added

Independence:

  24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being drafted

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not

  accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, June 12



*Russia, Government



Political parties and leaders:

 proreformers:

  Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of

  Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government

  faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia

  Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic

  Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party,

  Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV;

  Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY;

  Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party,

  Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN

 moderate reformers:

  All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr

  VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay

  TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic

  Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of

  Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV

 antireformers:

  Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of

  Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian

  Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian

  Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People,

  Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia

  Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional

  Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces

  of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV,

  Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV;

  Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National

  Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN,

  Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party,

  Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican

  Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian

  National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV

Other political or pressure groups:

  Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmen

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by

  party NA%

 Congress of People's Deputies:   last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of

vote by

  party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held

  before parties were formed

 Supreme Soviet:

  last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by

  party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from

  Congress of People's Deputies

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration,

  Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of Republics

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court, Supreme Court



*Russia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice President

  Aleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of the

  Supreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since

  NA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

  Vladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), Oleg

  SOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993)

Member of:

  BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

  (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN

  Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN

 chancery:

  1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 628-7551 and 8548

 consulates general:

  New York and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09721

 telephone:

  [7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459

 FAX:

  [7] (095) 255-9965

 consulates:   St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Vladivostok

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red



*Russia, Economy





*Russia, Economy



Overview:

  Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse

  industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from

  its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President

  YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in

  1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign

  exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the

  same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely

  reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of

  essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate

  trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The

  actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and

  agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid

  taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the

  growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at

  yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor

  force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced

  leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at

  the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from

  industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal

  policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed

  its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor

  GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase

  in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month

  by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January

  price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves

  across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but

  wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many

  consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share

  of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many

  Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk,

  vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of

  higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood

  goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian

  government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break

  the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private

  businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of

  consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of

  the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth;

  and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was

  ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most

  defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing

  and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing

  resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense

  sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand

  caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output

  declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and

  decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's

  commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row,

  foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and

  imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign

  aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow

  of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics

  continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded

  in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices

  throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the

  $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt

  rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and

  Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also

  remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not



*Russia, Economy



  abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained at

  double-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reduce

  the threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidies

  to enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, the

  budget deficit, and money supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cut

  spending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and Central

  Bank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed to

  approve them in the first part of 1993.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -19% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  25% per month (December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products,

  metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures

 partners:

  Europe

Imports:

  $35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar,

  semifinished metal products

 partners:

  Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

External debt:

  $80 billion (yearend 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -19% (1992)

Electricity:

  213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita

  (1 January 1992)

Industries:

  complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,

  chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to

  high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail

  transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,

  tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and

  transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer

  durables

Agriculture:

  grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because

  of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm

  climate products

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;

  government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for

  illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries,

  ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion



*Russia, Economy



Currency:

  1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Russia, Communications



Railroads:

  158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service,

  of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction;

  71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier

  use (31 December 1991)

Highways:

  893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 km

  are dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the Russian

  Highway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km not

  in general use are the responsibility of various other organizations

  (formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km are

  paved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 km

  not in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt

  (31 December 1991)

Inland waterways:

  total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the

  Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting

  guides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made

  navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km

  (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk,

  Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov,

  Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan',

  Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara

  (Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd

Merchant marine:

  865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT;

  includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2

  barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9

  chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger

  cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16

  refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  2,550

 useable:

  964

 with permanent surface runways:

  565

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  19

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  275

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  426



*Russia, Communications



Telecommunications:

  NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St.

  Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprint

  networks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap

  to the economy, especially with respect to international connections; total

  installed telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in

  rural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total

  pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164

  telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by an

  inadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and

  outdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international

  gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for

  the other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a new

  Russian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome

  from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas;

  satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow),

  INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of

  population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radio

  receivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited



*Russia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket

  Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces

 note:

  strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control;

  Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and

  sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those still

  scheduled to be withdrawn from other countries

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reach

  military age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Rwanda, Geography



Location:

  Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  26,340 km2

 land area:

  24,950 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild

  in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain:

  mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west

Natural resources:

  gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,

  hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  29%

 permanent crops:   11%

 meadows and pastures:

  18%

 forest and woodland:

  10%

 other:

  32%

Irrigated land:

  40 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts

Note:

  landlocked



*Rwanda, People



Population:

  8,139,272 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  41.23 years

 male:

  40.2 years

 female:

  42.28 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Rwandan(s)

 adjective:

  Rwandan

Ethnic divisions:

  Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other

  25%

Languages:

  Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial

  centers

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  50%  male:

  64%

 female:

  37%

Labor force:

  3.6 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%

 note:

  49% of population of working age (1985)



*Rwanda, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Rwanda

 conventional short form:

  Rwanda

 local long form:

  Republika y'u Rwanda

 local short form:

  Rwanda

Digraph:

  RW

Type:

  republic; presidential system

 note:

  a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this

  year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition

Capital:

  Kigali

Administrative divisions:

  10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,

  singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,

  Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri

Independence:

  1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Constitution:

  18 June 1991

Legal system:

  based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial

  review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory

  ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

  Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President

  HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant

  independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin

  TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist

  Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the

  Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean

  NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE

 note:   formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in

  mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered

Other political or pressure groups:

  since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict

  with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA)

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 President:

  last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -

  President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected

 National Development Council:

  last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -

  MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)



*Rwanda, Government



Judicial branch:

  Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of

  State in joint session)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA

 chancery:

  1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 232-2882

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN

 embassy:

  Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali

 mailing address:

  B. P. 28, Kigali

 telephone:

  [250] 75601 through 75603

 FAX:

  [250] 72128

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a

  large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular

  pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a

  plain yellow band



*Rwanda, Economy



Overview:

  Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up

  80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and

  deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector

  in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses

  mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy

  remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international

  prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to

  decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in

  October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened

  prospects for economic improvement.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $290 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum

 partners:

  Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

Imports:

  $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,

  petroleum products, cement and construction material

 partners:

  US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan

External debt:

  $911 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP

Electricity:

  30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement,

  agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture,

  shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Agriculture:

  accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops

  - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food

  crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency

  declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up

  with a 3.8% annual growth in population



*Rwanda, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58

  million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment

  Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and

  the US $25 million in support of this program

Currency:

  1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14

  (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Rwanda, Communications



Highways:

  4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700

  km unimproved

Inland waterways:

  Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft

Airports:

 total:

  8

 usable:

  7

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali;

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth

  stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE



*Rwanda, Defense Forces



Branches:   Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)



*Saint Helena, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Saint Helena, Geography



Location:

  in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of

  the way between South America and Africa

Map references:

  Africa

Area:

 total area:

  410 km2

 land area:

  410 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island,

  and Tristan da Cunha

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  60 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds

Terrain:

  rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains

Natural resources:

  fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, no

  minerals

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  0%  meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  83%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  very few perennial streams

Note:

  Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 species

  of plants unknown anywhere else in the world



*Saint Helena, People



Population:

  6,720 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74.43 years

 male:

  72.36 years

 female:

  76.27 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Saint Helenian(s)

 adjective:

  Saint Helenian

Ethnic divisions:

  NA

Religions:

  Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1987)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  97%  female:

  98%

Labor force:

  2,516

 by occupation:

  professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial,

  administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen,

  etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3%

  (1987)



*Saint Helena, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Saint Helena

Digraph:

  SH

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  Jamestown

Administrative divisions:

  1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan,   da Cunha*,

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  1 January 1989

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday in

  June)

Political parties and leaders:

  Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party

 note:

  both political parties inactive since 1976

Suffrage:

  NA

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)  Head of Government:

  Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA)

Member of:

  ICFTU

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint

  Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features

  a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship



*Saint Helena, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local

  population earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and

  sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the

  work force has left to seek employment overseas.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  -1.1% (1986)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1984)

Exports:

  $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984)

 commodities:

  fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts

 partners:

  South Africa, UK

Imports:

  $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)

 commodities:

  food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor

  vehicles and parts, machinery and parts

 partners:

  UK, South Africa

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries:

  crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing

Agriculture:

  maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing

  on Tristan da Cunha

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $198 million

Currency:

  1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992),

  0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Saint

  Helenian pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Saint Helena, Communications



Highways:

  87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads

  on Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha

Ports:

  Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550

  telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into

  worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine

  cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Saint Helena, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography



Location:   in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico

  and Trinidad and Tobago

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  269 km2

 land area:

  269 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  135 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature

  variation; rainy season (May to November)

Terrain:

  volcanic with mountainous interiors

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  22%

 permanent crops:

  17%

 meadows and pastures:

  3%

 forest and woodland:

  17%

 other:

  41%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes (July to October)



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, People



Population:

  40,407 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.59% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:   23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.72 years

 male:

  62.78 years

 female:

  68.85 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s)

 adjective:

  Kittsian, Nevisian

Ethnic divisions:

  black African

Religions:

  Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic

Languages:

  English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  98%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  20,000 (1981)



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis

 conventional short form:

  Saint Kitts and Nevis

 former:

  Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis

Digraph:

  SC

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Basseterre

Administrative divisions:   14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint

George

  Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John

  Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre,

  Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint

  Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point

Independence:

  19 September 1983 (from UK)

Constitution:

  19 September 1983

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis

  Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP),

  Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2,

  NRP 2, CCM 1

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously

  Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,

  previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy

  Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,

  INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim

  Aubrey Eric HART

 chancery:

  Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 833-3550

US diplomatic representation:

  no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's

  (Antigua and Barbuda)

Flag:

  divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing

  two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper

  triangle is green, the lower triangle is red



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy



Overview:

  The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of

  sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism

  and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  6.8% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $3,500 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.2% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  12.2% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capital

  expenditures of $42.4 million (1993)

Exports:

  $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps

 partners:

  US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)

Imports:

  $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels

 partners:

  US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)

External debt:

  $37.2 million (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

  15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,

  beverages

Agriculture:

  accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice,

  yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food

  imported

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications



Railroads:

  58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane

Highways:

  300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved

  earth

Ports:

  Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via

  Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations -

  2 AM, no FM, 4 TV



*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Saint Lucia, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between Puerto

  Rico and Trinidad and Tobago

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  620 km2

 land area:

  610 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  158 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to

  April, rainy season from May to August

Terrain:

  volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys

Natural resources:

  forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal

  potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  20%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  13%

 other:

  54%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion



*Saint Lucia, People



Population:

  144,337 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.52% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.26 years

 male:

  66.98 years

 female:

  71.69 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Saint Lucian(s)

 adjective:

  Saint Lucian

Ethnic divisions:

  African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%

Languages:

  English (official), French patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980)

 total population:

  67%

 male:

  65%

 female:

  69%

Labor force:

  43,800

 by occupation:

  agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)



*Saint Lucia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Saint Lucia

Digraph:

  ST

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Castries

Administrative divisions:

  11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet,

  Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort

Independence:

  22 February 1979 (from UK)

Constitution:

  22 February 1979

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 22 February (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP),

  Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor

  General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)

Member of:

  ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS

 chancery:

  Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037

 telephone:

  (202) 463-7378 or 7379

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

  no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)



*Saint Lucia, Government



Flag:

  blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges

  of the arrowhead have a white border



*Saint Lucia, Economy



Overview:

  Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of

  almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia

  also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment

  in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The

  economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural

  sector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodic

  droughts and/or tropical storms.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,650 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6.1% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  16% (1988)

Budget:

  revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital

  expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)

Exports:

  $105 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil

 partners:

  UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19%

Imports:

  $267 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and

  live animals, chemicals, fuels

 partners:

  US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%

External debt:

  $65.7 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP

Electricity:

  32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes,

  tourism, lime processing, coconut processing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts,

  vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist

  industry

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $120 million

Currency:   1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)



*Saint Lucia, Communications



Highways:

  760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved

Ports:

  Castries, Vieux Fort

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439:

  1

Telecommunications:

  fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link

  with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland

  troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)



*Saint Lucia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Header



Affiliation:

  (territorial collectivity of France)



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography



Location:

  in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada)

Map references:

  North America

Area:

 total area:

  242 km2

 land area:

  242 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

 note:

  includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  120 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France

Climate:

  cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy

Terrain:

  mostly barren rock

Natural resources:

  fish, deepwater ports

Land use:

 arable land:

  13%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  83%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  vegetation scanty



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People



Population:

  6,652 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.79% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.19 years

 male:

  73.56 years

 female:

  77.16 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)

 adjective:

  French

Ethnic divisions:

  Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 98%

Languages:

  French

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1982)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  2,850 (1988)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

 conventional short form:

  Saint Pierre and Miquelon

 local long form:

  Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon

 local short form:

  Saint-Pierre et Miquelon

Digraph:

  SB

Type:

  territorial collectivity of France

Capital:

  Saint-Pierre

Administrative divisions:

  none (territorial collectivity of France)

Independence:

  none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control

  since 1763)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French law

National holiday:

  National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July

Political parties and leaders:

  Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS),

  Gerard GRIGNON

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 French President:

  last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second

  ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%

 French Senate:

  last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1

 French National Assembly:

  last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA;

  note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate

  and the French National Assembly who are voting members

 General Council:

  last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and

  other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6

Executive branch:

  French president, commissioner of the Republic

Legislative branch:

  unicameral General Council

Judicial branch:

  Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of the

  General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA)



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government



Member of:

  FZ

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in

  the US by France

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territorial collectivity of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy



Overview:

  The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by

  servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The

  economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at

  Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an

  agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's

  trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years.

  The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish

  exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports

  come primarily from Canada and France.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $9,500 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  9.6% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $5.5 million (1989)

Exports:

  $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts

 partners:

  US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal

Imports:

  $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials

 partners:

  Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism

Agriculture:

  vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500

  metric tons (1989)

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $500 million

Currency:

  1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421

  (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications



Highways:

  120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)

Ports:

  Saint Pierre

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio

  communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French

  domestic satellite system



*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between Puerto

  Rico and Trinidad and Tobago

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  340 km2

 land area:

  340 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  84 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to

  November)

Terrain:

  volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  38%

 permanent crops:

  12%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  41%

 other:

  3%

Irrigated land:

  10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat

Note:

  some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People



Population:

  114,562 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.76% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:   71.72 years

 male:

  70.21 years

 female:

  73.28 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)

 adjective:

  Saint Vincentian or Vincentian

Ethnic divisions:

  black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian

Religions:

  Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist

Languages:

  English, French patois

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

 total population:

  96%

 male:

  96%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:

  67,000 (1984 est.)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Digraph:

  VC

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Kingstown

Administrative divisions:

  6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George,

  Saint Patrick

Independence:

  27 October 1979 (from UK)

Constitution:

  27 October 1979

Legal system:

  based on English common law

National holiday:   Independence Day, 27 October (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

  New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party

  (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;

  Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party

  (NRP), Joel MIGUEL

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Assembly:

  last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6

  appointed senators) NDP 15

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  David JACK (since 29 September 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,

  IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WCL, WFTU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE

 chancery:

  1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

  no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government



Flag:

  three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green;

  the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of

  the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist

  industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high

  unemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on the

  weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress

  toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.3% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  35%-40% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital

  expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)

Exports:

  $65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets

 partners:

  UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%

Imports:

  $110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and

  fuels

 partners:

  US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%

External debt:

  $50.9 million (1989)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP

Electricity:

  16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports;

  products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of

  cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million

Currency:

  1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications



Highways:

  1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.)

Ports:

  Kingstown

Merchant marine:

  407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes

  3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off

  cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied

  gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1

  specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience

  registry

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  6

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF

  interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF

  links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV

  (cable)



*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*San Marino, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  60 km2

 land area:

  60 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  total 39 km, Italy 39 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Terrain:

  rugged mountains

Natural resources:

  building stone

Land use:

 arable land:

  17%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  83%

Irrigated land:

  NA

Environment:

  dominated by the Appenines

Note:

  landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and

  Monaco



*San Marino, People



Population:

  23,855 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.01% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  81.18 years

 male:

  77.09 years

 female:

  85.27 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Sammarinese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Sammarinese

Ethnic divisions:

  Sammarinese, Italian

Religions:

  Roman Catholic

Languages:

  Italian

Literacy:

  age 14 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  96%

 male:

  96%

 female:

  95%

Labor force:

  4,300 (est.)

 by occupation:

  NA



*San Marino, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of San Marino

 conventional short form:

  San Marino

 local long form:

  Repubblica di San Marino

 local short form:

  San Marino

Digraph:

  SM

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  San Marino

Administrative divisions:

  9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,

  Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,

  Serravalle

Independence:

  301 AD (by tradition)

Constitution:

  8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a

  constitution

Legal system:

  based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:   Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September

Political parties and leaders:

  Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino

  Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party

  (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;

  Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;

  San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino

  Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Great and General Council:

  last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7

Executive branch:

  two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is

  wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of

  state for internal affairs

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)

Judicial branch:

  Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)

Leaders:

 Co-Chiefs of State:

  Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (for

  the period 1 April - 30 September 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)

Member of:

  CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM

  (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO



*San Marino, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 honorary consulates general:

  Washington and New York

 honorary consulate:

  Detroit

US diplomatic representation:

  no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is

  accredited to San Marino

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national

  coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield

  (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown

  and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)



*San Marino, Economy



Overview:

  The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 million

  tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The key

  industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural

  products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard

  of living are comparable to northern Italy.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $20,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  3% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (1991)

Exports:

  trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade

  consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,

  wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer

  manufactures

Imports:

  see exports

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce

Electricity:

  supplied by Italy

Industries:

  wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism

Agriculture:

  employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat,

  cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for

  food imports

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coins

Exchange rates:

  Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992),

  1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*San Marino, Communications



Highways:

  104 km

Telecommunications:

  automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700

  telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into

  Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities



*San Marino, Defense Forces



Branches:

  public security or police force

Manpower availability:

  all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Sao Tome and Principe, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon

  straddling the equator

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  960 km2

 land area:

  960 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  209 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Terrain:

  volcanic, mountainous

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  20%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  75%

 other:   3%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  deforestation; soil erosion



*Sao Tome and Principe, People



Population:

  133,225 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.63% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  63.02 years

 male:

  61.19 years

 female:

  64.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Sao Tomean(s)

 adjective:

  Sao Tomean

Ethnic divisions:

  mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of

  freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and

  Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans

  (primarily Portuguese)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist

Languages:

  Portuguese (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

 total population:

  57%

 male:

  73%

 female:

  42%

Labor force:

  21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and

  fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of

  population of working age (1983)



*Sao Tome and Principe, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

 conventional short form:

  Sao Tome and Principe

 local long form:

  Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe

 local short form:

  Sao Tome e Principe

Digraph:

  TP

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Sao Tome

Administrative divisions:

  2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome

Independence:

  12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

  5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982

Legal system:

  based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos

  Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and

  Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC),

  Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA;

  other small parties

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel

  TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty

  presidential election

 National People's Assembly:

  last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results -

  PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55

  total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty

  election in Sao Tome and Principe

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

  UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO



*Sao Tome and Principe, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO

 chancery:

  (temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017

 telephone:

  (212) 697-4211

US diplomatic representation:

  ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident

  basis and makes periodic visits to the islands

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with

  two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow

  band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular

  pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy



Overview:

  The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained

  independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has

  gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987

  output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a

  shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments

  problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm

  kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of

  exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense

  of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs.

  It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years,

  Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to

  roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for

  development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to

  expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a

  Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule

  external debt service payments in cooperation with the International

  Development Association and Western lenders.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $315 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  27% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital

  expenditures of $22.5 million (1989)

Exports:

  $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil

 partners:

  Germany, Netherlands, China

Imports:

  $24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%

 partners:

  Portugal, Germany, Angola, China

External debt:

  $163.6 million (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.1% (1986)

Electricity:

  5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing

Agriculture:

  dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa

  (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya,

  beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million



*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy



Currency:

  1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos

Exchange rates:

  dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December

  1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Sao Tome and Principe, Communications



Highways:

  300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in

  need of repair

Ports:

  Sao Tome, Santo Antonio

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways :

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Saudi Arabia, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,960,582 km2

 land area:

  1,960,582 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US

Land boundaries:

  total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km,

  Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Coastline:

  2,640 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  18 nm

 continental shelf:   not specified

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with

  UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is

  disputed by Saudi Arabia

Climate:

  harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature

Terrain:

  mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  39%

 forest and woodland:

  1%

 other:

  59%

Irrigated land:

  4,350 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal

  seawater desalination facilities; desertification

Note:

  extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on

  shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal



*Saudi Arabia, People



Population:

  17,615,310 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 census

  gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents

  who are not citizens as 4,624,459

Population growth rate:

  3.3% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.32 years  male:

  65.71 years

 female:

  69.01 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Saudi(s)

 adjective:

  Saudi or Saudi Arabian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Religions:

  Muslim 100%

Languages:

  Arabic

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  62%

 male:

  73%

 female:

  48%

Labor force:

  5 million

 by occupation:

  government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%



*Saudi Arabia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

 conventional short form:

  Saudi Arabia

 local long form:

  Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah

 local short form:

  Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah

Digraph:

  SA

Type:

  monarchy

Capital:

  Riyadh

Administrative divisions:

  14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah,

  Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir,

  Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk

Independence:

  23 September 1932 (unification)

Constitution:   none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial

  disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)

Political parties and leaders:

  none allowed

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  none

Executive branch:

  monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council

  of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  none

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Council of Justice

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June

  1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al

  Sa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan

 chancery:

  601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 342-3800



*Saudi Arabia, Government



 consulates general:

  Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch

 embassy:

  Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh

 mailing address:

  American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309,

  Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307

 telephone:

  [966] (1) 488-3800

 FAX:

  Telex 406866  consulates general:

  Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)

Flag:

  green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no

  God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal

  saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of

  Islam



*Saudi Arabia, Economy



Overview:

  The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of

  GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves

  of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and

  plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to

  encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of

  turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional

  Islamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in the

  Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  3.6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  6.5% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  petroleum and petroleum products 92%

 partners:

  US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%

Imports:

  $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemical

  products, textiles

 partners:

  US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6%

External debt:

  $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two

  small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government;

  products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton,

  chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food

Illicit drugs:

  death penalty for traffickers

Economic aid:

  donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)

Currency:

  1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas

Exchange rates:

  Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033

  (1986)



*Saudi Arabia, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Saudi Arabia, Communications



Railroads:

  1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked

Highways:

  74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km,

  includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km

Ports:

  Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al

  Sinaiyah

Merchant marine:

  77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1

  passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3

  container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6

  chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  213

 usable:

  193

 with permanent-surface runways:

  71

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  14

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  36

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  107

Telecommunications:

  modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable

  systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV;

  microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and

  Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti,

  Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian

  Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT



*Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast

  Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reach

  military age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)



*Senegal, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and

  Mauritania

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  196,190 km2

 land area:

  192,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:

  total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali

  419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Coastline:

  531 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the

  International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its

  decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal

  - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast

  winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind

Terrain:

  generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast

Natural resources:

  fish, phosphates, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  27%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  30%

 forest and woodland:

  31%

 other:

  12%

Irrigated land:

  1,800 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

  desertification

Note:

  The Gambia is almost an enclave



*Senegal, People



Population:

  8,463,225 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  56.01 years

 male:

  54.59 years

 female:

  57.48 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Senegalese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Senegalese

Ethnic divisions:

  Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%,

  European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%

Religions:

  Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)

Languages:

  French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  38%

 male:

  52%

 female:

  25%

Labor force:

  2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners)

 by occupation:

  private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%

 note:

  52% of population of working age (1985)



*Senegal, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Senegal

 conventional short form:

  Senegal

 local long form:

  Republique du Senegal

 local short form:

  Senegal

Digraph:

  SG

Type:

  republic under multiparty democratic rule

Capital:

  Dakar

Administrative divisions:

  10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack,

  Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor

Independence:

  20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on

  12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be

  known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)

Constitution:

  3 March 1963, last revised in 1991

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in

  Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party

  (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties

Other political or pressure groups:

  students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS)

  58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%

 National Assembly:

  last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%,

  PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)



*Senegal, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA,

  UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA

 chancery:

  2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-0540 or 0541

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert J. KOTT

 embassy:

  Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar

 mailing address:

  B. P. 49, Dakar

 telephone:

  [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24

 FAX:

  [221] 22-29-91

Flag:

  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a

  small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular

  pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Senegal, Economy



Overview:

  The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and provides

  employment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the total

  cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Another

  principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of total

  foreign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction of

  phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand

  for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become

  increasingly important to the economy.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  1.2% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $780 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital

  expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)

Exports:

  $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%,

  phosphates 9%

 partners:

  France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, India

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%,

  capital goods 14%

 partners:

  France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan

External debt:

  $2.9 billion (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

  215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining,

  building materials

Agriculture:

  major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,

  tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food;

  fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin

  moving to Europe and North America

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes



*Senegal, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year



*Senegal, Communications



Railroads:

  1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar

  to Thies

Highways:

  14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth

Inland waterways:

  897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum

Ports:

  Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor

Merchant marine:

  1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  25

 usable:

  19

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  15

Telecommunications:

  above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations -

  8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Senegal, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach military

  age (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Serbia and Montenegro, Header



Note:

  Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent

  state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the

  US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

  has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its

  continuation



*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina

  and Bulgaria

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  102,350 km2

 land area:

  102,136 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Kentucky

 note:

  Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightly

  larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area

  of 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than Connecticut

Land boundaries:

  total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro),

  Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro),

  Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151

  km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

 note:

  the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

Coastline:

  199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -

  Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the

  former Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and

  Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in

  Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic

Climate:

  in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with

  well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean

  climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers

  and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain:

  extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone

  ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the

  southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of

  largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari

Natural resources:

  oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Land use:

 arable land:

  30%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  25%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2



*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography



Environment:

  coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related

  areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial

  cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into the

  Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes

Note:

  controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the

  Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast



*Serbia and Montenegro, People



Population:

  10,699,539 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  NA%

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:   NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)

 adjective:

  Serbian and Montenegrin

Ethnic divisions:

  Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Religions:

  Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Languages:

  Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  2,640,909

 by occupation:

  industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)



*Serbia and Montenegro, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Serbia and Montenegro

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Srbija-Crna Gora

Digraph:

  SR

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Belgrade

Administrative divisions:

  2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*;,   Kosovo*, Montenegro,,

Serbia, Vojvodina*, Independence:   11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

  27 April 1992

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC;

  Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO),

  Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Party

  of Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), Momir

  BULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal

  Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina

  Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for

  Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI

Other political or pressure groups:

  Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)

Suffrage:

  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Elections:

 President:

  Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993

 Chamber of Republics:

  last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin)

 Chamber of Citizens:

  last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes

  by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS

  33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of

  Republics and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies

Judicial branch:

  Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court



*Serbia and Montenegro, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of

  Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro

  (since 23 December 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy Prime

  Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March

  1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the

  Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to

  function in the US

US diplomatic representation:  chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  address NA, Belgrade

 mailing address:

  American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070

 telephone:

  [38] (11) 645-655

 FAX:

  [38] (11) 645-221

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red



*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy



Overview:

  The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody

  ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup

  of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and

  Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military

  strife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like the

  other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for

  large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide

  varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the

  republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of

  concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The

  breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial

  plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in

  the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the

  republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and

  Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is

  primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform.

  A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  81% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  25%-40% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,

  miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live

  animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco

  1%

 partners:

  prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade

  partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy,

  Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East European

  countries, US

Imports:

  $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,

  manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,

  miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal

  for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5%

 partners:

  prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade

  partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successor

  states of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East

  European countries, US

External debt:

  $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)



*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy



Electricity:

  8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and

  weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel,

  aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining

  (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods

  (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum

  products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Agriculture:

  the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the

  former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina

  also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production;

  Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long

  growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock

  production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces

  fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous

  pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry;

  Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where

  a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and

  rice

Illicit drugs:

  NA

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Exchange rates:

  Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990),

  15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)

Fiscal year:   calendar year



*Serbia and Montenegro, Communications



Railroads:

  NA

Highways:

  46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km

Ports:

  coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade

Merchant marine:

 Montenegro:

  40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17

  cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Maltese

  flag except 2 bulk under Panamian flag

 Serbia:

  4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2

  bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of Saint

  Vincent and the Grenadines

Airports:

 total:

  48

 useable:

  48

 with permanent-surface runways:

  16

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  9

Telecommunications:

  700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000

  radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT



*Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces



Branches:

  People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces,

  Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil

  Defense

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reach

  military age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Seychelles, Geography



Location:

  in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  455 km2

 land area:

  455 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  491 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims Tromelin Island

Climate:

  tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to

  September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Terrain:

  Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are

  coral, flat, elevated reefs

Natural resources:

  fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  18%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  18%

 other:

  60%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts

  possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50

  coralline islands



*Seychelles, People



Population:

  71,494 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.88% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.26 years

 male:

  65.56 years

 female:

  73.07 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Seychellois (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Seychelles

Ethnic divisions:

  Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%

Languages:

  English (official), French (official), Creole

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1971)

 total population:

  58%

 male:

  56%

 female:

  60%

Labor force:

  27,700 (1985)

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture,

  forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)

 note:

  57% of population of working age (1983)



*Seychelles, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Seychelles

 conventional short form:

  Seychelles

Digraph:

  SE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Victoria

Administrative divisions:

  23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse

  Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel

  Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on

  Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,

  Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka

Independence:

  29 June 1976 (from UK)

Constitution:

  5 June 1979

 note:

  new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effect

  in mid-1993

Legal system:

  based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup)

Political parties and leaders:

  ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert

  RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel

  RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL;

  Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS

Other political or pressure groups:

  trade unions; Roman Catholic Church

Suffrage:

  17 years of age; universal

Elections:

 note:

  presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once the

  new, multiparty consititution is ratified later this year

 President:

  last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - President

  France Albert RENE reelected without opposition

 People's Assembly:

  last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was the

  only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)



*Seychelles, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,

  WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO

 chancery:

  (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017

 telephone:

  (212) 687-9766

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY

 embassy:

  4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria

 mailing address:

  Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE

  09815-2501

 telephone:

  (248) 25256

 FAX:

  (248) 25189

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band

  is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest



*Seychelles, Economy



Overview:

  In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs

  about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency

  earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment

  in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the

  government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting

  the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $350 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -4.5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $5,200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1.8% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  9% (1987)

Budget:

  revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital

  expenditures of $32 million (1989)

Exports:

  $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports)

 partners:

  France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)

Imports:

  $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation

  equipment, petroleum products

 partners:

  UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, Yemen 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6%

  (1987)

External debt:

  $189 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat

  building, printing, furniture, beverage

Agriculture:

  accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts,

  cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas;

  broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna

  fishing under way

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60

  million

Currency:

  1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2545 (January 1993), 5.1220 (1992),

  5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988)



*Seychelles, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Seychelles, Communications



Highways:

  260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth

Ports:

  Victoria

Merchant marine:

  1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  14

 usable:

  14

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal

  countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station



*Seychelles, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection Unit,

  Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 18,982; fit for military service 9,710 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Sierra Leone, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and

  Liberia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  71,740 km2

 land area:

  71,620 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:

  total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Coastline:

  402 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:   tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry

  season (December to April)

Terrain:

  coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,

  mountains in east

Natural resources:

  diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite

Land use:

 arable land:

  25%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  31%

 forest and woodland:

  29%

 other:

  13%

Irrigated land:

  340 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil

  degradation



*Sierra Leone, People



Population:

  4,510,571 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.61% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  19.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  145 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  45.87 years

 male:

  43.1 years

 female:

  48.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Sierra Leonean(s)

 adjective:

  Sierra Leonean

Ethnic divisions:

  13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%), Creole,

  European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%

Religions:

  Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30%

Languages:

  English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende

  principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the north,

  Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the Freetown area

  and is lingua franca

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic (1990)

 total population:

  21%

 male:

  31%

 female:

  11%

Labor force:

  1.369 million (1981 est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.)

 note:

  only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working age



*Sierra Leone, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Sierra Leone

 conventional short form:

  Sierra Leone

Digraph:

  SL

Type:

  military government

Capital:

  Freetown

Administrative divisions:

  3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*, Independence:

  27 April 1961 (from UK)

Constitution:

  1 October 1991; amended September 1991

Legal system:

  based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Republic Day, 27 April (1961)

Political parties and leaders:

  status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April 1992 coup

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

  suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party

  elections sometime within three years

Executive branch:

  National Provisional Ruling Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M. STRASSER

  (since 29 April 1992)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

  OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 939-9261

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS

 embassy:

  Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [232] (22) 226-481



*Sierra Leone, Government



 FAX:

  [232] (22) 225-471

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue



*Sierra Leone, Economy



Overview:

  The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence

  agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and

  employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which

  accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw

  materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining

  provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high

  unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing

  dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to

  get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic

  policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since

  March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and

  eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined

  efforts to institute economic reforms.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -1% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $330 (FY92 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $68 million; expenditures $118 million, including capital

  expenditures of $28 million (FY92 est.)

Exports:

  $75 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3%

 partners:

  US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe

Imports:

  $62 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light

  industrial goods

 partners:

  US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria

External debt:

  $633 million (FY92 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages,

  textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery

Agriculture:

  accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely

  subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of

  food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages

  53,000 metric tons

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101

  million



*Sierra Leone, Economy



Currency:

  1 leone (Le) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  leones (Le) per US$1 - 552.43 (January 1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34 (1991),

  144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Sierra Leone, Communications



Railroads:

  84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis

  because the mine at Marampa is closed

Highways:

  7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), 5,760 km

  improved earth

Inland waterways:

  800 km; 600 km navigable year round

Ports:

  Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe

Merchant marine:

  1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  11

 usable:

  7

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio relay

  system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1

  AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Sierra Leone, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 983,281; fit for military service 475,855 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)



*Singapore, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Indonesia

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  632.6 km2

 land area:

  622.6 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  193 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  12 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm

International disputes:

  two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons;

  thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)

Terrain:

  lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and

  nature preserve

Natural resources:

  fish, deepwater ports

Land use:

 arable land:

  4%

 permanent crops:

  7%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  5%

 other:

  84%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  mostly urban and industrialized

Note:

  focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes



*Singapore, People



Population:

  2,826,331 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.19% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.75 years

 male:

  73.07 years

 female:

  78.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Singaporean(s)

 adjective:

  Singapore

Ethnic divisions:

  Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%

Religions:

  Buddhist (Chinese), Atheist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu,

  Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist

Languages:

  Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English

  (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  88%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  84%

Labor force:

  1,485,800

 by occupation:

  financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%, commerce

  22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)



*Singapore, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Singapore

 conventional short form:

  Singapore

Digraph:

  SN

Type:

  republic within Commonwealth

Capital:   Singapore

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)

Constitution:

  3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore

  Constitution

Legal system:

  based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 9 August (1965)

Political parties and leaders:

 government:

  People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary general

 opposition:

  Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP),

  CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis

  (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA

Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results -

  President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition

 Parliament:

  last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister

  LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister ONG Teng

  Cheong (since 2 January 1985)

Member of:

  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, ESCAP, G-77,

  GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador S. R. NATHAN



*Singapore, Government



 chancery:

  1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009  telephone:

  (202) 667-7555

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jon M. HUNTSMAN, Jr.

 embassy:

  30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617

 mailing address:

  FPO AP 96534

 telephone:

  [65] 338-0251

 FAX:

  [65] 338-4550

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of

  the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward

  the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged

  in a circle



*Singapore, Economy



Overview:

  Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and

  manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from

  its entrepot history. The economy appears to have pulled off a soft landing

  from the 9% growth rate of the late 1980s, registering higher than expected

  growth in 1992 while stemming inflation. Economic activity slowed early in

  1992, primarily as a result of slackened demand in Singapore's export

  markets. But after bottoming out in the second quarter, the economy picked

  up in line with a gradual recovery in the United States. The year's best

  performers were the construction and financial services industries and

  manufacturers of computer-related components. Rising labor costs continue to

  be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications that

  productivity is catching up. Government surpluses and the rate of gross

  national savings remain high. In technology, per capita output, and labor

  discipline, Singapore is well on its way toward its goal of becoming a

  developed country.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $45.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  5.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $16,500 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.3% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  2.7% (June 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $10.4 billion; expenditures $9.4 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

  $61.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products,

  telecommunications equipment

 partners:

  US 21%, Malaysia 13%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6%

Imports:

  $66.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs

 partners:

  Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 14%, Taiwan 4%

External debt:

  $0 Singapore is a net creditor

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP

Electricity:

  4,860,000 kW capacity; 18,000 million kWh produced, 6,420 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing

  and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot

  trade, financial services, biotechnology

Agriculture:

  occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in

  poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber,

  copra, fruit, vegetables



*Singapore, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe,

  and the Third World; also a major money-laundering center

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion

Currency:

  1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992),

  1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Singapore, Communications



Railroads:

  38 km of 1.000-meter gauge

Highways:

  2,644 km total (1985)

Ports:

  Singapore

Merchant marine:

  492 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,763,511 GRT/15,816,384 DWT;

  includes 1 passenger-cargo, 125 cargo, 72 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off

  cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 165

  oil tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 7 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker,

  5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Singapore flag

  ships are foreign owned

Airports:

 total:

  10

 usable:

  10

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and

  television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13

  AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular

  Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1

  Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT



*Singapore, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 853,440; fit for military service 629,055 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)



*Slovakia, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, between Hungary and Poland

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  48,845 km2

 land area:

  48,800 km2

 comparative area:

  about twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:

  total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km, Poland

  444 km, Ukraine 90 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:   none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues

  with Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal

  property; establishment of international border between the Czech Republic

  and Slovakia

Climate:

  temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:

  rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south

Natural resources:

  brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore;

  salt; gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  NA%

 permanent crops:

  NA%

 meadows and pastures:

  NA%

 forest and woodland:

  NA%

 other:

  NA%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  severe damage to forests from "acid rain" caused by coal-fired power

  stations

Note:

  landlocked



*Slovakia, People



Population:

  5,375,501 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.51% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  14.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.47 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.39 years

 male:

  68.18 years

 female:

  76.85 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:   1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Slovak(s)

 adjective:

  Slovak

Ethnic divisions:

  Slovak 85.6%, Hungarian 10.8%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures

  underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or more),

  Czech 1.1%, Ruthenian 15,000, Ukrainian 13,000, Moravian 6,000, German

  5,000, Polish 3,000

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other

  17.5%

Languages:

  Slovak (official), Hungarian

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  2.484 million

 by occupation:

  industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication and

  other 44.3% (1990)



*Slovakia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Slovak Republic

 conventional short form:

  Slovakia

 local long form:

  Slovenska Republika

 local short form:

  Slovensko

Digraph:

  LO

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Bratislava

Administrative divisions:

  4 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) Bratislava,

  Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky

Independence:

  1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)

Constitution:

  ratified 3 September 1992; fully effective 1 January 1993

Legal system:   civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the

  obligations of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and

  to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

National holiday:

  Slovak National Uprising, August 29 (1944)

Political parties and leaders:

  Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Vojtech BUGAR; Christian Democratic

  Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir

  MECIAR, chairman; Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman;

  Slovak National Party, Ludovit CERNAK, chairman; Coexistence, Miklos DURAY,

  chairman; Party of Conservative Democrats, leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  Green Party; Democratic Party; Social Democratic Party in Slovakia; Movement

  for Czech-Slovak Accord; Freedom Party; Slovak Christian Union; Hungarian

  Civic Party

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Michal KOVAC

  elected by the National Council

 National Council:

  last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1996); results - Movement

  for a Democratic Slovakia 37%, Party of the Democratic Left 15%, Christian

  Democratic Movement 9%, Slovak National Party 8%, Hungarian Christian

  Democratic Movement/Coexistence 7%; seats - (150 total) Movement for a

  Democratic Slovakia, 74, Party of the Democratic Left 29, Christian

  Democratic Movement 18, Slovak National Party 15, Hungarian Christian

  Democratic Movement/Coexistence 14

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Council (Narodni Rada)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Slovakia, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since NA), Deputy Prime Minister Roman KOVAC

  (since NA)

Member of:

  BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

  (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8

  January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Charge d'Affaires Dr. Milan ERBAN  chancery:

  3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 363-6315 or 6316

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Elect Eleanor SUTTER

 embassy:

  Hviczdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  427 330 861

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with

  a crest with a white double cross on three blue mountains



*Slovakia, Economy



Overview:

  The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the Czech

  Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of moving

  toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, even

  though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from an

  aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and many

  raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of

  communist control of Eastern Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic

  launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and

  controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in

  privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the

  setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in

  inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole

  inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992 in Slovakia,

  inflation slowed to an estimated 8.7% and the estimated fall in GDP was a

  more moderate 7%. In 1993 the government anticipates up to a 7% drop in GDP,

  with the disruptions from the separation from the Czech lands probably

  accounting for half the decline; inflation, according to government

  projections, may rise to 15-20% and unemployment may reach 12-15%. The

  Slovak government is moving ahead less enthusiastically than the Czech

  government in the further dismantling of the old centrally controlled

  economic system. Although the governments of Slovakia and the Czech Republic

  had envisaged retaining the koruna as a common currency at least in the

  short run, the two countries ended the currency union in February 1993.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $32.1 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $6,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  8.7% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  11.3% (1992 est.)

Budget:   revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and metals;

  agricultural products

 partners:

  Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy,

  France, US, UK

Imports:

  $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured goods;

  raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products

 partners:

  Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland,

  Hungary, UK, Italy

External debt:

  $1.9 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  6,800,000 kW capacity; 24,000 million kWh produced, 4,550 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Slovakia, Economy



Industries:

  brown coal mining, chemicals, metal-working, consumer appliances,

  fertilizer, plastics, armaments

Agriculture:

  largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock

  production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs,

  cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products

Illicit drugs:

  the former Czechoslavakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian

  heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine

  (1992)

Economic aid:

  the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to

  non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)

Currency:

  1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Exchange rates:

  koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991),

  17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Slovakia, Communications



Railroads:   3,669 km total (1990)

Highways:

  17,650 km total (1990)

Inland waterways:

  NA km

Pipelines:

  natural gas 2,700 km; petroleum products NA km

Ports:

  maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),

  Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are

  Komarno on the Danube and Bratislava on the Danube

Merchant marine:

  the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185

  GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with the Czech

  Republic

Airports:

 total:

  34

 usable:

  34

 with permanent-surface runways:

  9

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  NA



*Slovakia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,407,908; fit for military service 1,082,790; reach

  military age (18) annually 47,973 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  8.2 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

  expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Slovenia, Geography



Location:

  Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia

Map references:

  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  20,296 km2  land area:

  20,296 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 999 km, Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km

Coastline:

  32 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic and over some

  border areas; the border issue is currently under negotiation; small

  minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern

  Slovenia

Climate:

  Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot

  summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain:

  a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to

  Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Natural resources:

  lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  45%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and

  toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air

  pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to

  flooding and earthquakes



*Slovenia, People



Population:

  1,967,655 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  11.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:   9.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  74 years

 male:

  70.08 years

 female:

  78.13 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Slovene(s)

 adjective:

  Slovenian

Ethnic divisions:

  Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate), Muslim 1%, other 3%

Languages:

  Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  786,036

 by occupation:

  agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46%



*Slovenia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Slovenia

 conventional short form:

  Slovenia

 local long form:

  Republika Slovenije

 local short form:

  Slovenija

Digraph:

  SI

Type:

  emerging democracy

Capital:

  Ljubljana

Administrative divisions:

  60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje,

  Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko,

  Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj,

  Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center,

  Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer,

  Logatec, Maribor, Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto,

  Ormoz Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na

  Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja Loka,

  Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje Pri Jelsah,

  Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, Zagorje Ob Savi, Zalec

Independence:

  25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

  adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Statehood Day, 25 June

Political parties and leaders:

  Slovene Christian Democratics (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal

  Democratic (LDS), Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social-Democratic Party of

  Slovenia (SDSS), Joze PUCNIK, chairman; Socialist Party of Slovenia (SSS),

  Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman;

  National Democratic, Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party,

  Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party),

  Ciril RIBICIC, chairman; United List (former Communists and allies); Slovene

  National Party, leader NA; Democratic Party, Igor BAVCAR; Slovene People's

  Party (SLS), Ivan OMAN

 note:

  parties have changed as of the December 1992 elections

Other political or pressure groups:

  none

Suffrage:

  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Milan KUCAN

  reelected by direct popular vote

 State Assembly:

  last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (total 90) LDS 22, SKD 15, United List (former

  Communists and allies) 14, Slovene National Party 12, SN 10, Democratic

  Party 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1



*Slovenia, Government



 State Council:

  will become operational after next election in 1996; in the election of 6

  December 1992 40 members were elected to represent local and socio-economic

  interests

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Legislative branch:   bicameral National Assembly; consists of the State Assembly and the State

  Council; note - State Council will become operational after next election

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992)

Member of:

  CE, CEI, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ernest PETRIC

 chancery:

  (temporary) 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 828-1650

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador E. Allen WENDT

 embassy:

  P.O. Box 254; Cankarjeva 11, 61000 Ljubljana

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  [38] (61) 301-427/472

 FAX:

  [38] (61) 301-401

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with the

  Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a blue

  background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas

  and rivers, and around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an

  inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag

  centered in the white and blue bands



*Slovenia, Economy



Overview:

  Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics,

  with a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not

  far below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong

  ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during its fight for

  independence from Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the

  former Yugoslav republics for economic recovery over the next few years. The

  dissolution of Yugoslavia, however, has led to severe short-term

  dislocations in production, employment, and trade ties. For example, overall

  industrial production fell 10% in 1991; particularly hard hit were the iron

  and steel, machine-building, chemical, and textile industries. Meanwhile,

  the continued fighting in other former Yugoslavian republics has led to

  further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an influx of

  tens of thousands of Croatian and Bosnian refugees. The key program for

  breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms was established in late

  1992. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's

  comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and

  its Western business attitudes, but instability in Croatia is a deterrent.

  Slovenia in absolute terms is a small economy, and a little Western

  investment would go a long way.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $10,700 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.7% (September 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  10% (April 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $4.12 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%,

  chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and

  tobacco less than 1%

 partners:

  principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy

Imports:

  $4.679 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%,

  chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live

  animals 6%

 partners:

  principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, successor states

  of the former USSR, US, Hungary, Italy, and Austria

External debt:

  $2.5 billion

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1% per month (1991-92 est.)

Electricity:

  2,900,000 kW capacity; 10,000 million kWh produced, 5,090 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Slovenia, Economy



Industries:

  ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled

  products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military

  electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles,

  chemicals, machine tools

Agriculture:

  dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops

  - potatoes, hops, hemp, flax; an export surplus in these commodities;

  Slovenia must import many other agricultural products and has a negative

  overall trade balance in this sector

Illicit drugs:

  NA

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 tolar (SIT) = 100 NA

Exchange rates:

  tolars (SIT) per US$1 - 112 (June 1993), 28 (January 1992)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Slovenia, Communications



Railroads:

  1,200 km, 1.435 m gauge (1991)

Highways:

  14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel

Inland waterways:

  NA

Pipelines:

  crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km

Ports:

  coastal - Koper

Merchant marine:

  22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,784 GRT/596,740 DWT; includes 15

  bulk, 7 cargo; all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines except

  for 1 bulk under Liberian flag

Airports:

 total:

  13

 useable:

  13

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios;

  330,000 TVs



*Slovenia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Slovene Defense Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 512,186; fit for military service 410,594; reach military

  age (19) annually 14,970 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  13.5 billion tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of the military

  budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

  misleading results



*Solomon Islands, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  28,450 km2

 land area:

  27,540 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  5,313 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather

Terrain:

  mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls

Natural resources:

  fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  93%

 other:

  4%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active

  region with frequent earth tremors

Note:

  located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean



*Solomon Islands, People



Population:

  372,746 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.46% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  39.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  29 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.13 years

 male:

  67.73 years

 female:

  72.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Solomon Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Solomon Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese

  0.3%, other 0.4%

Religions:

  Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United

  (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other Protestant 5%

Languages:

  Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by

  1-2% of population

 note:

  120 indigenous languages

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  23,448 economically active

 by occupation:

  agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, construction,

  manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984)



*Solomon Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Solomon Islands

 former:

  British Solomon Islands

Digraph:

  BP

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Honiara

Administrative divisions:

  7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira,,   Malaita, Temotu,

Western

Independence:

  7 July 1978 (from UK)

Constitution:

  7 July 1978

Legal system:

  common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 7 July (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands

  Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress

  (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Parliament:

  last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held 26 May 1993); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2,

  independents 9

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Parliament

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general

  since 7 July 1988)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister

  Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990)

Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:  chief of mission:

  (vacant); ambassador traditionally resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands)

US diplomatic representation:

  Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND

 embassy:

  Mud Alley, Honiara



*Solomon Islands, Government



 mailing address:

  American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara

 telephone:

  (677) 23890

 FAX:

  (677) 23488

Flag:

  divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner;

  the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars

  arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green



*Solomon Islands, Economy



Overview:

  About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and

  forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and

  forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors

  being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to

  GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The

  islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc,

  nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986

  that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $200 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $600 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  14.3% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $48 million; expenditures $107 million, including capital

  expenditures of $45 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $74.2 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%

 partners:

  Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)

Imports:

  $87.1 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%

 partners:

  Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%,

  China 3% (1985)

External debt:

  $128 million (1988 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP

Electricity:

  21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  copra, fish (tuna)

Agriculture:

  including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly

  subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels,

  timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs;

  not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500

  metric tons was exported (1988)

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89),

  $250 million

Currency:

  1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.1211 (January 1993), 2.9281

  (1992), 2.7148 (1991), 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Solomon Islands, Communications



Highways:

  about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800

  private logging and plantation roads of varied construction

Ports:

  Honiara, Ringi Cove

Airports:

 total:

  30

 usable:

  29

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean

  INTELSAT earth station



*Solomon Islands, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police Force

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Somalia, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern Indian Ocean, south of the

  Arabian Peninsula

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  637,660 km2

 land area:

  627,340 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 2,366 km, Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya 682 km

Coastline:

  3,025 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  200 nm

International disputes:

  southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative

  Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to

  Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic

  Somalis

Climate:

  desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon

  (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili)

  between monsoons

Terrain:

  mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

Natural resources:

  uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite,

  copper, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  46%

 forest and woodland:   14%

 other:

  38%

Irrigated land:

  1,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer;

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el

  Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal



*Somalia, People



Population:

  6,514,629 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  41.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  28.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  162.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  32.91 years

 male:

  32.86 years

 female:

  32.95 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Somali(s)

 adjective:

  Somali

Ethnic divisions:

  Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim

Languages:

  Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  24%

 male:

  36%

 female:

  14%

Labor force:

  2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers)

 by occupation:

  pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts,

  and other 30%

 note:

  53% of population of working age (1985)



*Somalia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Somalia

 former:

  Somali Republic

Digraph:

  SO

Type:

  none

Capital:

  Mogadishu

Administrative divisions:

  18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari,

  Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal,

  Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi

  Galbeed

Independence:

  1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent

  from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became

  independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to

  form the Somali Republic)

Constitution:

  25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  NA

Political parties and leaders:

  the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January

  1991; formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party

  (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj.

  Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre

Other political or pressure groups:

  numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD

  was reelected without opposition

 People's Assembly:

  last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only

  party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali

  Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27

  January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically

  elected government will be established

Executive branch:

  president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga); non-functioning

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (non-functioning)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Interim President ALI MAHDI Mohamed (since 27 January 1991)



*Somalia, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,

  IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 chancery:

  Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 342-1575

 consulate general:

  New York

 note:

  Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991

US diplomatic representation:

  the US Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated and closed indefinitely in January

  1991; United States Liaison Office (USLO) opened in December 1992

Flag:

  light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based

  on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)



*Somalia, Economy



Overview:

  One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few

  resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil

  war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for

  about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and seminomads who

  are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods make up more than half of

  the population. Crop production generates only 10% of GDP and employs about

  20% of the work force. The main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and

  corn are grown for the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based

  on the processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of

  GDP. Greatly increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a

  substantial drop in output, with widespread famine.

National product:

  $NA

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins

 partners:

  Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)

Imports:

  $NA

 commodities:

  petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials

 partners:

  US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)

External debt:

  $1.9 billion (1989)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%, accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

  former public power capacity of 75,000 kW is completely shut down by the

  destruction of the civil war; UN, relief organizations, and foreign military

  units in Somalia use their own portable power systems

Industries:

  a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum

  refining; probably shut down by the widespread destruction during the civil

  war

Agriculture:

  dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops -

  bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food;

  distribution of food disrupted by civil strife; fishing potential largely

  unexploited

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336

  million



*Somalia, Economy



Currency:

  1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 centesimi

Exchange rates:

  Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 4,200 (December 1992), 3,800.00

  (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Somalia, Communications



Highways:

  22,500 km total; including 2,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, and 16,800 km

  improved earth or stabilized soil (1992)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 15 km

Ports:

  Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Bender Cassim (Boosaaso)

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo,

  1 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  69

 usable:

  48

 with permanent-surface runways:

  8

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  20

Telecommunications:

  the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled

  by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own

  private systems (1993)



*Somalia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  NA

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,596,380; fit for military service 897,660 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*South Africa, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, at the extreme southern tip of the continent

Map references:   Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  1,221,040 km2

 land area:

  1,221,040 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

 note:

  includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island

Land boundaries:

  total 4,973 km, Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km,

  Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

Coastline:

  2,881 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered

  by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer

  the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint

  administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and

  Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire

  area

Climate:

  mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights

Terrain:

  vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain

Natural resources:

  gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates,

  tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  65%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  21%

Irrigated land:

  11,280 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water

  conservation and control measures

Note:

  Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely

  surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland



*South Africa, People



Population:

  42,792,804 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.63% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.65 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  48.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  64.81 years

 male:

  62.07 years

 female:

  67.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  South African(s)

 adjective:

  South African

Ethnic divisions:

  black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Religions:

  Christian (most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks), Hindu (60% of

  Indians), Muslim 20%

Languages:

  Afrikaans (official), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa, North Sotho, South

  Sotho, Tswana, and many other vernacular languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  76%

 male:

  78%

 female:

  75%

Labor force:

  13.4 million economically active (1990)

 by occupation:

  services 55%, agriculture 10%, industry 20%, mining 9%, other 6%



*South Africa, Government



Names:  conventional long form:

  Republic of South Africa

 conventional short form:

  South Africa

Abbreviation:

  RSA

Digraph:

  SF

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial)

Administrative divisions:

  4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10

  homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei,

  Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu,

  Lebowa, QwaQwa)

Independence:

  31 May 1910 (from UK)

Constitution:

  3 September 1984

Legal system:

  based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Republic Day, 31 May (1910)

Political parties and leaders:

 white political parties and leaders:

  National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative

  Party (CP), leader NA (official opposition party); Democratic Party (DP),

  Zach DE BEER; Afrikaner Volksunie (AVU), Andries BEYERS

 Colored political parties and leaders (see Note):

  Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); National Party (NP);

  Democratic Party (DP); Freedom Party

 Indian political parties and leaders:

  Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP),

  Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party

 note:

  the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were

  disbanded in May 1991

Other political or pressure groups:

  African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom

  Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC),

  Clarence MAKWETU, president

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal, but voting rights are racially based

Elections:

 House of Assembly (whites):

  last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP

  58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34;

  note - by February 1992, because of byelections, splits, and defections,

  changes in number of seats held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 36,

  DP 28, AVU 5, independent 7



*South Africa, Government



 House of Representatives (Coloreds):

  last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69,

  DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - by October 1992 many

  representatives had changed their allegiance causing the following changes

  in seating: NP 44, LP 27, DP 6, Freedom Party 1, independents 6, vacant 1

 House of Delegates (Indians):

  last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected)

  Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note

  - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of October 1992

  is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 8,

  independents 3

 note:

  tentative agreement to hold national election open to all races for a

  400-seat constitutient assembly on 27 April 1994

Executive branch:

  state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the

  three houses of Parliament)

Legislative branch:

  tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly

  (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers;

  Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  State President Frederik Willem DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989)

Member of:

  BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF,

  INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO (suspended)

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ

 chancery:

  3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-4400

 consulates general:

  Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Princeton N. LYMAN

 embassy:

  Thibault House, 225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria

 telephone:

  [27] (12) 28-4266

 FAX:

  [27] (12) 21-9278

 consulates general:

  Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg

Flag:

  actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center

  of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three

  equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags

  are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal

  flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old

  Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side



*South Africa, Economy



Overview:

  Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes,

  material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of

  Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from

  the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment and lack of

  job skills. The main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral

  resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. Economic developments in the

  1990s will be driven partly by the changing relations among the various

  ethnic groups. The shrinking economy in recent years has absorbed less than

  10% of the more than 300,000 workers entering the labor force annually.

  Local economists estimate that the economy must grow between 5% and 6% in

  real terms annually to absorb all of the new entrants.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -2% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $2,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  13.9% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  45% (well over 50% in some homeland areas) (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $28 billion; expenditures $36 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $3 billion (FY93 est.)

Exports:

  $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  gold 27%, other minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3%

 partners:

  Italy, Japan, US, Germany, UK, other EC countries, Hong Kong

Imports:

  $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles,

  scientific instruments

 partners:

  Germany, Japan, UK, US, Italy

External debt:

  $18 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP

Electricity:

  46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita

  (1991)

Industries:   mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile

  assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical,

  fertilizer, foodstuffs

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified

  agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep,

  wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables;

  self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 rand (R) = 100 cents



*South Africa, Economy



Exchange rates:

  rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863

  (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*South Africa, Communications



Railroads:

  20,638 km route distance total; 20,324 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage

  (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm

  gauge; substantial electrification of 1.067 meter gauge

Highways:

  188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or

  improved earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km

Ports:

  Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai,

  Walvis Bay

Merchant marine:

  5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4

  container, 1 vehicle carrier

Airports:

 total:

  899

 usable:

  713

 with permanent-surface runways:

  136

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  221

Telecommunications:   the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity

  in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables,

  radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key

  centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth,

  and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM,

  67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

  and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT



*South Africa, Defense Forces



Branches:

  South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical

  Services), South African Police (SAP)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 10,294,211; fit for military service 6,279,190; reach

  military age (18) annually 425,477 (1993 est.); obligation for service in

  Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; black and white volunteers for

  service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation for white

  conscripts is one year; figures include the so-called homelands not

  recognized by the US

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, about 2.5% of GDP (FY93 budget)



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the south Argentine coast, southeast of the

  Falkland Islands

Map references:

  Antarctic Region

Area:

 total area:

  4,066 km2

 land area:

  4,066 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Rhode Island

 note:

  includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  NA km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:   12 nm

International disputes:

  administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina

Climate:

  variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with

  periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Terrain:

  most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and

  mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered

  mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some

  active volcanoes

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation

  consisting of grass, moss, and lichen)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather

  conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich

  Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism

Note:

  the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good

  anchorage



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous population; there is a small military garrison on South

  Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird

  Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

 conventional short form:

  none

Digraph:

  SX

Type:   dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

  none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  3 October 1985

Legal system:

  English common law

National holiday:

  Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Executive branch:

  British monarch, commissioner

Legislative branch:

  none

Judicial branch:

  none

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner

  David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; resident at Stanley, Falkland

  Islands)



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of

  income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from

  postage stamps produced in the UK.

Budget:

  revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of

  $NA (FY88 est.)

Electricity:

  900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992)



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Communications



Highways:

  NA

Ports:

  Grytviken on South Georgia

Airports:

 total:

  5

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0  with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations



*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Spain, Geography



Location:

  Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the

  Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and France

Map references:

  Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  504,750 km2

 land area:

  499,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

 note:

  includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty

  (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila,

  Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Land boundaries:

  total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal

  1,214 km

Coastline:

  4,964 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty

  (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves

  of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of

  Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Climate:

  temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along

  coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Terrain:

  large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in

  north

Natural resources:   coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc,

  lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower

Land use:

 arable land:

  31%

 permanent crops:

  10%

 meadows and pastures:

  21%

 forest and woodland:

  31%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:

  33,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation; air pollution

Note:

  strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar



*Spain, People



Population:

  39,207,159 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.24% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.51 years

 male:

  74.22 years

 female:

  81.04 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Spaniard(s)

 adjective:

  Spanish

Ethnic divisions:

  composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%

Languages:

  Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  14.621 million

 by occupation:

  services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988)



*Spain, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Spain

 conventional short form:

  Spain

 local short form:

  Espana

Digraph:

  SP

Type:

  parliamentary monarchy

Capital:

  Madrid

Administrative divisions:

  17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad

  autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La

  Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura,

  Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco

 note:

  there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta,

  Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la

  Gomera) with administrative status unknown

Independence:

  1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)

Constitution:

  6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Legal system:

  civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 12 October

Political parties and leaders:

 principal national parties, from right to left:

  Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael

  Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ

  Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia

  DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a

  coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other

  small parties, leader NA

 chief regional parties:

  Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque

  Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos

  GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left

  (EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of the

  PSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), Xabier

  GURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group

  (AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union

  (UV), leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

  on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First

  of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the

  government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the

  Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union

  of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO);

  the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university

  students

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*Spain, Government



Elections:

 Senate:

  last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10,

  PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5

 Congress of Deputies:

  last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE

  39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%;

  seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4,

  other 11

Executive branch:

  monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime

  minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State

Legislative branch:

  bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales)

  consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress

  of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime

  Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991)

Member of:

  AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,

  EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC,

  NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM

  II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley

 chancery:

  2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 265-0190 or 0191

 consulates general:

  Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San

  Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr.

 embassy:

  Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid

 mailing address:

  PSC 61, APO AE 09642

 telephone:

  [34] (1) 577-4000

 FAX:

  [34] (1) 577-5735

 consulate general:

  Barcelona

 consulate:

  Bilbao



*Spain, Government



Flag:

  three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the

  national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms

  includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two

  promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the

  Strait of Gibraltar



*Spain, Economy



Overview:

  Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domestic

  investments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in

  1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade and

  capital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two years

  ahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary

  policy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwide

  decline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992.

  Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects a

  recovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth in

  Germany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements caused

  by structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - has

  pushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many people

  listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government can

  stick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms,

  the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  1% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $13,200 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  19% (yearend 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

  $62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery

 partners:

  EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991)

Imports:

  $100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs,

  consumer goods, chemicals

 partners:

  EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991)

External debt:

  $67.5 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and

  metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools,

  tourism

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain,

  vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork,

  poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million

  metric tons is among top 20 nations



*Spain, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the

  European market

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not

  currently a recipient

Currency:   1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Exchange rates:

  pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91

  (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Spain, Communications



Railroads:

  15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all

  1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE

  (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly

  1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918

  km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double

  track)

Highways:

  150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access

  divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate

  bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local

  roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

Inland waterways:

  1,045 km, but of minor economic importance

Pipelines:

  crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km

Ports:

  Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon

  de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La

  Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa

  Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports

Merchant marine:

  242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes

  2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12

  container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14

  chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  105

 usable:

  99

 with permanent-surface runways:

  60

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  22

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast

  stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22

  coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations

  operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT,

  and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links



*Spain, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil

  Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reach

  military age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992)



*Spratly Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the South China Sea, between Vietnam and the Philippines

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia

Area:

 total area:

  NA km2 but less than 5 km2

 land area:

  less than 5 km2

 comparative area:

  NA

 note:

  includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the

  South China Sea

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  926 km

Maritime claims:

  NA

International disputes:

  all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts

  of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei

  established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but

  has not publicly claimed the island

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  flat

Natural resources:

  fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%  forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and

  coral reefs

Note:

  strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central

  South China Sea; serious navigational hazard



*Spratly Islands, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered garrisons



*Spratly Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Spratly Islands

Digraph:

  PG



*Spratly Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing; proximity to nearby oil-

  and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas

  deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable

  estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be

  developed.

Industries:

  none



*Spratly Islands, Communications



Ports:

  no natural harbors

Airports:

 total:

  4

 usable:

  4  with permanent-surfaced runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0



*Spratly Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the

  Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam



*Sri Lanka, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the Indian

  Ocean

Map references:

  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  65,610 km2

 land area:

  64,740 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,340 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon

  (June to October)

Terrain:

  mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

Natural resources:

  limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay

Land use:  arable land:

  16%

 permanent crops:

  17%

 meadows and pastures:

  7%

 forest and woodland:

  37%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  5,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion

Note:

  strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes



*Sri Lanka, People



Population:

  17,838,190 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil

  separatists in the mid 1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have

  fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 were housed in refugee

  camps in south India, another 95,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and

  more than 200,000 Tamils have sought political asylum in the West; fewer

  than 10,000 Tamils have been successfully repatriated to Sri Lanka

Population growth rate:

  1.11% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  18.71 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  22.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.51 years

 male:

  68.94 years

 female:

  74.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.13 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Sri Lankan(s)

 adjective:

  Sri Lankan

Ethnic divisions:

  Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%

Religions:

  Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8%

Languages:

  Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%

 note:

  English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about 10% of the

  population

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  88%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  84%

Labor force:

  6.6 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport

  12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)



*Sri Lanka, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

 conventional short form:

  Sri Lanka

 former:

  Ceylon

Digraph:

  CE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Colombo

Administrative divisions:

  8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western,

  Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western

Independence:

  4 February 1948 (from UK)

Constitution:

  31 August 1978

Legal system:

  a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim,

  Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

  United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Sri Lanka Freedom

  Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H.

  M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's

  United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam

  Democratic Front (EDF), Edward SEBASTIAN PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation

  Front (TULF), leader NA; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students

  (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama

  Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP,

  or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party

  (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party,

  K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic

  United National Front (DUNF), Lalith ATHULATHMUDALI and Gamini DISSANAYAKE

 note:

  the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and

  CP/B

Other political or pressure groups:

  Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist

  groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front and

  several other radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups); Buddhist clergy;

  Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -

  Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%;

  note - following the assassination of President PREMADASA on 1 May 1993,

  Prime Minister WIJETUNGA became acting president; on 7 May 1993, he was

  confirmed by a vote of Parliament to finish out the term of the assassinated

  president



*Sri Lanka, Government



 Parliament:

  last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results -

  UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%;

  seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA (since 7 May 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 7 May 1993)

Member of:

  AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ananda GURUGE

 chancery:

  2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:   (202) 483-4025 through 4028

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFER

 embassy:

  210 Galle Road, Colombo 3

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 106, Colombo

 telephone:

  [94] (1) 44-80-07

 FAX:

  [94] (1) 43-73-45

Flag:

  yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical

  bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red

  rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf

  in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the

  entire flag and extends between the two panels



*Sri Lanka, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of

  the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops

  of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The

  economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s.

  Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in

  1991-92 as domestic conditions began to improve and conditions for foreign

  investment brightened.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.75 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $440 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  10% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1991 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $500 million (1992)

Exports:

  $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  textiles and garments, teas, petroleum products, coconuts, rubber, other

  agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products, graphite

 partners:

  US 27.4%, Germany, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China

Imports:

  $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:   food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum and petroleum

  products, machinery and equipment

 partners:

  Japan, Iran, US 5.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UK

External debt:

  $5.7 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities;

  cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important

  staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses,

  oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products

  - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369

  million

Currency:

  1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 46.342 (January 1993), 43.687 (1992),

  41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988)



*Sri Lanka, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Sri Lanka, Communications



Railroads:

  1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no

  electrification; government owned

Highways:

  75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887

  km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth;

  several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.)

Inland waterways:

  430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft

Pipelines:

  crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)

Ports:

  Colombo, Trincomalee

Merchant marine:

  27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,074 GRT/443,266 DWT; includes 12

  cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  14

 usable:

  13

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  8

Telecommunications:

  very inadequate domestic service, good international service; 114,000

  telephones (1982); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables

  extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Sri Lanka, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,779,221; fit for military service 3,730,737; reach

  military age (18) annually 178,032 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $365 million, 4.7% of GDP (1992)



*Sudan, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, along the Red Sea, between Egypt and Ethiopia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,505,810 km2

 land area:

  2.376 million km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

Land boundaries:

  total 7,697 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt

  1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km,

  Zaire 628 km

Coastline:

  853 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  18 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international

  boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with

  international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of

  20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993

Climate:

  tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)

Terrain:

  generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west

Natural resources:

  small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten,

  mica, silver

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  24%

 forest and woodland:

  20%

 other:

  51%

Irrigated land:

  18,900 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification

Note:

  largest country in Africa



*Sudan, People



Population:

  28,730,381 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.38% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  42.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  81.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  53.85 years

 male:

  53 years

 female:

  54.73 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:   6.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Sudanese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Sudanese

Ethnic divisions:

  black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in

  south and Khartoum)

Languages:

  Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic,

  Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English

 note:

  program of Arabization in process

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  27%

 male:

  43%

 female:

  12%

Labor force:

  6.5 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%

 note:

  labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.);

  52% of population of working age (1985)



*Sudan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of the Sudan

 conventional short form:

  Sudan

 local long form:

  Jumhuriyat as-Sudan

 local short form:

  As-Sudan

 former:

  Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Digraph:

  SU

Type:

  military civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June

  1989 coup

Capital:

  Khartoum

Administrative divisions:

  9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*,,   Al Istiwa'iyah*,,

Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al,   Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan

Independence:

  1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

Constitution:

  12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim

  constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989

Legal system:

  based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the

  Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states

  of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and

  Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic

  law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states

  regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Political parties and leaders:

  none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup

Other political or pressure groups:

  National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABI

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  none

Executive branch:

  executive and legislative authority vested in a 10-member Revolutionary

  Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July

  1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function

  as advisers

 note:

  Lt. Gen. BASHIR's military government is dominated by members of Sudan's

  National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from

  the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader Hasan al-TURABI controls

  Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies



*Sudan, Government



Legislative branch:

  appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1

  January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative

  authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national

  elections

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar

  Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command

  Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed

  (since 9 July 1989)

Member of:

  ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,

  ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,

  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador 'Abdalla Ahmad 'ABDALLA

 chancery:

  2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 338-8565 through 8570

 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSON

 embassy:

  Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO AE 09829

 telephone:

  74700 or 74611

 FAX:

  Telex 22619

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green

  isosceles triangle based on the hoist side



*Sudan, Economy



Overview:

  Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse

  weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and

  counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by

  governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The

  private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with

  most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is

  agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes

  agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade,

  attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per

  capita income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages

  continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took

  the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment

  of arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent government efforts to

  implement reforms urged by the IMF and the World Bank, the economy remained

  stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks.

  Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production in

  northern Sudan after two years of drought.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  9% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $184 (FY92 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  150% (FY92 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  30% (FY92 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $315 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts

 partners:

  Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3%

  (FY88)

Imports:

  $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment,

  medicines and chemicals, textiles

 partners:

  Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)

External debt:

  $15 billion (June 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 4.8%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY92)

Electricity:

  610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling,

  shoes, petroleum refining

Agriculture:

  accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds

  of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products -

  cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally

  self-sufficient in most foods



*Sudan, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588

  million

Currency:

  1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters

Exchange rates:

  official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 124 (January 1993), 90.1

  (March 1992), 5.4288 (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987);

  note - free market rate 155 (January 1993)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Sudan, Communications



Railroads:

  5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge

  plantation line

Highways:

  20,703 km total; 2,000 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km

  improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track

Inland waterways:

  5,310 km navigable

Pipelines:

  refined products 815 km

Ports:

  Port Sudan, Sawakin

Merchant marine:

  5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3

  cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

 total:

  68

 usable:

  56

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  30

Telecommunications:

  large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and

  poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave radio relay,

  cable, radio communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite system

  with 14 stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations

  for international traffic - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT



*Sudan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,488,864; fit for military service 3,986,084; reach

  military age (18) annually 301,573 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Suriname, Geography



Location:

  Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between French

  Guiana and Guyana

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  163,270 km2

 land area:

  161,470 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

Coastline:

  386 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini

  (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper

  Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

  mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps

Natural resources:

  timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small

  amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  97%

 other:

  3%

Irrigated land:

  590 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  mostly tropical rain forest



*Suriname, People



Population:

  416,321 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.54% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:   -4.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.14 years

 male:

  66.65 years

 female:

  71.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Surinamer(s)

 adjective:

  Surinamese

Ethnic divisions:

  Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole (black and mixed) 31%, Javanese 15.3%,

  Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other 1.1%

Religions:

  Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2%

  (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5%

Languages:

  Dutch (official), English widely spoken, Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes

  called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger

  population and is lingua franca among others, Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a

  variant of Bhoqpuri), Javanese

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  95%

 female:

  95%

Labor force:

  104,000 (1984)

 by occupation:

  NA



*Suriname, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Suriname

 conventional short form:

  Suriname

 local long form:

  Republiek Suriname

 local short form:

  Suriname

 former:

  Netherlands Guiana Dutch Guiana

Digraph:

  NS

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Paramaribo

Administrative divisions:

  10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne,

  Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini,

  Wanica

Independence:

  25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

Constitution:

  ratified 30 September 1987

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

  The New Front (NF), leader NA, a coalition of four parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI,

  SPA); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of

  Suriname (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity

  (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DARBY; Democratic

  Alternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of four parties (AF,

  HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; Alternative Forum (AF),

  Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal

  PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano

  ALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; National Democratic Party (NDP), Desire

  BOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir Iwan

  KROLIS, chairman; National Republic Party (PNR), Robin RAVALES

Other political or pressure groups:

  Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY;

  Union for Liberation and Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Saramaccaner Bosneger

  Angula Movement, Carlos MAASSI; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement,

  Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected

  by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules

  WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes)

 National Assembly:

  last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of

  vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, Independent 2



*Suriname, Government



Executive branch:

  president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council

  of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains

  significant power

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Ronald R. VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and

  Prime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT

 chancery:

  Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492

 consulate general:

  Miami

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD

 embassy:

  Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribo

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo

 telephone:

  [597] 472900, 477881, or 476459

 FAX:

  [597] 410025

Flag:

  five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple

  width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow

  five-pointed star centered in the red band



*Suriname, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for 15% of

  GDP and about 70% of export earnings. The economy has been in trouble since

  the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite prices

  which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 was followed

  by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that crippled the

  important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since ebbed and the

  bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 reflected

  continued political instability and deterred investment and economic reform.

  High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, and

  hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.35 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -2.5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,300 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  26% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  16.5% (1990)

Budget:

  revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital

  expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $417 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

 partners:

  Norway 36%, Netherlands 28%, US 11%, Japan 7%, Brazil 5%, UK 5% (1989)

Imports:

  $514 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods

 partners:

  US 41%, Netherlands 24%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 4% (1989)

External debt:

  $138 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 27% of GDP

Electricity:

  458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 4,920 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing,

  fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 10.4% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy rice planted on

  85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products -

  bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp

  and forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in most

  foods

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion

Currency:

  1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate

  until October 1992), 25.04 (January 1992)



*Suriname, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Suriname, Communications



Railroads:

  166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km

  1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track

Highways:

  8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or

  improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay

Inland waterways:

  1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts

  ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways

Ports:

  Paramaribo, Moengo, Nicuw Nickerie

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo,

  1 container

Airports:

 total:

  46

 usable:

  39

 with permanent-surface runways:

  6

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones;

  broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT earth stations



*Suriname, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force

  element), Civil Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 111,716; fit for military service 66,429 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Svalbard, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of Norway)



*Svalbard, Geography



Location:

  in the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and

  Norwegian Sea meet, 445 km north of Norway

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  62,049 km2

 land area:

  62,049 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than West Virginia

 note:

  includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  3,587 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia

 territorial sea:

  4 nm

International disputes:

  focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and

  Russia

Climate:

  arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters;

  North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen,

  keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Terrain:

  wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of

  ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts

Natural resources:

  coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry)

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  great calving glaciers descend to the sea

Note:

  northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands;

  glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area



*Svalbard, People



Population:   3,209 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -2.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years

 female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Ethnic divisions:

  Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981)

Languages:

  Russian, Norwegian

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Svalbard, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Svalbard

Digraph:

  SV

Type:

  territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through

  a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9

  February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway

Capital:

  Longyearbyen

Independence:

  none (territory of Norway)

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:   NA

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Governor (vacant)

Member of:

  none

Flag:

  the flag of Norway is used



*Svalbard, Economy



Overview:

  Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9

  February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to

  exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,

  Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies

  still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are

  essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs

  nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local

  services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some

  trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.

Budget:

  revenues $13.3 million; expenditures $13.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990)

Electricity:

  21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 13,860 kWh per capita (1992)

Currency:

  1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore

Exchange rates:

  Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992),

  6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988)



*Svalbard, Communications



Ports:

  limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay

Airports:

 total:

  4

 usable:

  4

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:   5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations

  - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian

  mainland



*Svalbard, Defense Forces



Note:

  demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)



*Swaziland, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  17,360 km2

 land area:

  17,200 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  varies from tropical to near temperate

Terrain:

  mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains

Natural resources:

  asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and

  diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  67%

 forest and woodland:

  6%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  620 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion

Note:

  landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa



*Swaziland, People



Population:

  906,932 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.18% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  43.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  95.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  55.94 years

 male:

  51.97 years

 female:

  60.03 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Swazi(s)

 adjective:

  Swazi

Ethnic divisions:

  African 97%, European 3%

Religions:

  Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40%

Languages:

  English (official; government business conducted in English), siSwati

  (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  55%

 male:

  57%

 female:

  54%

Labor force:

  195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage

  earners - many only intermittently)

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social service 20%,

  manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21%

 note:

  15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991)



*Swaziland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Swaziland

 conventional short form:

  Swaziland

Digraph:

  WZ

Type:

  monarchy independent member of Commonwealth

Capital:

  Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)

Administrative divisions:

  4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni

Independence:

  6 September 1968 (from UK)

Constitution:

  none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new

  constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally

  presented to the people

Legal system:

  based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi

  traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)

Political parties and leaders:

  none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  direct legislative elections rescheduled for June 1993

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate

  and a lower house or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

  High Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Obed Mfanyana DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

  IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA

 chancery:   3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 362-6683

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS

 embassy:

  Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane



*Swaziland, Government



 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 199, Mbabane

 telephone:

  [268] 46441 through 46445

 FAX:

  [268] 45959

Flag:

  three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red

  band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white

  shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all

  placed horizontally



*Swaziland, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the

  labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes

  a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP.

  Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore

  deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for

  asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of

  hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with

  Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it

  receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $700 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  2.5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $800 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  13% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $342 million; expenditures $410 million, including capital

  expenditures of $130 million (FY94 est.)

Exports:

  $575 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit

 partners:

  South Africa 50% (est.), EC countries, Canada

Imports:

  $730 million (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products,

  foodstuffs, chemicals

 partners:

  South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK

External debt:

  $290 million (1990)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989)

Electricity:

  60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar

Agriculture:

  accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence

  agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus

  fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts,

  cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million

Currency:

  1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  emalangeni (E) per US$1 -3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991),

  2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Swazi emalangeni is

  at par with the South African rand



*Swaziland, Economy



Fiscal year:

  1 April - 31 March



*Swaziland, Communications



Railroads:

  297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

  2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized

  soil, and 1,113 km improved earth

Airports:

 total:

  23

 usable:

  21

 with permanent-surfaced runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:   0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity

  microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV;

  1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Swaziland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 197,214; fit for military service 114,097 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $22 million, NA% of GDP (FY93/94)



*Sweden, Geography



Location:

  Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Norway and Finland

Map references:

  Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  449,964 km2

 land area:

  410,928 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than California

Land boundaries:

  total 2,205 km, Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km

Coastline:

  3,218 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy

  summers; subarctic in north

Terrain:

  mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

Natural resources:

  zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  64%

 other:

  27%

Irrigated land:

  1,120 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  water pollution; acid rain

Note:

  strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas



*Sweden, People



Population:

  8,730,286 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.58% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  2.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  78.08 years

 male:

  75.3 years

 female:

  81.02 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.04 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Swede(s)

 adjective:

  Swedish

Ethnic divisions:

  white, Lapp, foreign born or first-generation immigrants 12% (Finns,

  Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks)

Religions:

  Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5%

  (1987)

Languages:

  Swedish  note:

  small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native

  languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1979)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  4.552 million

 by occupation:

  community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and manufacturing

  21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, insurance 9.0%,

  communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, fishing, and forestry

  3.2% (1991)



*Sweden, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Sweden

 conventional short form:

  Sweden

 local long form:

  Konungariket Sverige

 local short form:

  Sverige

Digraph:

  SW

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Stockholm

Administrative divisions:

  24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan,

  Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan,

  Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads

  Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan,

  Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan,

  Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan,

  Vastmanlands Lan

Independence:

  6 June 1809 (constitutional monarchy established)

Constitution:

  1 January 1975

Legal system:

  civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June

Political parties and leaders:   ruling four-party coalition consists of Moderate Party

(conservative), Carl

  BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof

  JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social

  Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian

  WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist Workers'

  Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Riksdag:

  last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results -

  Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal

  People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New

  Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%;

  seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80,

  Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New

  Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats

  in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral parliament (Riksdag)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)



*Sweden, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess

  VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister

  Bengt WESTERBERG (since NA)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM

  (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10,

  GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM

  (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD,

  UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR,

  UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Carl Henrik LILJEGREN

 chancery:

  Suite 1200 and 715, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 944-5600

 FAX:

  (202) 342-1319

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:  chief of mission:

  (vacant)

 embassy:

  Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [46] (8) 783-5300

 FAX:

  [46] (8) 661-1964

Flag:

  blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical

  part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog

  (Danish flag)



*Sweden, Economy



Overview:

  Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through

  World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a

  mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has

  a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external

  communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore

  constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented toward

  foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial

  output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and

  exports. In the last few years, however, this extraordinarily favorable

  picture has been clouded by inflation, growing unemployment, and a gradual

  loss of competitiveness in international markets. Although Prime Minister

  BILDT'S center-right minority coalition had hoped to charge ahead with

  free-market-oriented reforms, a skyrocketing budget deficit - almost 13% of

  GDP in FY94 projections - and record unemployment have forestalled many of

  the plans. Unemployment in 1993 is forecast at around 7% with another 5% in

  job training. Continued heavy foreign exchange speculation forced the

  government to cooperate in late 1992 with the opposition Social Democrats on

  two crisis packages - one a severe austerity pact and the other a program to

  spur industrial competitiveness - which basically set economic policy

  through 1997. In November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU, and

  the krona has since depreciated around 2.5% against the dollar. The

  government hopes the boost in export competitiveness from the depreciation

  will help lift Sweden out of its 3-year recession. To curb the budget

  deficit and bolster confidence in the economy, BILDT continues to propose

  cuts in welfare benefits, subsidies, defense, and foreign aid. Sweden

  continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC in

  preparation for concluding its EC membership bid by 1995.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $145.6 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -1.7% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $16,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  2.3% (1992)

Unemployment rate:   5.3% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $70.4 billion; expenditures $82.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY92)

Exports:

  $56 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel

  products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products

 partners:

  EC 55.8% (Germany 15%, UK 9.7%, Denmark 7.2%, France 5.8%), EFTA 17.4%

  (Norway 8.4%, Finland 5.1%), US 8.2%, Central and Eastern Europe 2.5% (1992)

Imports:

  $51.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles,

  foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing

 partners:

  EC 53.6% (Germany 17.9%, UK 6.3%, Denmark 7.5%, France 4.9%), EFTA (Norway

  6.6%, Finland 6%), US 8.4%, Central and Eastern Europe 3% (1992)

External debt:

  $19.5 billion (1992 est.)



*Sweden, Economy



Industrial production:

  growth rate -3.0% (1992)

Electricity:

  39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,500 million kWh produced, 16,560 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts,

  armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles

Agriculture:

  animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for

  37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%

  self-sufficient in grains and potatoes; Sweden is about 50% self-sufficient

  in most products; farming accounted for 1.2% of GDP and 1.9% of jobs in 1990

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to

  Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states

  for the European market

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion

Currency:

  1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore

Exchange rates:

  Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.8812 (December 1992), 5.8238 (1992),

  6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Sweden, Communications



Railroads:

  12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter

  standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km

  0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately-owned railways - 511

  km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified) and 371 km 0.891-meter

  gauge (all electrified)

Highways:

  97,400 km total; 51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved

  earth

Inland waterways:

  2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges

Pipelines:

  natural gas 84 km

Ports:

  Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous

  secondary and minor ports

Merchant marine:

  179 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,473,769 GRT/3,227,366 DWT; includes

  10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13

  vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 32 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 4

  specialized tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk, 1

  combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  253

 usable:

  250

 with permanent-surface runways:

  139

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  12

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  94

Telecommunications:

  excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones;

  mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network;

  parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone

  channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly

  repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT



*Sweden, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,156,720; fit for military service 1,884,121; reach

  military age (19) annually 57,383 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $6.7 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93)



*Switzerland, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, between France and Austria

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  41,290 km2

 land area:

  39,770 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey

Land boundaries:

  total 1,852 km, Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein

  41 km, Germany 334 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool

  to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Terrain:

  mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau

  of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes

Natural resources:

  hydropower potential, timber, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  40%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  250 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  dominated by Alps

Note:

  landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with

  southeastern France and northern Italy, contains the highest elevations in

  Europe



*Switzerland, People



Population:

  6,986,621 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.24 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  5.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  77.99 years

 male:

  74.6 years

 female:

  81.54 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Swiss (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Swiss

Ethnic divisions:

 total population:

  German 65%

  French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%

 Swiss nationals:

  German 74%

  French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980)

Languages:

  German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4%

 note:

  these are figures for Swiss nationals only -

  German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1%

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  3.31 million (904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian)

 by occupation:

  services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and

  forestry 6%, other 1% (1989)



*Switzerland, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Swiss Confederation

 conventional short form:

  Switzerland

 local long form:

  Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German) Confederation Suisse (French)

  Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)

 local short form:

  Schweiz (German) Suisse (French) Svizzera (Italian)

Digraph:

  SZ

Type:

  federal republic

Capital:

  Bern

Administrative divisions:

  26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular -

  cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau,

  Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve,

  Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden,

  Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino,

  Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich

Independence:

  1 August 1291

Constitution:

  29 May 1874

Legal system:

  civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative

  acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory

  character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)

Political parties and leaders:

  Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic

  Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party

  (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans

  UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile

  Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER,

  president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party

  (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean

  SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA; Liberal Party (LPS),

  Gilbert COUTAU, president

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Council of States:

  last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3,

  LdU 1, Ticino League 1

 National Council:

  last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP

  25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other

  2

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French -

  Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale)



*Switzerland, Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee

  Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or

  Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian -

  Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German -

  Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale)

Judicial branch:

  Federal Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Adolf OGI (1993 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice

  President Otto STICH (term runs concurrently with that of president)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM

  (coopeating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT,

  IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NAM

  (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER

 chancery:

  2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 745-7900

 FAX:

  (202) 387-2564

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN

 embassy:

  Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [41] (31) 437-011

 FAX:

  [41] (31) 437-344

 branch office:

  Geneva

 consulate general:

  Zurich

Flag:   red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not

  extend to the edges of the flag



*Switzerland, Economy



Overview:

  Switzerland's economy - one of the most prosperous and stable in the world -

  is nonetheless undergoing a painful adjustment after both the inflationary

  boom of the late-1980s and the electorate's rejection late last year of

  membership in the European Economic Area. Stubborn inflation and a soft

  economy have afflicted Switzerland. Despite slow growth in 1991-92, the

  Swiss central bank had been unable to ease monetary policy in the past three

  years because of the threat to the Swiss franc posed by high German interest

  rates. As a result, unemployment is forecast to rise from 3% in 1992 to more

  than 4% in 1993, with inflation moving down from 4% to 3%. The voters'

  rejection in December 1992 of a referendum on membership in the EEA which

  was supported by most political, business, and financial leaders has raised

  doubts that the country can maintain its preeminent prosperity and

  leadership in commercial banking in the 21st century. Despite these

  problems, Swiss per capita output, general living standards, education and

  science, health care, and diet remain unsurpassed in Europe. The country has

  few natural resources except for the scenic natural beauty that has made it

  a world leader in tourism. Management-labor relations remain generally

  harmonious.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $152.3 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.6% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $22,300 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.1% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  3% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990)

Exports:

  $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs,

  textiles and clothing

 partners:

  Western Europe 64% (EC countries 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%

Imports:

  $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals,

  textiles, construction materials

 partners:

  Western Europe 78% (EC countries 71%, other 7%), US 6%

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:   growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.)

Electricity:

  17,710,000 kW capacity; 56,000 million kWh produced, 8,200 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments

Agriculture:

  dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient in food; must

  import fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs,

  fruits, vegetables, meat



*Switzerland, Economy



Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion

Currency:

  1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Exchange rates:

  Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993),

  1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Switzerland, Communications



Railroads:

  4,418 km total; 3,073 km are government owned and 1,345 km are nongovernment

  owned; the government network consists of 2,999 km 1.435-meter standard

  gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99%

  electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 510 km 1.435-meter

  standard gauge, and 835 km 1.000-meter gauge, 100% electrified

Highways:

  62,145 km total (all paved); 18,620 km are canton, 1,057 km are national

  highways (740 km autobahn), 42,468 km are communal roads

Inland waterways:

  65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable

  lakes

Pipelines:

  crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km

Ports:

  Basel (river port)

Merchant marine:

  23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 308,725 GRT/548,244 DWT; includes 5

  cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8

  bulk, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  66

 usable:

  65

 with permanent-surface runways:

  42  with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  18

Telecommunications:

  excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000

  telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7

  AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station

  operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system



*Switzerland, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (Air Force is part of the Army), Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,852,213; fit for military service 1,590,308; reach

  military age (20) annually 44,124 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Syria, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and Lebanon

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  185,180 km2

 land area:

  184,050 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than North Dakota

 note:

  includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory

Land boundaries:

  total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km,

  Turkey 822 km

Coastline:

  193 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  41 nm

 territorial sea:

  35 nm

International disputes:

  separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli

  occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over

  Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by

  Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern

  Lebanon since October 1976

Climate:

  mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy

  winters (December to February) along coast

Terrain:

  primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in

  west

Natural resources:

  petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock

  salt, marble, gypsum

Land use:

 arable land:

  28%

 permanent crops:

  3%

 meadows and pastures:

  46%

 forest and woodland:

  3%

 other:

  20%

Irrigated land:

  6,700 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights



*Syria, People



Population:

  14,338,527 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in

  the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.76% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  66.12 years

 male:

  65.07 years

 female:

  67.22 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Syrian(s)

 adjective:

  Syrian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian

  (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and

  Aleppo)

Languages:

  Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely

  understood

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  64%

 male:

  78%

 female:

  51%

Labor force:

  2.951 million (1989)

 by occupation:

  miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and

  construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984)



*Syria, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Syrian Arab Republic

 conventional short form:

  Syria

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah

 local short form:

  Suriyah

 former:

  United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

Digraph:

  SY

Type:

  republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963

Capital:

  Damascus

Administrative divisions:

  14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah,

  Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,

  Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus

Independence:

  17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Constitution:   13 March 1973

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 17 April (1946)

Political parties and leaders:

  ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the

  Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and

  members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union

  (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and

  Democratic Socialist Union Party

Other political or pressure groups:

  non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party

  ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results -

  President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with

  99.98% of the vote

 People's Council:

  last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th

  53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,

  Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250

  total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,

  Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's

  Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election

Executive branch:

  president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime

  ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab)



*Syria, Government



Judicial branch:

  Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation,

  State Security Courts

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents

  'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since

  11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970

  coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as

  president in the 12 March 1971 national elections

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister

  Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim

  YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI

  (since 4 July 1992)

Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Walid MOUALEM

 chancery:

  2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 232-6313

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS

 embassy:

  Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 29, Damascus

 telephone:

  [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232

 FAX:

  [963] (11) 718687

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small

  green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;

  similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq,

  which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal

  line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which

  has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band



*Syria, Economy



Overview:

  Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war,

  increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic

  growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil

  production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991

  provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab,

  European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's

  war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears,

  restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian

  purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening

  controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict

  political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with

  a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and

  agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the

  additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and

  irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  9% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,300 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):   20% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  5.7% (1989)

Budget:

  revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990)

 partners:

  USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990)

Imports:

  $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%,

  textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990)

 partners:

  EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab

  countries 6% (1990)

External debt:

  $5.3 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

  3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining,

  petroleum

Agriculture:

  accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops

  (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered

  land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs,

  poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products



*Syria, Economy



Illicit drugs:

  a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe

  and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US)

  ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral

  aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3

  billion

Currency:

  1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters

Exchange rates:

  Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0

  (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991),

  11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Syria, Communications



Railroads:

  1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge

Highways:

  29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330

  km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of

  the total is paved (1988)

Inland waterways:

  870 km; minimal economic importance

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km

Ports:

  Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah

Merchant marine:

  41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36

  cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  104

 usable:

  100

 with permanent-surface runways:

  24

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  21

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  3

Telecommunications:

  fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital

  upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37

  telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1

  submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan,

  Lebanon, and Turkey



*Syria, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air

  Defense Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach

  military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992)



*Taiwan, Geography



Location:

  East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and the

  Philippines

Map references:

  Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia

Area:

 total area:

  35,980 km2

 land area:

  32,260 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined

 note:

  includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  1,448 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,

  Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by

  China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered

  Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan

Climate:

  tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);

  cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Terrain:

  eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in

  west

Natural resources:

  small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

Land use:

 arable land:

  24%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  5%

 forest and woodland:

  55%

 other:

  15%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to earthquakes and typhoons



*Taiwan, People



Population:

  21,091,663 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.04 years

 male:

  71.84 years

 female:

  78.39 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Chinese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Chinese

Ethnic divisions:

  Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%

Religions:

  mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%

Languages:

  Madarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  86%

 male:

  93%

 female:

  79%

Labor force:

  7.9 million

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil

  administration 7% (1989)



*Taiwan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:   Taiwan

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  T'ai-wan

Digraph:

  TW

Type:

  multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in

  March, 1989

Capital:

  Taipei

Administrative divisions:

  some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all China;

  in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2

  provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular,   and plural) -

Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province

  including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island,   of Taiwan and the

Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced

  administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien,

  singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2,   special

municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,,   Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*,,

Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,,   Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu,,

P'ing-tung,

  T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,,   T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and

Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at

  Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un

 note:

  Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization

Constitution:

  25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

  reservations

National holiday:

  National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution)

Political parties and leaders:

  Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic

  Progressive Party (DPP); China Social Democratic Party (CSDP); Labor Party

  (LP)

Other political or pressure groups:

  Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups

 note:

  debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of

  domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased

  representation of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan's

  legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity;

  advocates of Taiwan independence, both within the DPP and the ruling

  Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's traditional stand that the island will

  eventually unify with mainland China; the aims of the Taiwan independence

  movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the

  UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World

  United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation

  Building



*Taiwan, Government



Suffrage:

  20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President

  LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly

 Vice President:

  last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI

  Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly

 Legislative Yuan:

  last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of 1995); results -

  KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats - (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96,

  DPP 50, independents 15

 National Assembly:

  first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a supplementary

  election in December 1986; second and present National Assembly elected in

  December 1991; seats - 403 total, KMT 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election

  to be held in 1997)

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of

  the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Judicial Yuan

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu

  (since 20 May 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February

  1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since

  23 February 1993)

Member of:

  expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971

  and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;

  expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT;

  attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972,

  but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC,

  AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US

  are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council

  for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field

  offices in Washington and 10 other US cities

US diplomatic representation:

  unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are

  maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan

  (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3,

  telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road,

  telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at

  Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333

  Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550

Flag:

  red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a

  white sun with 12 triangular rays



*Taiwan, Economy



Overview:

  Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government

  guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of

  some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about

  9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster

  and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes

  about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13

  among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are

  steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive

  industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,

  Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets

  has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.

National product:

  GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $209 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6.7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $10,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.4% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  1.6% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $82.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  electrical machinery 18.5%, textiles 14.7%, general machinery and equipment

  17.7%, footwear 4.5%, foodstuffs 1.1%, plywood and wood products 1.1% (1992

  est.)

 partners:

  US 29.1%, Hong Kong 18.7%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.)

Imports:

  $72.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment 15.8%, chemicals 10.0%, crude oil 4.2%, foodstuffs

  2.1% (1992 est.)

 partners:

  Japan 30.3%, US 21.9%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.)

External debt:

  $620 million (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 6.5% (1992 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDP

Electricity:

  18,382,000 kW capacity; 98,500 million kWh produced, 4,718 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:   electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar

  milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refining

Agriculture:

  accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers);

  heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea;

  livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient in wheat,

  soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million metric tons in

  1988

Illicit drugs:

  an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering center



*Taiwan, Economy



Economic aid:

  US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA

  and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million

Currency:

  1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.125 (1992 est.), 25.748 (1991), 27.108

  (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Taiwan, Communications



Railroads:

  about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km

  industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708

  km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection

  was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and

  operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications;

  industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises

Highways:

  20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed

  stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km

Ports:

  Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung

Merchant marine:

  223 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761,609 GRT/9,375,677 DWT; includes

  1 passenger-cargo, 43 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 85 container, 19 oil

  tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 57 bulk, 1

  roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk, 1 chemical tanker

Airports:

 total:

  40

 usable:

  38

 with permanent-surface runways:

  36  with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  16

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  7

Telecommunications:

  best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;

  extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts; broadcast

  stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000

  TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1

  Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to

  Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,

  Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe



*Taiwan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, Army, Navy (including Marines),

  Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command,

  Military Police Command

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 6,095,857; fit for military service 4,731,172 (1993 est.);

  about 184,740 currently reach military age (19) annually

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, 5.4% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)



*Tajikistan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, between Uzbekistan and China

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  143,100 km2

 land area:

  142,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Land boundaries:

  total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,

  Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  boundary with China under dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on

  northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's support to Islamic

  fighters in Tajikistan's civil war

Climate:

  midlatitude; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Terrain:

  Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in

  north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in south or southwest

Natural resources:

  significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal,

  lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  23%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  71%

Irrigated land:

  6,940 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  NA

Note:

  landlocked



*Tajikistan, People



Population:

  5,836,140 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.72% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  35.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  63.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  68.5 years

 male:

  65.66 years

 female:

  71.48 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tajik(s)

 adjective:

  Tajik

Ethnic divisions:

  Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration),

  other 6.6%

Religions:

  Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5%

Languages:

  Tajik (official)

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  99%

Labor force:

  1.938 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35%

  (1990)



*Tajikistan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Tajikistan

 conventional short form:

  Tajikistan

 local long form:

  Respublika i Tojikiston

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  TI

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Dushanbe

Administrative divisions:

  2 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;,   Gorno-Badakhshan*;,

Khatlon, Leninabad (Khudzhand)

 note:

  the rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast

  usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the

  administrative center name following in parentheses)

Independence:

  9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  as of mid-1993, a new constitution had not been formally approved

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:   NA

Political parties and leaders:

  Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Maksud IKRAMOV, Davia KOUDONAZAROV, Shodmon

  YUSUPOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Rakhman NABIYEV, Kakhkhor MAKHKAMOV;

  Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Mullah Mukhamedsharif KHIMATZODA, Daviat USMON

Other political or pressure groups:

  Tajik People's Front

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV,

  Communist Party 60%; Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth

  Party and Rastokhoz Party 30%

 Supreme Soviet:

  last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party

  99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3

 note:

  in May 1992, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the transitional 80-member

  Assembly (Majlis) and in November 1992 Emomili RAKHMANOV, chairman of the

  Assembly, became Chief of State

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Assembly (Majlis)

Judicial branch:

  NA



*Tajikistan, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November

  1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy

  Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992)

Member of:

  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  NA

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO

 embassy:

  (temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:   [7] (3772) 24-82-33

Flag:

  NA



*Tajikistan, Economy



Overview:

  Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now

  faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and

  fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of

  employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction,

  hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers.

  Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several

  regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of

  people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry

  was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -34% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  35% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

  underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles

 partners:

  Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Imports:

  $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $650 million (end of 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -25% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil,

  metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers

Agriculture:

  cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,

  yaks

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit

  drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  $700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992)

Currency:

  retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations



*Tajikistan, Economy



Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Tajikistan, Communications



Railroads:

  480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth

Pipelines:

  natural gas 400 km (1992)

Airports:

 total:

  58

 useable:

  30

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  13

Telecommunications:

  poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the

  national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000

  persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased

  connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth

  stations - 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT

  earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey)



*Tajikistan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border

  troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach

  military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  $NA, NA% of GDP



*Tanzania, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  945,090 km2

 land area:

  886,040 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than twice the size of California

 note:

  includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

Land boundaries:

  total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756

  km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Coastline:

  1,424 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint

  in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the

  indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled

Climate:

  varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Terrain:

  plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Natural resources:

  hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones,

  gold, natural gas, nickel

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  40%

 forest and woodland:

  47%

 other:

  7%

Irrigated land:   1,530 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected

  marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa



*Tanzania, People



Population:

  27,286,363 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.56% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  44 years

 male:

  42.19 years

 female:

  45.87 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tanzanian(s)

 adjective:

  Tanzanian

Ethnic divisions:

 mainland:

  native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes)

  Asian, European, and Arab 1%

 Zanzibar:

  NA

Religions:

 mainland:

  Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25%

 Zanzibar:

  Muslim

Languages:

  Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication

  between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official;

  primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education)

 note:

  first language of most people is one of the local languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

 total population:

  46%  male:

  62%

 female:

  31%

Labor force:

  732,200 wage earners

 by occupation:

  agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)



*Tanzania, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  United Republic of Tanzania

 conventional short form:

  Tanzania

 former:

  United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Digraph:

  TZ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Dar es Salaam

 note:

  some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as

  the new national capital by the end of the 1990s

Administrative divisions:

  25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro,

  Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South,

  Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar

  Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi

Independence:

  26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN

  trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19

  December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to

  form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic

  of Tanzania 29 October 1964

Constitution:

  15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to

  provisions of the union constitution)

Legal system:

  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to

  matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Union Day, 26 April (1964)

Political parties and leaders:

  Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic

  United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional

  Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD),

  Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher Mtikila

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:  President:

  last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali

  Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition

 National Assembly:

  last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM

  was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168

Executive branch:

  president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice

  president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, High Court



*Tanzania, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President

  John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR

  (since 9 November 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

  NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

  WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU

 chancery:

  2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 939-6125

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS

 embassy:

  36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam

 telephone:

  [255] (51) 66010/13

 FAX:

  [255] (51) 66701

Flag:

  divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side

  corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is

  blue



*Tanzania, Economy



Overview:

  Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is

  heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP,

  provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry

  accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural

  products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced

  in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and

  financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the

  International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to

  rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in

  1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial

  increase in output of minerals led by gold.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $260 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  22% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital

  expenditures of $118 million (FY90)

Exports:

  $422 million (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal

 partners:

  FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US

Imports:

  $1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece

  goods, crude oil, foodstuffs

 partners:

  FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark

External debt:

  $6.44 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDP

Electricity:

  405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),

  diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood

  products, fertilizer

Agriculture:

  accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit

  cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea,

  cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco,

  cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits,

  vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient

  in food grain production



*Tanzania, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614

  million

Currency:

  1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991),

  195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  1 July-30 June



*Tanzania, Communications



Railroads:

  3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara

  Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km

  of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade

Highways:

  81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km

  improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa

Pipelines:

  crude oil 982 km

Ports:

  Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake

  Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports

Merchant marine:

  6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2

  passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  103

 usable:

  92

 with permanent-surface runways:

  12

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  40

Telecommunications:

  fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and

  troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1

  Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Tanzania, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air

  Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Thailand, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and Cambodia

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  514,000 km2

 land area:

  511,770 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:

  total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506

  km

Coastline:

  3,219 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam

Climate:

  tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry,

  cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot

  and humid

Terrain:

  central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere

Natural resources:

  tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,

  lignite, fluorite

Land use:

 arable land:

  34%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%  forest and woodland:

  30%

 other:

  31%

Irrigated land:

  42,300 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area

Note:

  controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore



*Thailand, People



Population:

  58,722,437 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.36% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  68.28 years

 male:

  65.05 years

 female:

  71.66 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Thai (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Thai

Ethnic divisions:

  Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Religions:

  Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6%

  (1991)

Languages:

  Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional

  dialects

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  93%

 male:

  96%

 female:   90%

Labor force:

  30.87 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government)

  14% (1989 est.)



*Thailand, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Thailand

 conventional short form:

  Thailand

Digraph:

  TH

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  Bangkok

Administrative divisions:

  73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,

  Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang

  Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi,

  Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,

  Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,

  Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong

  Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,

  Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,

  Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi,

  Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram,

  Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri,

  Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai

  Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Independence:

  1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

Constitution:

  22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June

  1992

Legal system:

  based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991

  military coup

National holiday:

  Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai

  Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana),

  Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang

  Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP),

  Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit

  URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon),

  Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak

  SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force

  Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang

  Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People's

  Party 1, People's Force Party 0

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet), Privy Council



*Thailand, Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or

  Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives

  (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Sarndika)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince

  WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992)

Member of:

  APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

  IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

  LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi

 chancery:

  2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 483-7200

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON

 embassy:

  95 Wireless Road, Bangkok

 mailing address:

  APO AP 96546

 telephone:

  [66] (2) 252-5040

 FAX:

  [66] (2) 254-2990

 consulate general:

  Chiang Mai  consulates:

  Songkhla, Udorn

Flag:

  five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and

  red



*Thailand, Economy



Overview:

  Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992

  to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more

  advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures

  and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid

  growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of

  Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that

  the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment

  slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital

  domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth

  government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's

  probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government

  has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome

  divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure

  development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for

  business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college

  graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue

  its rapid economic development.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  7% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,800 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  4.7% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.)

Exports:

  $32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries

  products 5.9% (1992)

 partners:

  US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%,

  Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.)

Imports:

  $41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer

  goods 10.4%, oil 8.2%

 partners:

  Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South

  Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.)

External debt:

  $33.4 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDP

Electricity:

  10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*Thailand, Economy



Industries:

  tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments,

  agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing,

  such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits,

  furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and

  third-largest tin producer

Agriculture:

  accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and

  exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,

  sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

  a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from

  Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication

  efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some

  production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been

  affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million

Currency:

  1 baht (B) = 100 satang

Exchange rates:

  baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991),

  25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 October-30 September



*Thailand, Communications



Railroads:

  3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track

Highways:

  77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km

  gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988)

Inland waterways:

  3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or

  more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by

  shallow-draft native craft

Pipelines:

  natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km

Ports:

  Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha

Merchant marine:

  169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1

  short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas,

  2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1

  passenger

Airports:

 total:

  106

 usable:

  95

 with permanent-surface runways:

  51

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  14

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  28

Telecommunications:

  service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government

  activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network;

  739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11

  TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian

  Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being

  developed



*Thailand, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal

  Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach

  military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)



*Togo, Geography



Location:

  Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  56,790 km2

 land area:

  54,390 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Coastline:

  56 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  30 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:

  gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low

  coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Natural resources:

  phosphates, limestone, marble

Land use:

 arable land:

  25%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  28%

 other:

  42%

Irrigated land:

  70 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent

  droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation



*Togo, People



Population:

  4,104,657 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.61% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  56.46 years

 male:

  54.45 years  female:

  58.53 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Togolese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Togolese

Ethnic divisions:

  37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and

  Syrian-Lebanese under 1%

Religions:

  indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%

Languages:

  French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major

  African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African

  languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in

  the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  43%

 male:

  56%

 female:

  31%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 78%, industry 22%

 note:

  about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private

  sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)



*Togo, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Togo

 conventional short form:

  Togo

 local long form:

  Republique Togolaise

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  French Togo

Digraph:

  TO

Type:

  republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Capital:

  Lome

Administrative divisions:

  21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame

  (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar

  (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),

  Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse

  (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,

  Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)

 note:

  the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -

  prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in

  parentheses

Independence:

  27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)

Constitution:

  1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition

  constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to

  High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by

  public referendum September 1992

Legal system:

  French-based court system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only

  party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;

  transition regime in place since August 1991

Suffrage:

  universal adult at age NA

Elections:

 President:

  last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA

  was reelected without opposition

 National Assembly:

  last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to

  be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77;

  interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August

  1991

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)



*Togo, Government



Legislative branch:

  National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member

  interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature

  during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled

  to be held in 1993

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)

 Head of Government:

  interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77,

  GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

  IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS

 chancery:

  2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 234-4212 or 4213

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY

 embassy:

  Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome

 mailing address:

  B. P. 852, Lome

 telephone:

  [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17

 FAX:

  [228] 21-79-52

Flag:

  five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with

  yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper

  hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Togo, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts

  for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force.

  Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together

  account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in

  basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector

  phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate

  exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo

  serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the

  past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number

  of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring

  revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and

  public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform

  program and has disrupted vital economic activity.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

  $400 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  0.5% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  2% (1987)

Budget:

  revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee

 partners:

  EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)

Imports:

  $583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products

 partners:

  EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)

External debt:

  $1.3 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

  179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles,

  beverages

Agriculture:

  accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops -

  yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not

  significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51

  million

Currency:

  1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes



*Togo, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

  1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Togo, Communications



Railroads:

  570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

  6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads

Inland waterways:   50 km Mono River

Ports:

  Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)

Merchant marine:

  2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  9

 usable:

  9

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire

  lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth

  stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE



*Togo, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)



*Tokelau, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of New Zealand)



*Tokelau, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about

  halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  10 km2

 land area:

  10 km2  comparative area:

  about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  101 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Terrain:

  coral atolls enclosing large lagoons

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  lies in Pacific typhoon belt



*Tokelau, People



Population:

  1,544 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -1.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

  NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

  NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  NA years

 male:

  NA years  female:

  NA years

Total fertility rate:

  NA children born/woman

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tokelauan(s)

 adjective:

  Tokelauan

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian

Religions:

  Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%

 note:

  on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all

  Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational

  Christian Church predominant

Languages:

  Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA



*Tokelau, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Tokelau

Digraph:

  TL

Type:

  territory of New Zealand

Capital:

  none; each atoll has its own administrative center

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of New Zealand)

Independence:

  none (territory of New Zealand)

Constitution:

  administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970

Legal system:

  British and local statutes

National holiday:

  Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British

  sovereignty over New Zealand)

Political parties and leaders:   NA

Suffrage:

  NA

Elections:

  NA

Executive branch:

  British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs

  in New Zealand), official secretary

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll

Judicial branch:

  High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

 Head of Government:

  Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J.

  PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Council

  will elect its first head of government in 1993

Member of:

  SPC, WHO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of New Zealand)

US diplomatic representation:

  none (territory of New Zealand)

Flag:

  the flag of New Zealand is used



*Tokelau, Economy



Overview:

  Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain

  economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The

  people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual

  aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue

  come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts.

  Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $800 (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures

  of $37,300 (FY87)

Exports:

  $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)

 commodities:

  stamps, copra, handicrafts

 partners:

  NZ

Imports:

  $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, building materials, fuel

 partners:

  NZ

External debt:

  $0

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft

  goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Agriculture:

  coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas;

  pigs, poultry, goats

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24

  million

Currency:

  1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),

  l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April-31 March



*Tokelau, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

  none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa

Telecommunications:

  radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa



*Tokelau, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of New Zealand



*Tonga, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the

  way between Hawaii and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  748 km2

 land area:

  718 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  419 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  not specified

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool

  season (May to December)

Terrain:

  most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;

  others have limestone overlying volcanic base

Natural resources:

  fish, fertile soil

Land use:

 arable land:

  25%

 permanent crops:

  55%

 meadows and pastures:

  6%

 forest and woodland:

  12%

 other:

  2%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to

  April); deforestation



*Tonga, People



Population:

  103,949 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.8% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:   25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.79 years

 male:

  65.5 years

 female:

  70.24 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tongan(s)

 adjective:

  Tongan

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Religions:

  Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Languages:

  Tongan, English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1976)

 total population:

  57%

 male:

  60%

 female:

  60%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)



*Tonga, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Kingdom of Tonga

 conventional short form:

  Tonga

 former:

  Friendly Islands

Digraph:

  TN

Type:

  hereditary constitutional monarchy

Capital:   Nuku alofa

Administrative divisions:

  three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Independence:

  4 June 1970 (from UK)

Constitution:

  4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

Legal system:

  based on English law

National holiday:

  Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party,

  leader NA

Suffrage:

  all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results -

  percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3

  traditionalist

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet), Privy Council

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S.

  Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,

  INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

  WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London

US diplomatic representation:

  the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to

  Tonga and makes periodic visits

Flag:

  red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side

  corner



*Tonga, Economy



Overview:

  The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor

  force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are

  the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a

  high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing

  sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard

  currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid

  and remittances to offset its trade deficit.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90)

National product real growth rate:

  0.4% (FY92 est.)

National product per capita:

  $900 (FY90)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  4% (FY92 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital

  expenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

  $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans,

  fruits, vegetables, fish

 partners:

  Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)

Imports:

  $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)

 commodities:

  food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,

  chemicals

 partners:

  NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)

External debt:

  $47.5 million (FY91)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

  6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  tourism, fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production;

  vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million

Currency:

  1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti

Exchange rates:

  pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991),

  1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July-30 June



*Tonga, Communications



Highways:

  198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable

  only in dry weather

Ports:

  Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo,

  1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  6

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no

  FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Tonga, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal

  Tongan Guard, Police

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Trinidad and Tobago, Geography



Location:

  in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of Venezuela

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

  World

Area:

 total area:

  5,130 km2

 land area:

  5,130 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:   362 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Terrain:

  mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Land use:

 arable land:

  14%

 permanent crops:

  17%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  44%

 other:

  23%

Irrigated land:

  220 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms



*Trinidad and Tobago, People



Population:

  1,313,738 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.53 years

 male:

  67.91 years

 female:   73.22 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)

 adjective:

  Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Ethnic divisions:

  black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%,

  Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%

Languages:

  English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  95%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  93%

Labor force:

  463,900

 by occupation:

  construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying

  14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)



*Trinidad and Tobago, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

 conventional short form:

  Trinidad and Tobago

Digraph:

  TD

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Port-of-Spain

Administrative divisions:

  8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,,   Port-of-Spain*,,

Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San

  Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria, Independence:

  31 August 1962 (from UK)

Constitution:

  31 August 1976

Legal system:

  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the

  Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:   Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress

  (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson

  CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;

  National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM

  32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

  or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,

  LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,

  WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE

 chancery:

  1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 467-6490



*Trinidad and Tobago, Government



 consulate general:

  New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Sally G. COWAL

 embassy:

  15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain

 telephone:

  (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176

 FAX:

  (809) 628-5462

Flag:

  red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side



*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy



Overview:

  Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from a

  lengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply through

  most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector

  accounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government,

  in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures

  that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed

  signs of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oil

  prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces

  about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb

  the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to

  diversify its export base.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

  2.6% (1991)

National product per capita:

  $3,800 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.8% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

  18.5% (1991)

Budget:

  revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $158 million (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products

  9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988)

 partners:

  US 49%, CARICOM 12%

Imports:

  $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods

  23% (1991)

 partners:

  US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991)

External debt:

  $2.4 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP,

  including petroleum

Electricity:

  1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton

  textiles

Agriculture:   accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa,

  sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee,

  vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must

  import large share of food needs

Illicit drugs:

  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US



*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million

Currency:

  1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Trinidad and Tobago, Communications



Railroads:

  minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando

Highways:

  8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved

  earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km

Ports:

  Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, Scarborough

Merchant marine:

  2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  6

 usable:

  5

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados

  and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2

  AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and

  Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)



*Tromelin Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (possession of France)



*Tromelin Island, Geography



Location:

  in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of

  Reunion

Map references:

  World

Area:

 total area:

  1 km2

 land area:

  1 km2

 comparative area:

  about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  3.7 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  12 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  sandy

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:   0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100% (scattered bushes)

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  wildlife sanctuary

Note:

  climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones



*Tromelin Island, People



Population:

  uninhabited



*Tromelin Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Tromelin Island

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ile Tromelin

Digraph:

  TE

Type:

  French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in

  Reunion

Capital:

  none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

  none (possession of France)



*Tromelin Island, Economy



Overview:

  no economic activity



*Tromelin Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  important meteorological station



*Tromelin Island, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*Tunisia, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, between

  Algeria and Libya

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  163,610 km2

 land area:

  155,360 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries:

  total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Coastline:

  1,148 km

Maritime claims:

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria

  under discussion

Climate:

  temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in

  south

Terrain:   mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the

  Sahara

Natural resources:

  petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  10%

 meadows and pastures:

  19%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  47%

Irrigated land:

  2,750 km2 (1989)

Environment:

  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  strategic location in central Mediterranean



*Tunisia, People



Population:

  8,570,868 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.84% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.54 years

 male:

  70.55 years

 female:

  74.62 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tunisian(s)

 adjective:

  Tunisian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%

Religions:

  Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%

Languages:

  Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  65%

 male:

  74%

 female:

  56%

Labor force:

  2.25 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 32%

 note:

  shortage of skilled labor



*Tunisia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Tunisia

 conventional short form:

  Tunisia

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah

 local short form:

  Tunis

Digraph:

  TS

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Tunis

Administrative divisions:

  23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan,

  Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul,

  Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan

Independence:

  20 March 1956 (from France)

Constitution:

  1 June 1959

Legal system:

  based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of

  legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

National holiday:

  National Day, 20 March (1956)

Political parties and leaders:

  Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official

  ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA;

  five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party

Other political or pressure groups:

  the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed

Suffrage:   20 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zine

  el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition

 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%,

  independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD

  141

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)



*Tunisia, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from

  active membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Ismail KHELIL

 chancery:

  1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005

 telephone:

  (202) 862-1850

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador John T. McCARTHY

 embassy:

  144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere

 mailing address:

  use embassy street address

 telephone:

  [216] (1) 782-566

 FAX:

  [216] (1) 789-719

Flag:

  red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling

  a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of

  Islam



*Tunisia, Economy



Overview:

  The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports

  of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic

  decline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of good

  harvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. High

  unemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, and

  forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the

  government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural

  adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,650 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15.7% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

  $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals

 partners:

  EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republics

Imports:

  $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer

  goods

 partners:

  EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria

External debt:

  $7.7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles,

  footwear, food, beverages

Agriculture:

  accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to

  severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives,

  dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes,

  poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200

  metric tons (1987)

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410

  million

Currency:

  1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes



*Tunisia, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992),

  0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Tunisia, Communications



Railroads:

  2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter

  gauge

Highways:

  17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km

Ports:

  Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis

Merchant marine:

  22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1

  short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6

  chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  29

 usable:

  26

 with permanent-surface runways:

  13

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  7

 note:

  a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA

Telecommunications:

  the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire

  lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax,

  Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000

  persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with

  back-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria

  and Libya



*Tunisia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach

  military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)



*Turkey, Geography



Location:

  Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and

  Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran

Map references:

  Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  780,580 km2

 land area:

  770,760 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia

  252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

Coastline:

  7,200 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former

  USSR

 territorial sea:

  6 nm in the Aegean Sea,

  12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea

International disputes:

  complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in

  Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with

  downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the

  Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Climate:

  temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Terrain:

  mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)

Natural resources:

  antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  30%

 permanent crops:

  4%

 meadows and pastures:   12%

 forest and woodland:

  26%

 other:

  28%

Irrigated land:

  22,200 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;

  air pollution; desertification

Note:

  strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of

  Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas



*Turkey, People



Population:

  60,897,841 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  70.41 years

 male:

  68.11 years

 female:

  72.82 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Turk(s)

 adjective:

  Turkish

Ethnic divisions:

  Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.)

Religions:

  Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)

Languages:

  Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  81%

 male:

  90%  female:

  71%

Labor force:

  20.7 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15%

 note:

  about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)



*Turkey, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Turkey

 conventional short form:

  Turkey

 local long form:

  Turkiye Cumhuriyeti

 local short form:

  Turkiye

Digraph:

  TU

Type:

  republican parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Ankara

Administrative divisions:

  73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,

  Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,

  Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,

  Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,

  Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman

  Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,

  Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,

  Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,

  Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Independence:

  29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Constitution:

  7 November 1982

Legal system:

  derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

Political parties and leaders:

  Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut

  YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party

  (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;

  Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP),

  Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party

  (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL;

  Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI

Other political or pressure groups:   Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Grand National Assembly:

  last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP

  27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,

  independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP

  19, DSP 7, other 5

Executive branch:

  president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)

Judicial branch:

  Court of Cassation



*Turkey, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)

Member of:

  AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO,

  GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC,

  NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA,

  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR

 chancery:

  1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

 telephone:

  (202) 659-8200

 consulates general:

  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY

 embassy:

  110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara

 mailing address:

  PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823

 telephone:

  [90] (4) 426 54 70

 FAX:

  [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019

 consulates general:

  Istanbul and Izmir

 consulate:

  Adana

Flag:

  red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist

  side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening



*Turkey, Economy



Overview:

  After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey

  has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a

  high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and

  increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992.

  Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to

  high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge

  public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance

  on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish

  inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector

  have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce

  current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many

  private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector,

  employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and

  accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a

  multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which

  includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to

  generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish

  economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average

  in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL -

  which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during

  its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support

  by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially

  reduce inflation.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  5.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $3,670 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  70% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  11.1% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)

Exports:

  $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2%

 partners:

  EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5%

Imports:

  $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21%

 partners:   EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%

External debt:

  $48.7 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP

Electricity:

  14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita

  (1991)

Industries:

  textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals),

  steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper



*Turkey, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products -

  tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety

  of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years

Illicit drugs:

  major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe

  and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other

  international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;

  laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in

  remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains

  strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of

  poppy straw concentrate

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5

  billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies

  (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Currency:

  1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Exchange rates:

  Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992),

  4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Turkey, Communications



Railroads:

  8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)

Highways:

  320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national

  (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and

  municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km

  are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone)

  (1988 est.)

Inland waterways:

  about 1,200 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km

Ports:

  Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir

Merchant marine:

  353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes

  7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6

  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil

  tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2

  specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  110

 usable:

  102

 with permanent-surface runways:

  65

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  32

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  26

Telecommunications:

  fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave

  network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations

  - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT

  (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable



*Turkey, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast

  Guard, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach

  military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)



*Turkmenistan, Geography



Location:

  South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  488,100 km2

 land area:

  488,100 km2  comparative area:

  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

  total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,

  Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Coastline:

  0 km

 note:

  Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Maritime claims:

  landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,

  and Iran will have to be negotiated

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical desert

Terrain:

  flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  69%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  28%

Irrigated land:

  12,450 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,

  pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation

  methods

Note:

  landlocked



*Turkmenistan, People



Population:

  3,914,997 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.04% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  64.93 years

 male:

  61.4 years

 female:

  68.62 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Turkmen(s)

 adjective:

  Turkmen

Ethnic divisions:

  Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9%

Religions:

  Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%

Languages:

  Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  1.542 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37%

  (1990)



*Turkmenistan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Turkmenistan

 conventional short form:

  Turkmenistan

 local long form:

  Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy

 local short form:

  Turkmanistan

 former:

  Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  TX

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

Administrative divisions:   5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap

  (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat)

 note:

  all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan

  Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag

Independence:

  27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  adopted 18 May 1992

Legal system:

  based on civil law system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

 ruling party:

  Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant

 opposition:

  Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman

























  ; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV,

  cochairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*Turkmenistan, Government



Elections:

 President:

  last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad

  NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)

 Majlis:

  last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but

  Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced

  to 50 at next election

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral

  People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting

  infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV,

  Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV,

  Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's

  Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA)

Member of:

  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  NA

 chancery:

  NA

 telephone:

  NA

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III

 embassy:

  Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  [7] 36320 24-49-08

Flag:

  green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret

  veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet

  guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five

  different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left

  corner to the right of the carpet guls



*Turkmenistan, Economy



Overview:

  Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous

  problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central

  planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local

  government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process

  requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and

  monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily

  weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas

  and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet

  republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,

  where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in

  national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to

  obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural

  gas.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  53% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  15%-20% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets

 partners:

  Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Imports:

  $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles

 partners:

  mostly other than former Soviet Union

External debt:

  $650 million (end 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -17% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles

Agriculture:

  cotton, fruits, vegetables

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit

  drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)

Currency:

  retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the

  manat, but no date set (May 1993)



*Turkmenistan, Economy



Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Turkmenistan, Communications



Railroads:

  2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km

Ports:

  inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea)

Airports:

 total:

  7

 useable:

  7

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by

  cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased

  connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct

  telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established;

  satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only

  service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only

  capability for Turkish broadcasts



*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint

  Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and

  Air Defense)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military

  age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (dependent territory of the UK)



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic

  and southeast of The Bahamas

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  430 km2

 land area:

  430 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  389 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Terrain:

  low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

Natural resources:

  spiny lobster, conch

Land use:

 arable land:

  2%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  98%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes



*Turks and Caicos Islands, People



Population:

  13,137 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.97% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:   14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.34 years

 male:

  73.41 years

 female:

  77.02 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  none

 adjective:

  none

Ethnic divisions:

  African

Religions:

  Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,

  other 19.9% (1980)

Languages:

  English (official)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  98%

 male:

  99%

 female:

  98%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence

  agriculture



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Turks and Caicos Islands

Digraph:

  TK

Type:

  dependent territory of the UK

Capital:   Grand Turk

Administrative divisions:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

  none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

  introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional

  Commission is currently reviewing its contents

Legal system:

  based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica

  and The Bahamas

National holiday:

  Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Political parties and leaders:

  Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic

  Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel

  MISSICK

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Legislative Council:

  last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

  party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael

  J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)

Member of:

  CARICOM (associate), CDB

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos

  Islands are represented in the US by the UK

US diplomatic representation:

  none

Flag:

  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

  colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow

  and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only

  subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the

  Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be

  imported.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $5,000 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  12% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital

  expenditures of $23.9 million (1989)

Exports:

  $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987)

 commodities:

  lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

 partners:

  US, UK

Imports:

  $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials

 partners:

  US, UK

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  fishing, tourism, offshore financial services

Agriculture:

  subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more

  important than farming; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $110 million

Currency:

  US currency is used

Exchange rates:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications



Highways:

  121 km, including 24 km tarmac

Ports:

  Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour

Airports:

 total:   7

 usable:

  7

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  4

Telecommunications:

  fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,

  no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

  station



*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the UK



*Tuvalu, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  26 km2

 land area:

  26 km2

 comparative area:

  about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  24 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly

  gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Terrain:

  very low-lying and narrow coral atolls

Natural resources:

  fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  severe tropical storms are rare



*Tuvalu, People



Population:

  9,666 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.74% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62.64 years

 male:

  61.27 years

 female:

  63.82 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Tuvaluans(s)

 adjective:

  Tuvaluan

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian 96%

Religions:

  Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i

  1%, other 0.6%

Languages:

  Tuvaluan, English

Literacy:  total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  NA



*Tuvalu, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Tuvalu

 former:

  Ellice Islands

Digraph:

  TV

Type:

  democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in

  1993

Capital:

  Funafuti

Administrative divisions:

  none

Independence:

  1 October 1978 (from UK)

Constitution:

  1 October 1978

Legal system:

  NA

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Parliament:

  last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results

  - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)

Executive branch:

  British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament (Palamene)

Judicial branch:

  High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:   Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

  Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime

  Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)

Member of:

  ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  (vacant)

US diplomatic representation:

  none

Flag:

  light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the

  outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow

  five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands



*Tuvalu, Economy



Overview:

  Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.

  The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence

  farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too

  small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government

  revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker

  remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international

  trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and

  supported also by Japan and South Korea.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $530 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.9% (1984)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

  $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)

 commodities:

  copra

 partners:

  Fiji, Australia, NZ

Imports:

  $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)

 commodities:

  food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

 partners:

  Fiji, Australia, NZ

External debt:   $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  fishing, tourism, copra

Agriculture:

  coconuts

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million

Currency:

  1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January

  1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752

  (1988)

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Tuvalu, Communications



Highways:

  8 km gravel

Ports:

  Funafuti, Nukufetau

Merchant marine:

  6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1

  passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker

Airports:

 total:

  1

 useable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  0

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;

  108 telephones



*Tuvalu, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Police Force

Manpower availability:   NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP



*Uganda, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Africa, between Kenya and Zaire

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  236,040 km2

 land area:

  199,710 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

  total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,

  Zaire 765 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June

  to August); semiarid in northeast

Terrain:

  mostly plateau with rim of mountains

Natural resources:

  copper, cobalt, limestone, salt

Land use:

 arable land:

  23%

 permanent crops:

  9%

 meadows and pastures:

  25%

 forest and woodland:

  30%

 other:

  13%

Irrigated land:

  90 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion

Note:

  landlocked



*Uganda, People



Population:

  19,344,181 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.69% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  38.4 years

 male:

  38.09 years

 female:

  38.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ugandan(s)

 adjective:

  Ugandan

Ethnic divisions:

  African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%

Languages:

  English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  48%

 male:

  62%

 female:

  35%

Labor force:

  4.5 million (est.)

 by occupation:

  agriculture over 80%

 note:

  50% of population of working age (1983)



*Uganda, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Uganda

 conventional short form:   Uganda

Digraph:

  UG

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Kampala

Administrative divisions:

  10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,

  Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western

Independence:

  9 October 1962 (from UK)

Constitution:

  8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision

Legal system:

  government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary

  law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ

  jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

  only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI

 note:

  the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton

  OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP),

  Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting

  public political activities

Other political or pressure groups:

  Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army

  (UPCDA); Ruwenzori Movement

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Resistance Council:

  last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -

  NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210

  members elected without party affiliation

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,

  Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Resistance Council

Judicial branch:

  Court of Appeal, High Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice

  President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

  IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS,

  NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

  WTO



*Uganda, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI

 chancery:

  5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

 telephone:

  (202) 726-7100 through 7102

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Johnnie CARSON

 embassy:

  Parliament Avenue, Kampala

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 7007, Kampala

 telephone:

  [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795

Flag:

  six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and

  red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested

  crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side



*Uganda, Economy



Overview:

  Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular

  rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has

  been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and

  civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita

  income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as

  does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the

  economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export

  crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government

  has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency

  reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of

  petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes

  are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300%

  in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the

  economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in

  the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and

  exports, and gradually improving domestic security.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  41.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital

  expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)

Exports:

  $170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  coffee 97%, cotton, tea

 partners:

  US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%

Imports:

  $610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation

  equipment, food

 partners:

  Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%

External debt:

  $1.9 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP

Electricity:

  200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement

Agriculture:

  mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;

  cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,

  corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;

  self-sufficient in food



*Uganda, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169

  million

Currency:

  1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

  Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992),

  734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Uganda, Communications



Railroads:

  1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track

Highways:

  26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and

  laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks

Inland waterways:

  Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria

  Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,

  both on Lake Victoria

Merchant marine:

  3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRT

Airports:

 total:

  31

 usable:

  23

 with permanent-surface runways:

  5

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  11

Telecommunications:

  fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast

  stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT



*Uganda, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90)



*Ukraine, Geography



Location:

  Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  603,700 km2

 land area:

  603,700 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428

  km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km,

  Slovakia 90 km

Coastline:   2,782 km

Maritime claims:

  NA

International disputes:

  potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and

  southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former

  southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but

  has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any

  other nation

Climate:

  temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;

  precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,

  lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to

  cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the

  country, hot in the south

Terrain:

  most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains

  being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula

  in the extreme south

Natural resources:

  iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,

  titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  56%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  12%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  30%

Irrigated land:

  26,000 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around

  Chornobyl' nuclear power plant

Note:

  strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest

  country in Europe



*Ukraine, People



Population:

  51,821,230 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.87 years

 male:

  65.32 years

 female:

  74.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ukrainian(s)

 adjective:

  Ukrainian

Ethnic divisions:

  Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

Religions:

  Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev

  Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate),

  Protestant, Jewish

Languages:

  Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  25.277 million

 by occupation:

  industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health,

  education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and

  communication 7%, other 7% (1990)



*Ukraine, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Ukraine

 local long form:

  none

 local short form:

  Ukrayina

 former:

  Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  UP

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Kiev (Kyyiv)

Administrative divisions:

  24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya,   respublika), and 2

municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;,   Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka,

Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka,

  Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka,

  Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,,   Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka,

Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,,   Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka,

Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'ka

Independence:

  1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being

  drafted

Legal system:

  based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 24 August (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

  Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine,

  Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr

  KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych

  YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY,

  chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of

  Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social

  Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of

  Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party,

  Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party,

  Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman;

  Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants'

  Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party,

  Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor

  RADIONOV, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova

  Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal



*Ukraine, Government



Elections:

 President:

  last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid

  KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,

  Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%,

  other 4.17%

 Supreme Council:

  last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late

  1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of

  seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Council

Judicial branch:

  being organized

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting

  First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June

  1993) and five deputy prime ministers

Member of:

  BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT,

  IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO,

  WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS

 chancery:

  3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 333-0606

 FAX:

  (202) 333-0817

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Roman POPADIUK

 embassy:

  10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  [7] (044) 244-7349

 FAX:

  [7] (044) 244-7350

Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent

  grainfields under a blue sky



*Ukraine, Economy



Overview:

  After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important

  economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three

  times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil

  generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms

  provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other

  republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry

  supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other

  regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized

  most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises

  while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to

  state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA

  launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the

  agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises,

  and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the

  problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions

  preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -13% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)

 commodities:

  coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery

  and transport equipment, grain, meat

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)

 commodities:

  machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles

 partners:

  NA

External debt:

  $12 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -9% (1992)

Electricity:

  55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport

  equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)

Agriculture:

  grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit

  drugs to Western Europe



*Ukraine, Economy



Economic aid:

  $NA

Currency:

  Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and

  declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian

  markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward

  introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993

Exchange rates:

  Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Ukraine, Communications



Railroads:

  22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth

Inland waterways:

  1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992)

Ports:

  coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly

  Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv)

Merchant marine:

  394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes

  234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2

  chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9

  short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1

  multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

 total:

  694

 useable:

  100

 with permanent-surface runways:

  111

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  81

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  78

Telecommunications:

  international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about

  7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of

  mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital

  switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction

  in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as

  of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline

  to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching

  center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT,

  INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity)

  remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational

  in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries



*Ukraine, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and

  border troops), National Guard

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach

  military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note -

  conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange

  rate could produce misleading results



*United Arab Emirates, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  75,581 km2

 land area:

  75,581 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:

  total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

Coastline:

  1,318 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  3 nm assumed for most of country,

  12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)

International disputes:

  location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined

  boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two

  islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or

  Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in

  the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu

  Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more

  acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country

  nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently

  backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the

  region

Climate:

  desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Terrain:

  flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert

  wasteland; mountains in east

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  98%

Irrigated land:

  50 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being

  overcome by desalination plants; desertification



*United Arab Emirates, Geography



Note:

  strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital

  transit point for world crude oil



*United Arab Emirates, People



Population:

  2,657,013 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  5.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72 years

 male:

  69.91 years

 female:

  74.2 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Emirian(s)  adjective:

  Emirian

Ethnic divisions:

  Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes

  Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)

 note:

  less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

Religions:

  Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%

Languages:

  Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

Literacy:

  age 10 and over can read and write (1980)

 total population:

  68%

 male:

  70%

 female:

  63%

Labor force:

  580,000 (1986 est.)

 by occupation:

  industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5%

 note:

  80% of labor force is foreign



*United Arab Emirates, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  United Arab Emirates

 conventional short form:

  none

 local long form:

  Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Trucial States

Abbreviation:

  UAE

Digraph:

  TC

Type:

  federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and

  other powers reserved to member emirates

Capital:

  Abu Dhabi

Administrative divisions:

  7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al

  Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

Independence:

  2 December 1971 (from UK)

Constitution:   2 December 1971 (provisional)

Legal system:

  secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several

  member emirates; Islamic law remains influential

National holiday:

  National Day, 2 December (1971)

Political parties and leaders:

  none

Other political or pressure groups:

  a few small clandestine groups may be active

Suffrage:

  none

Elections:

  none

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy

  prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)

Judicial branch:

  Union Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of

  Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8

  October 1990), ruler of Dubayy

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990),

  ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since

  20 November 1990)



*United Arab Emirates, Government



Member of:

  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO

  (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

  UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI

 chancery:

  Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 338-6500

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador William RUGH

 embassy:

  Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi

 telephone:

  [971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730  FAX:

  [971] (2) 318441

 consulate general:

  Dubayy (Dubai)

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker

  vertical red band on the hoist side



*United Arab Emirates, Economy



Overview:

  The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per

  capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and

  the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities.

  Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an

  impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a

  high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves

  should last for over 100 years.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $13,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  1% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NEGL% (1988)

Budget:

  revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

  $21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates

 partners:

  Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, India

Imports:

  $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

 commodities:

  capital goods, consumer goods, food

 partners:

  Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4%

External debt:

  $11 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat

  building, handicrafts, pearling

Agriculture:   accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food

  products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25%

  self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries

  (1979-89)

Currency:

  1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils

Exchange rates:

  Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*United Arab Emirates, Communications



Highways:

  2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth

Pipelines:

  crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km

Ports:

  Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid,

  Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid

Merchant marine:

  56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes

  15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1

  refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tanker

Airports:

 total:

  37

 usable:

  34

 with permanent-surface runways:

  20

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  7

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  5

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu

  Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic

  Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to

  Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;

  microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12

  TV



*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force

Manpower availability:   males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military

  age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)



*United Kingdom, Geography



Location:

  Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea,

  between Ireland and France

Map references:

  Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  244,820 km2

 land area:

  241,590 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Oregon

 note:

  includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

Land boundaries:

  total 360 km, Ireland 360 km

Coastline:

  12,429 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon

  boundaries

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain;

  Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South

  Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego

  Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute

  involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a

  boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica

  (British Antarctic Territory)

Climate:

  temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic

  Current; more than half of the days are overcast

Terrain:

  mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and

  southeast

Natural resources:

  coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,

  gypsum, lead, silica

Land use:

 arable land:

  29%

 permanent crops:   0%

 meadows and pastures:

  48%

 forest and woodland:

  9%

 other:

  14%

Irrigated land:

  1,570 km2 (1989)



*United Kingdom, Geography



Environment:

  pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of

  heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal

  waters

Note:

  lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now

  being linked by tunnel under the English Channel



*United Kingdom, People



Population:

  57,970,200 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.29% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  76.5 years

 male:

  73.71 years

 female:

  79.43 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Briton(s), British (collective pl.)

 adjective:

  British

Ethnic divisions:

  English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West

  Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

Religions:   Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million,

  Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish

  300,000 (1991 est.)

 note:

  the UK does not include a question on religion in its census

Languages:

  English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of

  Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

 total population:

  99%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  28.048 million

 by occupation:

  services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%,

  energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992)



*United Kingdom, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

 conventional short form:

  United Kingdom

Abbreviation:

  UK

Digraph:

  UK

Type:

  constitutional monarchy

Capital:

  London

Administrative divisions:

  47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands

  areas

 England:

  39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,,   Cambridge,

Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset,

  Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater,   Manchester*, Hampshire,,

Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle

  of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,,   Northampton,

Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford,

  Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and,   Wear*, Warwick,,

West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire,  Northern Ireland:

  26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,

  Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,

  Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt,

  Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane

 Scotland:

  9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,,   Grampian, Highland,

Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,,   Western Isles*,  Wales:

  8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South

  Glamorgan, West Glamorgan

Dependent areas:

  Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands,

  Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled

  to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey,

  Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and

  the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

Independence:

  1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established)

Constitution:

  unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:

  common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no

  judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,

  with reservations

National holiday:

  Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)



*United Kingdom, Government



Political parties and leaders:

  Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH;

  Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party,

  Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster

  Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist

  Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party

  (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party

  (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry

  ADAMS

Other political or pressure groups:

  Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers'

  Union; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Commons:

  last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results -

  Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats

  - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24

Executive branch:

  monarch, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a

  lower house or House of Commons

Judicial branch:

  House of Lords

Leaders:

 Chief of State:   Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES

  (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB

  (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE,

  ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

  INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO,

  NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU,

  WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK

 chancery:

  3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 462-1340

 FAX:

  (202) 898-4255

 consulates general:

  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San

  Francisco,

 consulates:

  Dallas, Miami, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ

 embassy:

  24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE



*United Kingdom, Government



 mailing address:

  PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040

 telephone:

  [44] (71) 499-9000

 FAX:

  [44] (71) 409-1637

 consulates general:

  Belfast and Edinburgh

Flag:

  blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in

  white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint

  of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint

  Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;

  the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a

  number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and

  others



*United Kingdom, Economy



Overview:

  The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and

  its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is

  essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories

  have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social

  welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient

  by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the

  labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and

  primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares

  of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and

  business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while

  industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the

  work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its

  3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is

  hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a

  pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound

  from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity

  probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is

  below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the

  1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic

  integration of Europe.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  -0.6% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $15,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3.6% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  9.8% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.)

Exports:

  $187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,

  transport equipment

 partners:

  EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9%

Imports:

  $210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer

  goods

 partners:

  EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6%

External debt:

  $16.2 billion (June 1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

  99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita

  (1992)



*United Kingdom, Economy



Industries:

  production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment,

  equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment,

  shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and

  communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and

  paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer

  goods

Agriculture:

  accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and

  efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced;

  about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000

  metric tons (1987)

Illicit drugs:

  increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering

  the European market

Economic aid:

  donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion

Currency:

  1 British pound (#) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

  British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

  (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 April-31 March



*United Kingdom, Communications



Railroads:

  UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584

  km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591

  km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and

  narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland

  Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double

  track)

Highways:

  UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km

  limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved,

  592 km gravel)

Inland waterways:

  2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km;

  other, 979 km

Pipelines:

  crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km,

  natural gas 12,800 km

Ports:

  London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe,

  Southampton

Merchant marine:   204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes

  7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14

  roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1

  chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1

  combination bulk, 1 passenger cargo

Airports:

 total:

  496

 usable:

  385

 with permanent-surface runways:

  249

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  37

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  134

Telecommunications:

  technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000

  telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems;

  excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525

  (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine

  cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean

  and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large

  international switching centers



*United Kingdom, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.);

  no conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $42.5 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93)



*United States, Geography



Location:

  North America, between Canada and Mexico

Map references:

  North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  9,372,610 km2

 land area:

  9,166,600 km2

 comparative area:

  about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about

  one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil);

  slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of

  Western Europe

 note:

  includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia

Land boundaries:

  total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29

  km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 km

Coastline:

  19,924 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait

  of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only

  mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease;

  Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica

  (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of

  any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Climate:

  mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska,

  semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the

  Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are

  ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from

  the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Terrain:

  vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east;

  rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic

  topography in Hawaii

Natural resources:

  coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron,

  mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas,

  timber

Land use:

 arable land:

  20%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  26%



*United States, Geography



 forest and woodland:

  29%

 other:

  25%

Irrigated land:

  181,020 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural

  fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water

  resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake

  activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major

  impediment to development

Note:

  world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)



*United States, People



Population:

  258,103,721 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.02% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.8 years

 male:

  72.49 years

 female:

  79.29 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  American(s)

 adjective:

  American

Ethnic divisions:

  white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992)

Religions:

  Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989)

Languages:

  English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991)

 total population:

  97.9%

 male:

  97.9%

 female:

  97.9%

Labor force:

  128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force

  126.982 million) (1992)

 by occupation:

  NA



*United States, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  United States of America

 conventional short form:

  United States

Abbreviation:

  US or USA

Digraph:

  US

Type:

  federal republic; strong democratic tradition

Capital:

  Washington, DC

Administrative divisions:

  50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,,   Colorado,

Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,,   Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,

  Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,

  Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York,

  North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode

  Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont,

  Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Dependent areas:

  American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston

  Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana

  Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

 note:

  since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the

  Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with

  three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a

  Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986);

  Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved

  by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in

  Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory

  of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact

  of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of

  the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US

  (effective 21 October 1986)

Independence:

  4 July 1776 (from England)

Constitution:

  17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789

Legal system:

  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Political parties and leaders:

  Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN,

  co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee

  chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results -

  William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican

  Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1%



*United States, Government



 Senate:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results -

  Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total)

  Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43

 House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results -

  Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total)

  Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or

  House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

Member of:

  AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM,

  CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT,

  IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR,

  NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

  UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag:

  thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with

  white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50

  small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of

  six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars

  represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;

  known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number

  of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico



*United States, Economy



Overview:

  The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy

  in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major

  industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made

  by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of

  goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the

  economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the

  longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and

  consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of

  the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a

  combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates,

  Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and

  a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell

  by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth

  picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million,

  the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker.

  Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic

  infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade

  deficits.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

  2.1% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $23,400 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  3% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

  7% (April 1993)

Budget:

  revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY92)

Exports:

  $442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer

  goods, agricultural products

 partners:

  Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989)

Imports:

  $544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer

  goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages

 partners:

  Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989)

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

  780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per

  capita (1992)

Industries:

  leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel,

  motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food

  processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining



*United States, Economy



Agriculture:

  accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils

  support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second

  largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer;

  fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990)

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production

  estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;

  ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not

  reduced production

Economic aid:

  donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion

Currency:

  1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

 British pounds:

  (#) per US$ - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603

  (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988)

 Canadian dollars:

  (Can$) per US$ - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668

  (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)

 French francs:

  (F) per US$ - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453

  (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

 Italian lire:

  (Lit) per US$ - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991),

  1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)

 Japanese yen:

  (Y) per US$ - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79

  (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)

 German deutsche marks:

  (DM) per US$ - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157

  (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*United States, Communications



Railroads:

  240,000 km of mainline routes, all standard 1.435 meter track, no government

  ownership (1989)

Highways:

  7,599,250 km total; 6,230,000 km state-financed roads; 1,369,250 km

  federally-financed roads (including 71,825 km interstate limited access

  freeways) (1988)

Inland waterways:

  41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.)

Pipelines:

  petroleum 276,000 km (1991), natural gas 331,000 km (1991)

Ports:   Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland,

  Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,

  Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York,

  Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco,

  Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington

Merchant marine:

  385 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,567,000 GRT/19,511,000 DWT;

  includes 3 passenger-cargo, 36 cargo, 23 bulk, 169 tanker, 13 tanker

  tug-barge, 13 liquefied gas, 128 intermodal; in addition, there are 219

  government-owned vessels

Airports:

 total:

  14,177

 usable:

  12,417

 with permanent-surface runways:

  4,820

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  63

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  325

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2,524

Telecommunications:

  126,000,000 telephone access lines; 7,557,000 cellular phone subscribers;

  broadcast stations - 4,987 AM, 4,932 FM, 1,092 TV; about 9,000 TV cable

  systems; 530,000,000 radio sets and 193,000,000 TV sets in use; 16

  satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite ground stations - 45

  Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT (1990)



*United States, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps),

  Department of the Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 66.826 million; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $315.5 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1992)



*Uruguay, Geography



Location:

  Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Argentina

  and Brazil

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  176,220 km2

 land area:

  173,620 km2  comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Washington State

Land boundaries:

  total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Coastline:

  660 km

Maritime claims:

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 territorial sea:

  200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm

International disputes:

  short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections

  of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio

  Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the

  Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the Uruguay

Climate:

  warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Terrain:

  mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland

Natural resources:

  soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals

Land use:

 arable land:

  8%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  78%

 forest and woodland:

  4%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  1,100 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods



*Uruguay, People



Population:

  3,175,050 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  0.75% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  17.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  18 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:   73.74 years

 male:

  70.52 years

 female:

  77.11 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Uruguayan(s)

 adjective:

  Uruguayan

Ethnic divisions:

  white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends church

  regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30%

Languages:

  Spanish

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  96%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  96%

Labor force:

  1.355 million (1991 est.)

 by occupation:

  government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities,

  construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988

  est.)



*Uruguay, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Oriental Republic of Uruguay

 conventional short form:

  Uruguay

 local long form:

  Republica Oriental del Uruguay

 local short form:

  Uruguay

Digraph:

  UY

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Montevideo

Administrative divisions:

  19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones,

  Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado,

  Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano,

  Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

Independence:

  25 August 1828 (from Brazil)

Constitution:

  27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new

  constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980

Legal system:

  based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 25 August (1828)

Political parties and leaders:

  National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Secretary General

  (vacant); Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes PSU, PCU,

  MLN, MRO, PVP; Uruguayan Socialist Party (PSU), Jose Pedro CARDOSO, and;

  Communist Party (PCU), Marina ARISMENDI; National Liberation Movement (MLN)

  or Tupamaros, Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; Oriental Rvolutionary Movement

  (MRO), Walter ARTOLA; Party for the Victory of the Poor (PVP), Hugo CORES;

  New Space Coalition consists of PGP, PDC, and Civic Union, Hugo BATALLA;

  People's Government Party (PGP), Hugo BATALLA, secretary general; Christian

  Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos VASSALLO, secretary general; Civic Union,

  Humberto CIGANDA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado)

  29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20%

 Chamber of Senators:

  last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total)

  Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2

 Chamber of Representatives:

  last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

  Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats -

  (99 total) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

  president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)



*Uruguay, Government



Legislative branch:

  bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber

  or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber

  of Representatives (Camera de Representantes)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo

  AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990)

Member of:

  AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

  ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO

  (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS,

  OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTAC,

  UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY

 chancery:

  1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006

 telephone:

  telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316

 consulates general:

  Los Angeles, Miami, and New York,

 consulate:

  New Orleans

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Richard C. BROWN

 embassy:

  Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo

 mailing address:

  APO AA 34035

 telephone:

  [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77

 FAX:

  [598] (2) 48-86-11

Flag:

  nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with

  blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow

  sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately

  triangular and wavy



*Uruguay, Economy



Overview:

  Uruguay is a small economy with favorable climate, good soils, and solid

  hydropower potential. Economic development has been held back by excessive

  government regulation of economic detail and 50% to 130% inflation. After

  several years of sluggish growth, real GDP jumped by about 8% in 1992. The

  rise is attributable mainly to an increase in Argentine demand for Uruguayan

  exports, particularly agricultural products and electricity. In a major step

  toward greater regional economic cooperation, Uruguay in 1991 had joined

  Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market

  (Mercosur). A referendum in December 1992 overturned key portions of

  landmark privatization legislation, dealing a serious blow to President

  LACALLE's broad economic reform plan.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $3,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  58% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  9% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $388 million (1991)

Exports:

  $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%

 partners:

  Argentina, Brazil, US, Germany

Imports:

  $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, fuels, and lubricants, metals, machinery, transportation

  equipment, industrial chemicals

 partners:

  Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990)

External debt:

  $4.1 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP

Electricity:

  2,168,000 kW capacity; 5,960 million kWh produced, 1,900 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,

  tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine

Agriculture:

  large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum;

  self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million;

  Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million

Currency:

  1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos



*Uruguay, Economy



Exchange rates:

  new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 3,457.5 (December 1992), 3,026.9

  (1992), 2,489 (1991), 1,594 (1990), 805 (1989), 451 (1988), 281 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Uruguay, Communications



Railroads:

  3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned

Highways:

  49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth

Inland waterways:

  1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft

Ports:

  Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia

Merchant marine:

  4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,797 GRT/132,296 DWT; includes 1

  cargo, 2 container, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  88

 usable:

  81

 with permanent-surface runways:

  16

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  14

Telecommunications:

  most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave

  network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9

  shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations



*Uruguay, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force,

  Grenadier Guards, Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 755,667; fit for military service 613,585 (1993 est.); no

  conscription

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.)



*Uzbekistan, Geography



Location:

  Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

Map references:

  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

  Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  447,400 km2

 land area:

  425,400 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

  total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099

  km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Coastline:

  0 km

 note:

  Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east

Terrain:

  mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east

  surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in

  west

Natural resources:

  natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc,

  tungsten, molybdenum

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  47%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  43%

Irrigated land:

  41,550 km2 (1990)

Environment:

  drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical

  pesticides and natural salts

Note:

  landlocked



*Uzbekistan, People



Population:

  22,127,946 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.17% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  68.36 years  male:

  65.05 years

 female:

  71.84 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Uzbek(s)

 adjective:

  Uzbek

Ethnic divisions:

  Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes

  70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other

  7%

Religions:

  Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Languages:

  Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10%

Literacy:

  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

 total population:

  100%

 male:

  100%

 female:

  100%

Labor force:

  7.941 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37%

  (1990)



*Uzbekistan, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Uzbekistan

 conventional short form:

  Uzbekistan

 local long form:

  Uzbekiston Respublikasi

 local short form:

  none

 former:

  Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

  UZ

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Tashkent (Toshkent)

Administrative divisions:

  12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*,   (avtomnaya respublika);

Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*,   (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm

(Urgench), Namangan, Navoi,

  Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent

 note:

  an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center

  (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

Independence:

  31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

  new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Legal system:

  evolution of Soviet civil law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

  People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV,

  chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

  Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman;

  Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results -

  Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%

 Supreme Soviet:

  last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

  by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note -

  total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990)



*Uzbekistan, Government



 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy

  Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet

  Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991)

Member of:

  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV

 chancery:

  200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

 telephone:   (202) 778-0107

 FAX:

  (202) 861-0472

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE

 embassy:

  55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09862

 telephone:

  [7] (3712) 77-14-07

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by

  red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side

  quadrant



*Uzbekistan, Economy



Overview:

  Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it

  produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest

  global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had

  included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental

  damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish

  use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread

  health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food

  production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes

  in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil,

  and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources

  including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural

  gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away

  from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued

  to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in

  supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR.

National product:

  GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1992)

National product per capita:

  $NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

  0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large

  numbers of underemployed workers

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil

 partners:

  Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe

Imports:

  $900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

 commodities:

  machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods

 partners:

  principally other former Soviet republics

External debt:

  $2 billion (end 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -6%

Electricity:

  11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles

Agriculture:

  cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and

  livestock

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

  government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit

  drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

  $950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)



*Uzbekistan, Economy



Currency:

  retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)

Exchange rates:

  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Uzbekistan, Communications



Railroads:

  3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

  78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992)

Ports:

  none; landlocked

Airports:

 totol:

  265

 useable:

  74

 with permanent-surface runways:

  30

 with runways over 3,659 m:   2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  20

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  19

Telecommunications:

  poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent;

  1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by

  landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via

  the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth

  stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station

  provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite

  ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo.



*Uzbekistan, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach

  military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Vanuatu, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about

  three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  14,760 km2

 land area:

  14,760 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Connecticut

 note:

  includes more than 80 islands

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  2,528 km

Maritime claims:

  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds

Terrain:

  mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains

Natural resources:

  manganese, hardwood forests, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  1%

 permanent crops:

  5%

 meadows and pastures:

  2%

 forest and woodland:

  1%

 other:

  91%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism

  causes minor earthquakes



*Vanuatu, People



Population:

  165,876 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.36% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  58.8 years

 male:

  57.11 years

 female:

  60.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)

 adjective:   Ni-Vanuatu

Ethnic divisions:

  indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders

Religions:

  Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%,

  Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%

Languages:

  English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or

  Bichelama)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1979)

 total population:

  53%

 male:

  57%

 female:

  48%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  NA



*Vanuatu, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Vanuatu

 conventional short form:

  Vanuatu

 former:

  New Hebrides

Digraph:

  NH

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Port-Vila

Administrative divisions:

  11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula,

  Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea

Independence:

  30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Constitution:

  30 July 1980

Legal system:

  unified system being created from former dual French and British systems

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 30 July (1980)

Political parties and leaders:

  Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge

  VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party

  (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel

  Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA

Suffrage:   18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Parliament:

  last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after

  election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the

  National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats -

  (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

  (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on

  matters of custom and land

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT KORMAN (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime

  Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC,

  ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington

US diplomatic representation:

  the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu



*Vanuatu, Government



Flag:

  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles

  triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow

  stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the

  hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's

  tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow



*Vanuatu, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a

  living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other

  mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has

  no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the

  local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1988 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  6% (1990)

National product per capita:

  $900 (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  5% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $90 million; expenditures $103 million, including capital

  expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.)

Exports:

  $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%

 partners:

  Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium

Imports:

  $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%,

  raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6%

 partners:

  Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8%

External debt:

  $30 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP

Electricity:

  17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

Agriculture:

  accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish;

  subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $606 million

Currency:

  1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  vatu (VT) per US$1 - 120.77 (January 1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991),

  116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Vanuatu, Communications



Railroads:

  none

Highways:

  1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads

Ports:

  Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu

Merchant marine:

  125 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,121,819 GRT/3,193,942 DWT; includes

  23 cargo, 16 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1

  livestock carrier, 6 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 54

  bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a flag

  of convenience registry

Airports:

 total:

  31

 usable:

  31

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

Telecommunications:

  broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean

  INTELSAT ground station



*Vanuatu, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF)

 note:

  no military forces

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Venezuela, Geography



Location:

  Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Colombia and

  Guyana

Map references:

  South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  912,050 km2

 land area:

  882,050 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:

  total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Coastline:

  2,800 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  15 nm

 continental shelf:   200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute

  with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela

Climate:

  tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:

  Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains

  (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast

Natural resources:

  petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower,

  diamonds

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  1%

 meadows and pastures:

  20%

 forest and woodland:

  39%

 other:

  37%

Irrigated land:

  2,640 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing

  industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo

Note:

  on major sea and air routes linking North and South America



*Venezuela, People



Population:

  20,117,687 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.22% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  28.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  72.69 years

 male:

  69.76 years  female:

  75.77 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.14 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Venezuelan(s)

 adjective:

  Venezuelan

Ethnic divisions:

  mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2%

Religions:

  nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%

Languages:

  Spanish (official), Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in

  the remote interior

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  88%

 male:

  87%

 female:

  90%

Labor force:

  5.8 million

 by occupation:

  services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985)



*Venezuela, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Venezuela

 conventional short form:

  Venezuela

 local long form:

  Republica de Venezuela

 local short form:

  Venezuela

Digraph:

  VE

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Caracas

Administrative divisions:

  21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* ( territorio), 1,   federal district**,

(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence***,   (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui,,

Apure, Aragua, Barinas,

  Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales***,,   Distrito Federal**,,

Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva

  Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia

 note:   the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled island groups

  with a total of 72 individual islands

Independence:

  5 July 1811 (from Spain)

Constitution:

  23 January 1961

Legal system:

  based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation

  Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 5 July (1811)

Political parties and leaders:

  Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Jose

  CURIEL, secretary general (acting); Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI,

  president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward

  Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary

  general; The Radical Cause ( La Causa R), Pablo Medina, secretary general

Other political or pressure groups:

  FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of

  Workers (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS

  groups

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results -

  Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%;

  note - President Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption

  charges

 Senate:

  last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4;

  note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate

  seats



*Venezuela, Government



 Chamber of Deputies:

  last held 4 December 1992 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - AD

  43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI

  67, MAS 18, other 19

Executive branch:

  president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an

  upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies

  (Camara de Diputados)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Interim President Ramon Jose VELASQUEZ (since 5 June 1993); note - President

  Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption charges

Member of:   AG, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24,

  G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

  INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM,

  OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

  UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro

 chancery:

  1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

 telephone:

  (202) 342-2214

 consulates general:

  Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York,

  Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL

 embassy:

  Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037

 telephone:

  [58] (2) 285-2222

 FAX:

  [58] (2) 285-0336

 consulate:

  Maracaibo

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of

  arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white

  five-pointed stars centered in the blue band



*Venezuela, Economy



Overview:

  Petroleum is the backbone of the economy, accounting for 23% of GDP, 70% of

  central government revenues, and 82% of export earnings in 1992. President

  PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed office in

  February 1989. Lower tariffs and the removal of price controls, a free

  market exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy

  into confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy

  recovered part way in 1990 and grew by 10.4% in 1991 and 7.3% in 1992, led

  by the non-petroleum sector.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $57.8 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  7.3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $2,800 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  32% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  8.4% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

  $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  petroleum 82%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic

  manufactures

 partners:

  US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989)

Imports:

  $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment

 partners:

  US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989)

External debt:

  $27.1 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 11.9% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

  21,130,000 kW capacity; 58,541 million kWh produced, 2,830 kWh per capita

  (1992)

Industries:

  petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing,

  textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly

Agriculture:

  accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum,

  sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish;

  not self-sufficient in food other than meat

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade

  on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country

  from Colombia; important money-laundering hub

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries

  (1970-89), $10 million

Currency:

  1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos



*Venezuela, Economy



Exchange rates:

  bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 80.18 (January 1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991),

  46.90 (1990), 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Venezuela, Communications



Railroads:

  542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government

  owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned

Highways:

  77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads,

  and 15,835 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels

Pipelines:

  crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km

Ports:

  Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz

Merchant marine:

  56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 837,375 GRT/1,344,795 DWT; includes 1

  short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 19 cargo, 2 container, 4

  roll-on/roll-off, 18 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk,

  1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk

Airports:

 total:

  360

 usable:

  331

 with permanent-surface runways:

  133

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  15

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  87

Telecommunications:

  modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no

  FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground

  stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic



*Venezuela, Defense Forces



Branches:

  National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN) includes - Ground

  Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas

  Navales or Armada), Air Forces (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of

  Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia

  Nacional)

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 5,192,107; fit for military service 3,769,441; reach

  military age (18) annually 221,043 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991)



*Vietnam, Geography



Location:

  Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Laos and the

  Philippines

Map references:

  Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  329,560 km2

 land area:

  325,360 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

  total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km

Coastline:

  3,444 km (excludes islands)

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 nm or the edge of continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute

  over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and

  possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime

  boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied

  by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan

Climate:

  tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to

  mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)

Terrain:

  low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in

  far north and northwest

Natural resources:

  phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits,

  forests

Land use:

 arable land:

  22%

 permanent crops:

  2%

 meadows and pastures:

  1%

 forest and woodland:

  40%

 other:

  35%

Irrigated land:

  18,300 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding



*Vietnam, People



Population:

  71,787,608 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.85% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  27.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  7.92 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  65.1 years

 male:

  63.08 years

 female:

  67.25 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Vietnamese (singular and plural)

 adjective:

  Vietnamese

Ethnic divisions:

  Vietnamese 85-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham

Religions:

  Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant

Languages:

  Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages

  (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  88%

 male:

  92%

 female:

  84%

Labor force:

  32.7 million

 by occupation:

  agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.)



*Vietnam, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Socialist Republic of Vietnam

 conventional short form:

  Vietnam  local long form:

  Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam

 local short form:

  Viet Nam

Abbreviation:

  SRV

Digraph:

  VM

Type:

  Communist state

Capital:

  Hanoi

Administrative divisions:

  50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho,,   singular and plural);

An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh

  Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai,

  Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi,   Minh*, Hoa Binh,

Khanh, Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang

  Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu

  Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc

  Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien

  Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai

Independence:

  2 September 1945 (from France)

Constitution:

  NA April 1992

Legal system:

  based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 2 September (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

  only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretary

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 National Assembly:

  last held 19 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the

  only party; seats - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395

Executive branch:

  president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme People's Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); First Deputy Prime

  Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen

  KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since

  NA February 1987)



*Vietnam, Government



Member of:

  ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

  IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none

US diplomatic representation:

  none

Flag:

  red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center



*Vietnam, Economy



Overview:

  Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving away from the

  planned economic model and toward a more effective market-based economic

  system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled and the Vietnamese currency

  has been effectively devalued and floated at world market rates. In

  addition, the scope for private sector activity has been expanded, primarily

  through decollectivization of the agricultural sector and introduction of

  laws giving legal recognition to private business. Despite such positive

  indicators, the country's economic turnaround remains tenuous. Nearly

  three-quarters of export earnings are generated by only two commodities,

  rice and crude oil. Meanwhile, industrial production stagnates, burdened by

  uncompetitive state-owned enterprises the government is unwilling or unable

  to privatize. Unemployment looms as the most serious problem with over 25%

  of the workforce without jobs and population growth swelling the ranks of

  the unemployed yearly.

National product:

  GNP - exchange rate conversion - $16 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  7.4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $230 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  15%-20% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  25% (1992 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1990)

Exports:

  $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

 commodities:

  agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude oil, ores,

  seafood

 partners:

  Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan

Imports:

  $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

 commodities:

  petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals,

  medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain

 partners:

  Japan, Singapore, Thailand

External debt:

  $16.8 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 15% (1992); accounts for 30% of GNP

Electricity:

  3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical

  fertilizer, glass, tires, oil

Agriculture:

  accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm

  output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal

  products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of

  943,100 metric tons (1989 est.)



*Vietnam, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0

  billion

Currency:

  1 new dong (D) = 100 xu

Exchange rates:

  new dong (D) per US$1 - 10,800 (November 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280

  (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note -

  1985-89 figures are end of year

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Vietnam, Communications



Railroads:

  3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard)

  gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service

  after war damage

Highways:

  85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, 26,900

  km unimproved earth (est.)

Inland waterways:

  17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up

  to 1.8 meter draft

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 150 km

Ports:

  Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City

Merchant marine:

  99 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 460,712 GRT/739,246 DWT; includes 84

  cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 oil tanker, 3 bulk

Airports:

 total:

  100

 usable:

  100

 with permanent-surface runways:

  50

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  10

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  20

Telecommunications:

  the inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system is a

  serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, and

  restricts access to the international links that Vietnam has established

  with most major countries; the telephone system is not generally available

  for private use (25 telephones for each 10,000 persons); 3 satellite earth

  stations; broadcast stations - NA AM, 288 FM; 36 (77 repeaters) TV; about

  2,500,000 TV receivers and 7,000,000 radio receivers in use (1991)



*Vietnam, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 17,835,536; fit for military service 11,338,880; reach

  military age (17) annually 771,792 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP



*Virgin Islands, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Virgin Islands, Geography



Location:

  in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east and southeast of Puerto Rico

Map references:

  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

 total area:

  352 km2

 land area:

  349 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  188 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity,

  little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November

Terrain:

  mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land

Natural resources:

  sun, sand, sea, surf

Land use:

 arable land:

  15%

 permanent crops:

  6%

 meadows and pastures:

  26%

 forest and woodland:

  6%

 other:

  47%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods,

  earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources

Note:

  important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the

  Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in

  the Caribbean



*Virgin Islands, People



Population:

  98,130 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  -0.76% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  20.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:   -22.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  75.29 years

 male:

  73.6 years

 female:

  77.2 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Virgin Islander(s)

 adjective:

  Virgin Islander; US citizens

Ethnic divisions:

  West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the

  West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%,

  white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14%

Religions:

  Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7%

Languages:

  English (official), Spanish, Creole

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  45,500 (1988)

 by occupation:

  tourism 70%



*Virgin Islands, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Virgin Islands of the United States

 conventional short form:

  Virgin Islands

Digraph:

  VQ

Type:

  organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of

  Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Capital:

  Charlotte Amalie

Administrative divisions:

  none (territory of the US)

Constitution:   Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Legal system:

  based on US

National holiday:

  Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US)

Political parties and leaders:

  Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM),

  Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Governor:

  last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results -

  Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS

  (independent) 38.5%

 Senate:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA

 US House of Representatives:

  last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - Ron

  DE LUGO reelected as delegate; seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; note -

  the Virgin Islands elect one representative to the US House of

  Representatives

Executive branch:

  US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Senate

Judicial branch:

 US District Court:

  handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and

  over), and federal cases

 Territorial Court:

  handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, juvenile, domestic,

  misdemeanors, and traffic cases

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

  Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

 Head of Government:

  Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor

  Derek M. HODGE (since 5 January 1987)

Member of:

  ECLAC (associate), IOC



*Virgin Islands, Government



Diplomatic representation in US:

  none (territory of the US)

Flag:

  white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue

  initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in

  one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of

  vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel



*Virgin Islands, Economy



Overview:

  Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of

  GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile,

  electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural

  sector is small, most food being imported. International business and

  financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of

  the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix.

National product:

  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion (1987)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $11,000 (1987)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  3.7% (1992)

Budget:

  revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY90)

Exports:

  $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  refined petroleum products

 partners:

  US, Puerto Rico

Imports:

  $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials

 partners:

  US, Puerto Rico

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate 12%; accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

  380,000 kW capacity; 565 million kWh produced, 5,710 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction,

  pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics

Agriculture:

  truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42

  million

Currency:

  US currency is used

Fiscal year:

  1 October - 30 September



*Virgin Islands, Communications



Highways:

  856 km total

Ports:

  Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown

  Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways :

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  2

 note:

  international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix

Telecommunications:

  modern telephone system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave

  radio, and satellite facilities; 58,931 telephones; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV

  sets in use; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV (1988)



*Virgin Islands, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Wake Island, Header



Affiliation:

  (territory of the US)



*Wake Island, Geography



Location:

  in the North Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km west of Honolulu, about two-thirds of

  the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  6.5 km2

 land area:

  6.5 km2  comparative area:

  about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  19.3 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm

 continental shelf:

  200 m or depth of exploitation

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands

Climate:

  tropical

Terrain:

  atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central

  lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less

  than 4 meters

Natural resources:

  none

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  100%

Irrigated land:

  0 km2

Environment:

  subject to occasional typhoons

Note:

  strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location

  for transpacific flights



*Wake Island, People



Population:

  no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 302 US Air Force personnel,

  civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors; population

  peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during the Vietnam conflict



*Wake Island, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Wake Island

Digraph:

  WQ

Type:

  unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under

  an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972

Capital:

  none; administered from Washington, DC

Independence:

  none (territory of the US)

Flag:

  the US flag is used



*Wake Island, Economy



Overview:

  Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel

  and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must

  be imported.

Electricity:

  supplied by US military



*Wake Island, Communications



Ports:

  none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large

  ships

Airports:

 total:

  1

 usable:

  1

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit

  off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television

  Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite;

  broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV

Note:

  formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military

  and some commercial cargo planes



*Wake Island, Defense Forces



  defense is the responsibility of the US



*Wallis and Futuna, Header



Affiliation:

  (overseas territory of France)



*Wallis and Futuna, Geography



Location:

  in the South Pacific Ocean, 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu, about two-thirds

  of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania

Area:

 total area:

  274 km2

 land area:

  274 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Washington, DC

 note:

  includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi,

  and 20 islets

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  129 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to

  October)

Terrain:

  volcanic origin; low hills

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  5%

 permanent crops:   20%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  75%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  both island groups have fringing reefs



*Wallis and Futuna, People



Population:

  14,175 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.15% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  26.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  27.59 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  71.2 years

 male:

  70.54 years

 female:

  71.9 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders

 adjective:

  Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander

Ethnic divisions:

  Polynesian

Religions:

  Roman Catholic

Languages:

  French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)

Literacy:

  all ages can read and write (1969)

 total population:

  50%

 male:

  50%

 female:

  51%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.)



*Wallis and Futuna, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands

 conventional short form:

  Wallis and Futuna

 local long form:

  Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna

 local short form:

  Wallis et Futuna

Digraph:

  WF

Type:

  overseas territory of France

Capital:

  Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea)

Administrative divisions:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Independence:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Constitution:

  28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:

  French legal system

Political parties and leaders:

  Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la

  Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des

  Radicaux de Gauche (MRG)

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Territorial Assembly:

  last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent

  of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4

 French Senate:

  last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1998); results

  - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1

 French National Assembly:

  last held 21 and 28 March 1992 (next to be held by NA September 1996);

  results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1

Executive branch:

  French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional

  kings with limited powers

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale)

Judicial branch:

  none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief

  administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and

  there is a magistrate in Mata Utu

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)

 Head of Government:

  Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990)

Member of:

  FZ, SPC

Diplomatic representation in US:

  as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the

  US by France



*Wallis and Futuna, Government



US diplomatic representation:

  none (overseas territory of France)

Flag:

  the flag of France is used



*Wallis and Futuna, Economy



Overview:

  The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about

  80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and

  vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the

  population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government

  subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import

  taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and

  Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but

  its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $1,500 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (1983)

Exports:

  negligible

 commodities:

  copra, handicrafts

 partners:

  NA

Imports:

  $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984)

 commodities:   foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel

 partners:

  France, Australia, New Zealand

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber

Agriculture:

  dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,

  bananas, and herds of pigs and goats

Economic aid:

  Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

  $118 million

Currency:

  1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January

  1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30

  (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Wallis and Futuna, Communications



Highways:

  100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna

Inland waterways:

  none

Ports:

  Mata-Utu, Leava

Airports:

 total:

  2

 useable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV



*Wallis and Futuna, Defense Forces



Note:

  defense is the responsibility of France



*West Bank, Header



  The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in

  control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan

  Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by

  President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the

  West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a

  peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the

  concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will

  resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process,

  it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

  has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank

  describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian

  administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to

  negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a

  distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank

  because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a

  negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in

  character from that of the rest of the West Bank.



*West Bank, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, between Jordan and Israel

Map references:

  Middle East

Area:

 total area:

  5,860 km2

 land area:

  5,640 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Delaware

 note:

  includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land,

  and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus

Land boundaries:

  total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  Israeli occupied with status to be determined

Climate:

  temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot

  summers, cool to mild winters

Terrain:

  mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east

Natural resources:

  negligible

Land use:

 arable land:

  27%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  32%

 forest and woodland:

  1%

 other:

  40%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers

Note:

  landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14

  Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem



*West Bank, People



Population:

  1,404,114 (July 1993 est.)

 note:

  in addition, there are 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 134,000

  in East Jerusalem (1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  35.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  69.93 years

 male:

  68.48 years

 female:

  71.46 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  NA

 adjective:

  NA

Ethnic divisions:

  Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12%

Religions:

  Muslim 80% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8%

Languages:

  Arabic, Hebrew spoken by Israeli settlers, English widely understood

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  NA

 by occupation:

  small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%,

  agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984)

 note:

  excluding Israeli Jewish settlers



*West Bank, Government



Note:

  The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and

  Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the

  West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.

  These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed.

Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  West Bank

Digraph:

  WG



*West Bank, Economy



Overview:

  Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military

  administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah).

  Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have

  been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli

  policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not

  productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli

  industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers

  employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf

  dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake

  of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West

  Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of

  the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to

  curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living

  standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak.

National product:   GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $1,200 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  11% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  15% (1990 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital

  expenditures of $NA (FY88)

Exports:

  $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  Jordan, Israel

Imports:

  $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.)

 commodities:

  NA

 partners:

  Jordan, Israel

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP

Electricity:

  power supplied by Israel

Industries:

  generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap,

  olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have

  established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and

  industrial centers

Agriculture:

  accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables,

  beef, and dairy products

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000

  fils



*West Bank, Economy



Exchange rates:

  new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.2791 (1991),

  2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars

  (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636

  (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year (since 1 January 1992)



*West Bank, Communications



Highways:

  small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service

  new settlements

Airports:

 total:

  2

 usable:

  2

 with permanent-surface runways:

  2

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  1

Telecommunications:

  open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no

  AM, no FM, no TV



*West Bank, Defense Forces



Branches:

  NA

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Western Sahara, Geography



Location:

  Northern Africa, along the Atlantic Ocean, between Morocco and Mauritania

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  266,000 km2

 land area:

  266,000 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Colorado

Land boundaries:

  total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

Coastline:

  1,110 km

Maritime claims:

  contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

International disputes:

  claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the

  UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered

  cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991

Climate:

  hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and

  heavy dew

Terrain:

  mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising

  to small mountains in south and northeast

Natural resources:

  phosphates, iron ore

Land use:

 arable land:

  0%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  19%

 forest and woodland:

  0%

 other:

  81%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring;

  widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting

  visibility; sparse water and arable land



*Western Sahara, People



Population:

  206,629 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.52% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  47.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  19.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  155.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  44.88 years

 male:

  43.98 years

 female:

  46.06 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  7.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:  noun:

  Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)

 adjective:

  Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Ethnic divisions:

  Arab, Berber

Religions:

  Muslim

Languages:

  Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Literacy:

 total population:

  NA%

 male:

  NA%

 female:

  NA%

Labor force:

  12,000

 by occupation:

  animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%



*Western Sahara, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  none

 conventional short form:

  Western Sahara

Digraph:

  WI

Type:

  legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory

  contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation

  of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally

  proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

  (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976,

  with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from

  Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;

  Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since

  asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was

  seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued

  sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September

  1991

Capital:

  none

Administrative divisions:

  none (under de facto control of Morocco)

Leaders:

  none

Member of:

  none

Diplomatic representation in US:

  none

US diplomatic representation:

  none



*Western Sahara, Economy



Overview:

  Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little

  rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing,

  and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population.

  Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and

  other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  NA%

National product per capita:

  $300 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  NA%

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.)

 commodities:

  phosphates 62%

 partners:

  Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are

  included in overall Moroccan accounts

Imports:

  $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.)

 commodities:

  fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

 partners:

  Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are

  included in overall Moroccan accounts

External debt:

  $NA

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%

Electricity:

  60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries:

  phosphate mining, fishing, handicrafts

Agriculture:

  limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in

  nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food

  imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic

  natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces

Economic aid:

  NA

Currency:

  1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

  Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.034 (January 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707

  (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  NA



*Western Sahara, Communications



Highways:

  6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth

  roads and tracks

Ports:

  El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla

Airports:

 total:

  14

 usable:

  14

 with permanent-surface runways:

  3

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  5

Telecommunications:

  sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio

  relay, troposcatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to

  Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV



*Western Sahara, Defense Forces



Branches:

  NA

Manpower availability:

  NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*Western Samoa, Geography



Location:

  Oceania, 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about

  halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand

Map references:

  Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,860 km2  land area:

  2,850 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

  0 km

Coastline:

  403 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  none

Climate:

  tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior

Natural resources:

  hardwood forests, fish

Land use:

 arable land:

  19%

 permanent crops:

  24%

 meadows and pastures:

  0%

 forest and woodland:

  47%

 other:

  10%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism



*Western Samoa, People



Population:

  199,652 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.37% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  6.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  38.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  67.58 years  male:

  65.19 years

 female:

  70.08 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  4.28 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Western Samoan(s)

 adjective:

  Western Samoan

Ethnic divisions:

  Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood),

  Europeans 0.4%

Religions:

  Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London

  Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist,

  Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)

Languages:

  Samoan (Polynesian), English

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1971)

 total population:

  97%

 male:

  97%

 female:

  97%

Labor force:

  38,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 22,000 (1987 est.)



*Western Samoa, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Independent State of Western Samoa

 conventional short form:

  Western Samoa

Digraph:

  WS

Type:

  constitutional monarchy under native chief

Capital:

  Apia

Administrative divisions:

  11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga,

  Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano

Independence:

  1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand)

Constitution:

  1 January 1962

Legal system:   based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of

  legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not

  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  National Day, 1 June

Political parties and leaders:

  Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National

  Development Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman

Suffrage:

  21 years of age; universal, but only matai (head of family) are able to run

  for the Legislative Assembly

Elections:

 Legislative Assembly:

  last held 5 April 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1

Executive branch:

  chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962

  until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963)

 Head of Government:

  Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988)

Member of:

  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU,

  LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador-designate Neroni SLADE

 chancery:

  (temporary) suite 510, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

 telephone:

  (202) 833-1743

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa



*Western Samoa, Government



 embassy:

  address NA, Apia

 mailing address:

  P.O. Box 3430, Apia

 telephone:

  (685) 21-631

 FAX:

  (685) 22-030

Flag:

  red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five

  white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation



*Western Samoa, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to

  GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from

  the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant

  remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times

  export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and

  construction of the first international hotel is under way.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 million (1990)

National product real growth rate:

  -4.5% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

  $690 (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  15% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital

  expenditures of $41 million (FY92)

Exports:

  $9 million (f.o.b., 1990)

 commodities:

  coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3%

 partners:

  NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990)

Imports:

  $75 million (c.i.f., 1990)

 commodities:

  intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%

 partners:

  New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6%

External debt:

  $83 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP

Electricity:

  29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

  timber, tourism, food processing, fishing

Agriculture:

  accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million

Currency:

  1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene

Exchange rates:

  tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.5681 (January 1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991),

  2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Western Samoa, Communications



Highways:

  2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; 1,667 km mostly gravel, crushed stone, or

  earth

Ports:

  Apia

Merchant marine:

  1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  3

 usable:

  3

 with permanent-surface runways:

  1

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  0

Telecommunications:

  7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1

  Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station



*Western Samoa, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Department of Police and Prisons

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP



*World, Geography



Map references:

  Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  510.072 million km2

 land area:

  148.94 million km2

 water area:

  361.132 million km2

 comparative area:   land area about 16 times the size of the US

 note:

  70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land

Land boundaries:

  the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km (not counting shared

  boundaries twice)

Coastline:

  356,000 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  24 nm claimed by most but can vary

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth claimed by most or to the depth of exploitation, others claim

  200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm claimed by most but can vary

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm claimed by most but can vary

 territorial sea:

  12 nm claimed by most but can vary

 note:

  boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from

  extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 42 nations and

  other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia,

  Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,

  Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican

  City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein,

  Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger,

  Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan,

  Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Climate:

  two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate

  zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates

Terrain:

  highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is

  the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the

  Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters

Natural resources:

  the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of

  forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and

  the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and

  the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and

  peoples are only beginning to address

Land use:

 arable land:

  10%

 permanent crops:

  1%



*World, Geography



 meadows and pastures:

  24%

 forest and woodland:   31%

 other:

  34%

Irrigated land:

  NA km2

Environment:

  large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters

  (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation,

  industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances),

  loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of

  wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion



*World, People



Population:

  5,554,552,453 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.6% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  25 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  66 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  62 years

 male:

  60 years

 female:

  64 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  3.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

 combined:

  74%

 male:

  81%

 female:

  67%

Labor force:

  2.24 billion (1992)

 by occupation:

  NA



*World, Government



Digraph:

  XX

Administrative divisions:

  265 sovereign nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries

Legal system:

  varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations

  International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court)



*World, Economy



Overview:

  Real global output--gross world product (GWP)--rose one-half of 1% in 1992,

  with results varying widely among regions and countries. Average growth of

  1.5% in the GDP of industrialized countries (62% of GWP in 1992) and average

  growth of 5% in the GDP of less developed countries (30% of GWP) were offset

  by a further 15-20% drop in the GDP of the former Soviet-East European area

  (now only 8% of GWP). The United States accounted for 23% of GWP in 1992;

  the 12-member European Community, which established a single internal market

  on 1 January 1993, accounted for another 23%, and Japan accounted for 10%.

  These are the three "economic superpowers" presumably destined to compete

  for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. In general,

  growth in the industrialized countries was sluggish in 1992, with

  unemployment typically at 7-11%. As for the less developed countries, China,

  India, and the Four Dragons--South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and

  Singapore--posted good records; however, many other countries, especially in

  Africa, suffered bitterly from drought, rapid population growth, and civil

  strife. The continued plunge in production in practically all the former

  Warsaw Pact economies strained the political and social fabric of these

  newly independent nations, in particular in Russia. The addition of nearly

  100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating

  the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and

  famine. Because of their own internal problems, the industrialized countries

  have inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the

  world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further

  marginalized. (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the

  individual country entries in this volume.)

National product:

  GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power equivalent - $25.6 trillion

  (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  0.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $4,600 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

 developed countries:

  5% (1992 est.)

 developing countries:

  50% (1992 est.)

 note:

  these figures vary widely in individual cases

Unemployment rate:

  developed countries typically 7-11%; developing countries, extensive

  unemployment and underemployment (1992)

Exports:

  $3.64 trillion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

 partners:   in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries

Imports:

  $3.82 trillion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

 partners:

  in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries

External debt:

  $1 trillion for less developed countries (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -1% (1992 est.)



*World, Economy



Electricity:

  2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per

  capita (1990)

Industries:

  industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in

  computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical

  equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small

  portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these

  technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial

  nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid

  development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating

  already grim environmental problems

Agriculture:

  the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last

  20 years; the annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%,

  from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons;

  production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than

  increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for

  aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains

  malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide

  for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for

  food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in

  recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulation

Economic aid:

  NA



*World, Communications



Railroads:

  239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track;

  251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of

  electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far

  East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in

  North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by

  France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line

Ports:

  Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New

  Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama

Merchant marine:

  23,943 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 397,225,000 GRT/652,025,000 DWT;

  includes 347 passenger-cargo, 12,581 freighters, 5,473 bulk carriers, and

  5,542 tankers (January 1992)



*World, Defense Forces



Branches:

  ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology

Defense expenditures:

  $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.)



*Yemen, Geography



Location:

  Middle East, along the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, south of Saudi Arabia

Map references:

  Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  527,970 km2

 land area:

  527,970 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

 note:

  includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North

  Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South

  Yemen)

Land boundaries:

  total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Coastline:

  1,906 km

Maritime claims:

 contiguous zone:

  18 nm in the North

  24 nm in the South

 continental shelf:

  200 m depth in the North

  200 nm in the South or to the edge of the continental margin

 exclusive economic zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with

  Oman; a treaty with Oman to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary was ratified in

  December 1992

Climate:

  mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western

  mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh

  desert in east

Terrain:

  narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains;

  dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of

  the Arabian Peninsula

Natural resources:

  petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead,

  nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

Land use:

 arable land:

  6%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  30%

 forest and woodland:

  7%

 other:

  57%

Irrigated land:

  3,100 km2 (1989 est.)



*Yemen, Geography



Environment:

  subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater

  resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden,

  one of world's most active shipping lanes



*Yemen, People



Population:

  10,742,395 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.31% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  15.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -2.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  50.94 years

 male:

  49.83 years

 female:

  52.11 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:   7.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Yemeni(s)

 adjective:

  Yemeni

Ethnic divisions:

  predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in coastal locations; South

  Asians in southern regions; small European communities in major metropolitan

  areas; 60,000 (est.) Somali refugees encamped near Aden

Religions:

  Muslim (including Sha'fi, Sunni, and Zaydi Shi'a), Jewish, Christian, Hindu

Languages:

  Arabic

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  38%

 male:

  53%

 female:

  26%

Labor force:

 North:

  NA

 by occupation:

  agriculture and herding 70%, expatriate laborers 30% (est.)

 South:

  477,000

 by occupation:

  agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%,

  commerce and other 9.6% (1983)



*Yemen, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Yemen

 conventional short form:

  Yemen

 local long form:

  Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah

 local short form:

  Al Yaman

Digraph:

  YM

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Sanaa

Administrative divisions:

  17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda',

  Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb,

  Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz

 note:

  there may be a new capital district of San'a'

Independence:

  22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger

  of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the

  Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or

  South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November

  1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30

  November 1967 (from the UK)

Constitution:

  16 April 1991

Legal system:

  based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary

  law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

  General People's Congress, 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party

  (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front,

  Ba'th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform

  or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR

Other political or pressure groups:

  conservative tribal groups; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist parties; pro-Iraqi

  Ba'thists; Nasirists

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 House of Representatives:

  last held NA (next to be held 27 April 1993); results - percent of vote NA;

  seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of the

  new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly

  (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and

  appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members)

Executive branch:

  five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members

  from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister

Legislative branch:

  unicameral House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court



*Yemen, Government



Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of

  North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990);

  Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council

  Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz

  ABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS (since 22 May 1990,

  the former president of South Yemen)

Member of:

  ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,

  IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN,

  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI

 chancery:

  Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

 telephone:

  (202) 965-4760 or 4761

 consulate general:

  Detroit

 consulate:

  San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES

 embassy:

  Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa or Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC

  20521-6330

 telephone:

  [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852

 FAX:

  [967] (2) 251-563

Flag:

  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the

  flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green

  stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the

  white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle

  centered in the white band



*Yemen, Economy



Overview:

  Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen,

  the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the

  economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily

  on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. Former South

  Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in

  Soviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture

  have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its

  essential needs. Large trade deficits have been compensated for by

  remittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Once

  self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major

  importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables -

  has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by

  Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started

  flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million.

  Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of

  incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production

  decisions, investment allocation, and import choices.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:   NA%

National product per capita:

  $775 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  100% (December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

  30% (December 1992)

Budget:

  revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $908 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fish

 partners:

  US, EC countries, South Korea, Saudi Arabia

Imports:

  $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

 commodities:

  textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar,

  grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicals

 partners:

  Japan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia, US

External debt:

  $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

  714,000 kW capacity; 1,224 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

  crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of

  cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small

  aluminum products factory; cement

Agriculture:

  accounted for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly

  narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; not

  self-sufficient in grain



*Yemen, Economy



Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4

  billion

Currency:

  Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 South

  Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils

 note:

  following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the

  North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new

  Yemeni rial

Exchange rates:

  Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 30-40 (unofficial) (est.); North

  Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12.1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600

  (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemeni

  dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate)

 note:

  following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the

  North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new

  Yemeni rial

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Yemen, Communications



Highways:

  15,500 km total; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.)

Pipelines:

  crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km

Ports:

  Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif

Merchant marine:

  3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo,

  1 oil tanker

Airports:

 total:

  45

 usable:

  39

 with permanent-surface runways:

  10

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  0

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  18

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  11

Telecommunications:

  since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national

  domestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwave

  radio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast

  stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean

  INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave

  radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti



*Yemen, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, Police

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,060,124; fit for military service 1,172,633; reach

  military age (14) annually 133,727 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $762 million, 10% of GDP (1992)



*Zaire, Geography



Location:

  Central Africa, between Congo and Zambia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  2,345,410 km2

 land area:

  2,267,600 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly more than one-quarter the size of US

Land boundaries:

  total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic

  1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia

  1,930 km

Coastline:

  37 km

Maritime claims:

 exclusive fishing zone:

  200 nm

 territorial sea:

  12 nm

International disputes:

  Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be

  indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the

  Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the

  Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been

  made)

Climate:

  tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in

  southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator

  - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of

  Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

Terrain:

  vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east

Natural resources:

  cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold,

  silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore,

  coal, hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  3%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  4%

 forest and woodland:

  78%

 other:

  15%

Irrigated land:

  100 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:   dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands;

  periodic droughts in south

Note:

  straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo

  River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean



*Zaire, People



Population:

  41,345,738 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  3.2% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  48.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  47.26 years

 male:

  45.45 years

 female:

  49.12 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Zairian(s)

 adjective:

  Zairian

Ethnic divisions:

  over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes

  - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up

  about 45% of the population

Religions:

  Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other

  syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%

Languages:

  French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  72%

 male:

  84%

 female:

  61%

Labor force:

  15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is

  of working age)

 by occupation:

  agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985)



*Zaire, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Zaire

 conventional short form:

  Zaire

 local long form:

  Republique du Zaire

 local short form:

  Zaire

 former:

  Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa

Digraph:

  CG

Type:

  republic with a strong presidential system

Capital:

  Kinshasa

Administrative divisions:

  10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu,,   Bas-Zaire, Equateur,

Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental,

  Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu, Independence:

  30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

Constitution:

  24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April

  1990; new constitution to be put to referendum in 1993

Legal system:

  based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)

Political parties and leaders:

  sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution

  (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS),

  Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC),

  Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ

  a Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), leader NA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

 President:

  last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, the

  opposition-controlled transition legislature); results - President MOBUTU

  was reelected without opposition

 Legislative Council:

  last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by High Council); results -

  MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holds

  majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties

Executive branch:   president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Parliament; anti-Mobutu opposition claims National

  Parliament replaced by High Council

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

 Chief of State:

  President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24

  November 1965)



*Zaire, Government



 Head of Government:

  Interim Prime Minister Faustin BIRINDWA (since 18 March 1993)

Member of:

  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,

  IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

  ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador TATANENE Manata

 chancery:

  1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 234-7690 or 7691

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Deputy Chief of Mission John YATES

 embassy:

  310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa

 mailing address:

  APO AE 09828

 telephone:

  [243] (12) 21532, 21628

 FAX:

  [243] (12) 21232

 consulate general:

  Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor

  security situation)

Flag:

  light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a

  red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist

  side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia



*Zaire, Economy



Overview:

  In 1992, Zaire's formal economy continued to disintegrate. While meaningful

  economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, the

  largest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have made

  the country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions are

  conducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost all

  value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities.

  Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and

  petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial

  obligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place the

  financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for

  improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's

  long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and

  agricultural resources.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.2 billion (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)

National product real growth rate:

  -6% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $235 (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  35-40% per month (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

  $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil

 partners:

  US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment,

  fuels

 partners:

  South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK

External debt:

  $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth grate NA%

Electricity:

  2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear,

  and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds

Agriculture:

  cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava,

  bananas, root crops, corn

Illicit drugs:

  illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263

  million; except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US

  assistance was given to Zaire in 1992



*Zaire, Economy



Currency:

  1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta

Exchange rates:

  zaire (Z) per US$1 - 2,000,000 (January1993), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381

  (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Zaire, Communications



Railroads:

  5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km

  1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge;

  limited trackage in use because of civil strife

Highways:

  146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth;

  97,500 unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 390 km

Ports:

  Matadi, Boma, Banana

Merchant marine:

  1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWT

Airports:

 total:

  281

 usable:

  235

 with permanent-surface runways:

  25

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  6

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  73

Telecommunications:

  barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4

  FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic



*Zaire, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard,

  Special Presidential Division

Manpower availability:   males age 15-49 8,879,731; fit for military service 4,521,768 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988)



*Zambia, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, between Zaire and Zimbabwe

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  752,610 km2

 land area:

  740,720 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:

  total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia

  233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement;

  Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be

  indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the

  Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled

Climate:

  tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

Terrain:

  mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Natural resources:

  copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,

  hydropower potential

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:

  0%

 meadows and pastures:

  47%

 forest and woodland:

  27%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  320 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

  landlocked



*Zambia, People



Population:

  8,926,099 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  2.96% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  46.53 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  16.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  83.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  45.56 years

 male:

  44.97 years

 female:

  46.16 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Zambian(s)

 adjective:

  Zambian

Ethnic divisions:

  African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Religions:

  Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:

  English (official)

 note:

  about 70 indigenous languages

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:

  73%

 male:

  81%

 female:

  65%

Labor force:

  2.455 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and

  services 9%



*Zambia, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Zambia

 conventional short form:

  Zambia

 former:

  Northern Rhodesia

Digraph:

  ZA

Type:

  republic

Capital:

  Lusaka

Administrative divisions:

  9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern,

  North-Western, Southern, Western

Independence:

  24 October 1964 (from UK)

Constitution:

  NA August 1991

Legal system:

  based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of

  legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted

  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Political parties and leaders:

  Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National

  Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; United Democratic Party, Enoch

  KAVINDELE

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 President:

  last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick

  CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16%

 National Assembly:

  last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of

  vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25

Executive branch:

  president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

  SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Dunstan KAMONA

 chancery:   2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

 telephone:

  (202) 265-9717 through 9721



*Zambia, Government



US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB

 embassy:

  corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka

 telephone:

  [260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603

 FAX:

  [260-1] 251-578

Flag:

  green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and

  orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag



*Zambia, Economy



Overview:

  The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports

  and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronically

  depressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In

  1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growth

  of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past

  decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in

  recent years, as well as severe drought in the crop year 1991/92.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $550 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  170% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  NA%

Budget:

  revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital

  expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

  $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco

 partners:

  EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India

Imports:

  $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures

 partners:

  EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US

External debt:

  $7.6 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

  growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP

Electricity:

  2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita

  (1991)

Industries:

  copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages,

  chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer

Agriculture:

  accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple),

  sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava;

  cattle, goats, beef, eggs

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533

  million

Currency:

  1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee

Exchange rates:

  Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 178.5714 (August 1992), 61.7284 (1991),

  28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987)

Fiscal year:

  calendar year



*Zambia, Communications



Railroads:

  1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track

Highways:

  36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or

  stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika

Pipelines:

  crude oil 1,724 km

Ports:

  Mpulungu (lake port)

Airports:

 total:

  116

 usable:

  104

 with permanent-surface runways:

  13

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  1

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:   4

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  22

Telecommunications:

  facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave

  connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9

  TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean

  INTELSAT



*Zambia, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 1,810,442; fit for military service 949,878 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.)



*Zimbabwe, Geography



Location:

  Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Map references:

  Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

 total area:

  390,580 km2

 land area:

  386,670 km2

 comparative area:

  slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:

  total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km,

  Zambia 797 km

Coastline:

  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

  none; landlocked

International disputes:

  quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement

Climate:

  tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Terrain:

  mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in

  east

Natural resources:

  coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,

  lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use:

 arable land:

  7%

 permanent crops:   0%

 meadows and pastures:

  12%

 forest and woodland:

  62%

 other:

  19%

Irrigated land:

  2,200 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

  recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil

  erosion; air and water pollution

Note:

  landlocked



*Zimbabwe, People



Population:

  10,837,772 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

  1.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

  38.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

  17.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

  -7.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  75.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

 total population:

  42.82 years

 male:

  41.2 years

 female:

  44.49 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

  5.26 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

 noun:

  Zimbabwean(s)

 adjective:

  Zimbabwean

Ethnic divisions:

  African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian

  1%

Religions:

  syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%,

  indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages:

  English (official), Shona, Sindebele

Literacy:

  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

 total population:   67%

 male:

  74%

 female:

  60%

Labor force:

  3.1 million

 by occupation:

  agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing,

  construction 10% (1987)



*Zimbabwe, Government



Names:

 conventional long form:

  Republic of Zimbabwe

 conventional short form:

  Zimbabwe

 former:

  Southern Rhodesia

Digraph:

  ZI

Type:

  parliamentary democracy

Capital:

  Harare

Administrative divisions:

  8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland

  West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Independence:

  18 April 1980 (from UK)

Constitution:

  21 December 1979

Legal system:

  mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

National holiday:

  Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Political parties and leaders:

  Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE;

  Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE;

  Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel

  MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA

Suffrage:

  18 years of age; universal

Elections:

 Executive President:

  last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert

  MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7%

 Parliament:

  last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results -

  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117,

  ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1

Executive branch:

  executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

  unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch:

  Supreme Court

Leaders:

 Chief of State and Head of Government:

  Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice

  President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President

  Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)

Member of:

  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

  IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,

  NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL,

  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

 chief of mission:

  Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate Amos

  Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI



*Zimbabwe, Government



 chancery:

  1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

 telephone:

  (202) 332-7100

US diplomatic representation:

 chief of mission:

  Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER

 embassy:

  172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare

 mailing address:

  P. O. Box 3340, Harare

 telephone:

  [263] (4) 794-521

 FAX:

  [263] (4) 796-488

Flag:

  seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and

  green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist

  side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in

  the center of the triangle



*Zimbabwe, Economy



Overview:

  Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40%

  of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining,

  produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for

  only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals

  account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural

  production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate,

  one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped

  by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in

  1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about

  10% in 1992.

National product:

  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

  -10% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

  $545 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

  45% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

  at least 35% (1993 est.)

Budget:

  revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital

  expenditures of $330 million (FY91)

Exports:

  $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%,

  ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%

 partners:

  UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991)

Imports:

  $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

 commodities:

  machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%,

  chemicals 16%, fuels 15%

 partners:

  UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991)

External debt:

  $3.9 billion (March 1993 est.)

Industrial production:

  growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDP

Electricity:

  3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

  mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer,

  beverage, transportation equipment, wood products

Agriculture:

  accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area

  divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops -

  corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts;

  livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)

  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC

  bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134

  million

Currency:

  1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents



*Zimbabwe, Economy



Exchange rates:

  Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992),

  3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988)

Fiscal year:

  1 July - 30 June



*Zimbabwe, Communications



Railroads:

  2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km

  electrified)

Highways:

  85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel,

  stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

  Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication

Pipelines:

  petroleum products 212 km

Airports:

 total:

  485

 usable:

  403

 with permanent-surface runways:

  22

 with runways over 3,659 m:

  2

 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

  3

 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

  29

Telecommunications:

  system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor

  maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio

  communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18

  FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station



*Zimbabwe, Defense Forces



Branches:

  Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police

  (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia

Manpower availability:

  males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

  exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)



***



Appendix A:



The United Nations System



  The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous

subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:



1) Secretariat



2) General Assembly:

    UNCHS   United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)

    UNCTAD  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

    UNDP    United Nations Development Program

    UNEP    United Nations Environment Program

    UNFPA   United Nations Population Fund

    UNHCR   United Nations Office of High Commissioner for

            Refugees

    UNICEF  United Nations Children's Fund

    UN Institute for Training and Research

    UNRWA   United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine

            Refugees in the Near East

    UN Special Fund

    UN University

    WFC     World Food Council

    WFP     World Food Program



3) Security Council:

    UNAVEM II  United Nations Angola Verification Mission

    UNDOF      United Nations Disengagement Observer Force

    UNFICYP    United Nations Force in Cyprus

    UNIFIL     United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

    UNMOGIP    United Nations Military Observer Group in India

               and Pakistan

    UNTSO      United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

    UNIKOM     United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission

    MINURSO    United Nations Mission for the Referendum in

               Western Sahara

    ONUSAL     United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador

    UNTAC      United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

    UNPROFOR   United Nations Protection Force

    UNOSOM     United Nations Operation in Somolia

    UNOMOZ     United Nations Operation in Mozambique



4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):

    Specialized agencies

     FAO       Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

               Nations

     IBRD      International Bank for Reconstruction and

               Development

     ICAO      International Civil Aviation Organization

     IDA       International Development Association

     IFAD      International Fund for Agricultural Development

     IFC       International Finance Corporation

     ILO       International Labor Organization

     IMF       International Monetary Fund

     IMO       International Maritime Organization

     ITU       International Telecommunication Union

     UNESCO    United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

               Cultural Organization

     UNIDO     United Nations Industrial Development Organization

     UPU       Universal Postal Union

     WHO       World Health Organization

     WIPO      World Intellectual Property Organization

     WMO       World Meteorological Organization



    Related organizations

     GATT      General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

     IAEA      International Atomic Energy Agency



    Regional commissions

     ECA       Economic Commission for Africa

     ECE       Economic Commission for Europe

     ECLAC     Economic Commission for Latin America and the

               Caribbean

     ESCAP     Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the

               Pacific

     ESCWA     Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia



    Functional commissions

     Commission on Human Rights

     Commission on Narcotics Drugs

     Commission for Social Development

     Commission on the Status of Women

     Population Commission

     Statistical Commission

     Commission on Science and Technology for Development

     Commission on Sustainable Development

     Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

     Commission on Transnational Corporations



5) Trusteeship Council



6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)



***



Appendix B

Abbreviations for

International

Organizations and Groups

A     ABEDA    Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa

      ACC      Arab Cooperation Council

      ACCT     Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique;

               see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation

      ACP      African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries

      AfDB     African Development Bank

      AFESD    Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development

      AG       Andean Group

      AL       Arab League

      ALADI    Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion;

               see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)

      AMF      Arab Monetary Fund

      AMU      Arab Maghreb Union

      ANZUS    Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty

      APEC     Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

      AsDB     Asian Development Bank

      ASEAN    Association of Southeast Asian Nations

B     BAD      Banque Africaine de Developpement;

               see African Development Bank (AfDB)

      BADEA    Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique;

               see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)

      BCIE     Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico;

               see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)

      BDEAC    Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;

               see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)

      Benelux  Benelux Economic Union

      BID      Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo;

               see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

      BIS      Bank for International Settlements

      BOAD     Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement;

               see West African Development Bank (WADB)

      BSEC     Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone

C     C        Commonwealth

      CACM     Central American Common Market

      CAEU     Council of Arab Economic Unity

      CARICOM  Caribbean Community and Common Market

      CBSS     Council of the Baltic Sea States

      CCC      Customs Cooperation Council

      CDB      Caribbean Development Bank

      CE       Council of Europe

      CEAO     Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest;

               see West African Economic Community (CEAO)

      CEEAC    Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;

               see Economic Community of Central African

States (CEEAC)

      CEI      Central European Initiative

      CEMA     Council for Mutual Economic Assistance;

               also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991

      CEPGL    Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs;

               see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries

(CEPGL)

       CERN     Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire;

                see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

      CG        Contadora Group

      CIS       Commonwealth of Independent States

      CMEA      Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as

Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991

      COCOM     Coordinating Committee on Export Controls

Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA;

abolished 1 January 1991

      CP        Colombo Plan

      CSCE      Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

D     DC        developed country

E     EADB      East African Development Bank

      EBRD      European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

      EC        European Community

      ECA       Economic Commission for Africa

      ECAFE     Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East;

                see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific    

            (ESCAP)

      ECE       Economic Commission for Europe

      ECLA      Economic Commission for Latin America;

                see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

                (ECLAC)

      ECLAC     Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

      ECO       Economic Cooperation Organization

      ECOSOC    Economic and Social Council

      ECOWAS    Economic Community of West African States

      ECWA      Economic Commission for Western Asia;

                see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

      EFTA      European Free Trade Association

      EIB       European Investment Bank

      Entente   Council of the Entente

      ESA       European Space Agency

      ESCAP     Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

      ESCWA     Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

F     FAO       Food and Agriculture Organization

      FLS       Front Line States

      FZ        Franc Zone

G     G-2       Group of 2

      G-3       Group of 3

      G-5       Group of 5

      G-6       Group of 6 (not to be

confused with the Big Six)

      G-7       Group of 7

      G-8       Group of 8

      G-9       Group of 9

      G-10      Group of 10

      G-11      Group of 11

      G-15      Group of 15

      G-19      Group of 19

      G-24      Group of 24

      G-30      Group of 30

      G-33      Group of 33

      G-77      Group of 77

      GATT      General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

      GCC       Gulf Cooperation Council

H     Habitat   Commission on Human Settlements

I     IADB      Inter-American Development Bank

      IAEA      International Atomic Energy Agency

      IBEC      International Bank for Economic Cooperation

      IBRD      International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

      ICAO      International Civil Aviation Organization

      ICC       International Chamber of Commerce

      ICEM      Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration;

                see International Organization for Migration (IOM)

      ICFTU     International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

      ICJ       International Court of Justice

      ICM       Intergovernmental Committee for Migration;

                see International Organization for Migration (IOM)

      ICRC      International Committee of the Red Cross

      IDA       International Development Association

      IDB       Islamic Development Bank

      IEA       International Energy Agency

      IFAD      International Fund for Agricultural Development

      IFC       International Finance Corporation

      IGADD     Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development

      IIB       International Investment Bank

      ILO       International Labor Organization

      IMCO      Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization;

                see International Maritime Organization (IMO)

      IMF       International Monetary Fund

      IMO       International Maritime Organization

      INMARSAT  International Maritime Satellite Organization

      INTELSAT  International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

      INTERPOL  International Criminal Police Organization

      IOC       International Olympic Committee

      IOM       International Organization for Migration

      ISO       International Organization for Standardization

      ITU       International Telecommunication Union

L     LAES      Latin American Economic System

      LAIA      Latin American Integration Association

      LAS       League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)

      LDC       less developed country

      LLDC      least developed country

      LORCS     League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

M     MERCOSUR  Mercado Comun del Cono Sur;

                see Southern Cone Common Market

      MINURSO   United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

      MTCR      Missile Technology Control Regime

N     NACC      North Atlantic Cooperation Council

      NAM       Nonaligned Movement

      NATO      North Atlantic Treaty Organization

      NC        Nordic Council

      NEA       Nuclear Energy Agency

      NIB       Nordic Investment Bank

      NIC       newly industrializing country;

                see newly industrializing economy (NIE)

      NIE       newly industrializing economy

      NSG       Nuclear Suppliers Group

O     OAPEC     Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

      OAS       Organization of American States

      OAU       Organization of African Unity

      OECD      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

      OECS      Organization of Eastern Caribbean States

      OIC       Organization of the Islamic Conference

      ONUSAL    United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador

      OPANAL    Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la    

            America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of      

          Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

      OPEC      Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

P     PCA       Permanent Court of Arbitration

R     RG        Rio Group

S     SAARC     South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

      SACU      Southern African Customs Union

      SADC      Southern African Development Community

      SELA      Sistema Economico Latinoamericana;

                see Latin American Economic System (LAES)

      SPARTECA  South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement

      SPC       South Pacific Commission

      SPF       South Pacific Forum

U     UDEAC     Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale;

                see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)

      UN        United Nations

      UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission

      UNCTAD    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

      UNDOF     United Nations Disengagement Observer Force

      UNDP      United Nations Development Program

      UNEP      United Nations Environment Program

      UNESCO    United Nations Educational, Scientific, and                

Cultural Organization

      UNFICYP   United Nations Force in Cyprus

      UNFPA     United Nations Fund for Population Activities;

                see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)

      UNHCR     United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees

      UNICEF    United Nations Children's Fund

      UNIDO     United Nations Industrial Development Organization

      UNIFIL    United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

      UNIKOM    United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission

      UNMOGIP   United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

      UNOMOZ    United Nations Operation in Mozambique

      UNOSOM    United Nations Operation in Somalia

      UNPROFOR  United Nations ProtectionForce

      UNRWA     United Nations Relief and Works Agency for

                Palestine Refugees in the Near East

      UNTAC     United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

      UNTSO     United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

      UPU       Universal Postal Union

      USSR/EE   USSR/Eastern Europe

W     WADB      West African Development Bank

      WCL       World Confederation of Labor

      WEU       Western European Union

      WFC       World Food Council

      WFP       World Food Program

      WFTU      World Federation of Trade Unions

      WHO       World Health Organization

      WIPO      World Intellectual Property Organization

      WMO       World Meteorological Organization

      WP        Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to

                dissolve the alliance)

      WTO       World Tourism Organization

Z     ZC        Zangger Committee

Note: Not all international organizations and groups have

abbreviations



***



Appendix C:

International Organizations

and Groups



advanced developing countries

another term for those less

developed countries (LDCs) with particularly

rapid industrial development; see newly

industrializing economies (NIEs) African,

Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)



established-1 April 1976



aim-members have a preferential

economic and aid relationship with the EC



members-(69) Angola, Antigua and

Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana,

Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,

Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-

Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho,

Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,

Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea,

Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent

and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and

Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





African Development Bank (AfDB),

also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)



established-4 August 1963



aim-to promote economic and social

development



regional members-(50)

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,

Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,

Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti,

Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon,

The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,

Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger,

Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland,

Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

nonregional members-(25)

Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark,

Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea,

Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia





Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)

see Agency for Cultural and

Technical Cooperation (ACCT)





Agency for Cultural

and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)



note-acronym from Agence de Cooperation

Culturelle et Technique



established-21 March 1970



aim-to promote cultural and technical

cooperation among French-speaking countries



members-(31) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi,

Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,

Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial

Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Luxembourg,

Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda,

Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire



associate members-(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania,

Morocco, Saint Lucia

participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada),

Quebec (Canada)





Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the

Caribbean (OPANAL)



note-acronym from Organismo para

la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la

America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)



established-14 February 1967



aim-to encourage the peaceful uses

of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons



members-(26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,

Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,

Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG)



established-26 May 1969



effective-16 October 1969



aim-to promote harmonious development

through economic integration



members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Venezuela

associate member-(1) Panama

observers-(26) Argentina, Australia,

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark,

Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy,

Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has

dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the

former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to

participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia

in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and

their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies.

The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to

remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to

fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number

of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership

of the former Yugoslavia. The The World Factbook therefore continues to list

Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or

where no action has yet been taken.





Arab Bank for Economic

Development in Africa (ABEDA)



note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)

established-18 February 1974



effective-16 September 1974



aim-to promote economic development



members-(17 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq,

Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,

Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria,

Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization;



note-these are all the members of the Arab League

except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen





Arab Cooperation Council

(ACC)



established-16 February 1989



aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration,

possibly leading to an Arab Common Market



members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen





Arab Fund for Economic

and Social Development (AFESD)



established-16 May 1968



aim-to promote economic and social

development



members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt

(suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,

Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi

Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen,

Palestine Liberation Organization





Arab League (AL)



note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS)



established-22 March 1945



aim-to promote economic, social,

political, and military cooperation



members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt,

Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,

Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,

Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation

Organization





Arab Maghreb Union

(AMU)



established-17 February 1989



aim-to promote cooperation and integration

among the Arab states of northern Africa



members-(5) Algeria, Libya,

Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia





Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)



established-27 April 1976



effective-2 February 1977



aim-to promote Arab cooperation,

development, and integration in monetary and

economic affairs



members-(19 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,

Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,

Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia,

UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization





Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)



established-NA November 1989



aim-to promote trade and investment

in the Pacific basin



members-(15) all ASEAN members (Brunei,

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand)

plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South

Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US





Asian Development Bank

(AsDB)



established-19 December 1966



aim-to promote regional economic

cooperation



regional members-(36)

Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,

Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India,

Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos,

Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands,

Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal,

NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,

Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga,

Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa nonregional members-(16)

Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,

Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US





Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)

see Latin American

Integration Association (LAIA)





Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)



established-9 August 1967



aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and

cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries

of Southeast Asia



members-(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Philippines, Singapore, Thailand

observer-(1) Papua New Guinea





Australia Group



established-1984



aim-to consult on and coordinate

export controls related to chemical and biological weapons



members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

observer-(1) Singapore





Australia--New Zealand--United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)



established-1 September 1951



effective-29 April 1952



aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security

agreement, although the US suspended security

obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986

members-(3) Australia, NZ, US





Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)

see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)





Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)





Bank for International Settlements (BIS)



established-20 January 1930



effective-17 March 1930



aim-to promote cooperation among

central banks in international financial settlements



members-(30) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,

Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,

Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia





Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)

see African Development Bank (AfDB)





Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)

see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)





Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique

Centrale (BDEAC) see Central African States

Development Bank (BDEAC)





Banque Ouest-Africaine de  Developpement (BOAD)

see West African Development Bank (WADB)





Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)



note-acronym from Belgium,

Netherlands, and Luxembourg



established-3 February 1958



effective-1 November 1960



aim-to develop closer economic cooperation and integration



members-(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands





Big Seven



note-membership is the same as the Group of 7



established-NA



aim-to discuss and coordinate major economic policies



members-(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,

UK) plus the US Big Six



note-not to be confused with the Group of 6



established-NA



aim-to foster economic cooperation



members-(6) Canada, France, Germany,

Italy, Japan, UK





Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)



established-25 June 1992



aim-to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation



members-(11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia,

Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia,

Turkey, Ukraine





Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)



established-4 July 1973



effective-1 August 1973



aim-to promote economic integration

and development, especially among the less developed

countries



members-(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica,

Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

associate members-(2)

British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

observers-(10) Anguilla, Bermuda,

Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico,

Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela





Caribbean Development Bank

(CDB)



established-18 October 1969



effective-26 January 1970



aim-to promote economic development and cooperation



regional members-(20)

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,

Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands,

Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico,

Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint

Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks

and Caicos Islands, Venezuela

nonregional members-(5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK





Cartagena Group

see Group of 11





Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)



note-acronym from Union Douaniere

et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale



established-8 December 1964



effective-1 January 1966



aim-to promote the establishment of a Central African Common

Market



members-(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon





Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)



note-acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de

l'Afrique Centrale



established-3 December 1975



aim-to provide loans for economic

development



members-(9) Cameroon, Central African

Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France,

Gabon, Germany, Kuwait





Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)



note-acronym from Banco Centroamericano

de Integracion Economico



established-13 December 1960



aim-to promote economic integration

and development



members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua





Central American Common Market (CACM)



established-13 December 1960



effective-3 June 1961



aim-to promote establishment of

a Central American Common Market



members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua





Central European Initiative (CEI)



note-evolved from the Hexagonal Group

established-July 1991



aim-to form an economic and political

cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and

the Baltic Seas



members-(10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,

Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Yugoslavia





centrally planned economies a term applied mainly to the

traditionally Communist states that looked to the

former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving

toward more democratic and market-oriented

systems; also known formerly as the Second World

or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s,

this group included

Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary,

North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia





Colombo Plan (CP)



established-1 July 1951



aim-to promote economic and social

development in Asia and the Pacific



members-(26) Afghanistan,

Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada,

Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos,

Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New

Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,

Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US





Commission for Social Development



established-21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966



aim-Economic and Social Council

organization dealing with social

development programs of UN



members-(32) selected on a rotating

basis from all regions





Commission on Human Rights



established-18 February 1946



aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing

with human rights programs of UN



members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)



established-12 October 1978



aim-Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human

settlement problems of UN



members-(58) selected on a rotating

basis from all regions





Commission on Narcotic Drugs



established-16 February 1946



aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing

with illicit drugs programs of UN



members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

with emphasis on producing and processing countries





Commission on the Status of Women



established-21 June 1946



aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with

women's rights goals of UN



members-(32) selected on a rotating

basis from all regions





Commonwealth (C)



established-31 December 1931



aim-voluntary association that evolved

from the British Empire and that seeks to foster

multinational cooperation and assistance



members-(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,

Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,

Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts

and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga,

Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

special members-(2) Nauru, Tuvalu





Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)



established-8 December 1991



effective-21 December 1991



aim-to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for

the orderly dissolution of the USSR



members-(10) Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan





Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)

see West African Economic Community (CEAO)





Communaute Economique des

Etats de l'Afrique Centrale

(CEEAC)



see Economic Community of Central

African States (CEEAC)





Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs

(CEPGL)



see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)





Communist countries

traditionally the Marxist-Leninist

states with authoritarian governments and command

economies based on the Soviet model; most of the

successor states are no longer Communist; see

centrally planned economies





Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

(CSCE)



established-NA November 1972



aim-discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the

Helsinki Agreement



members-(53) Albania, Armenia, Austria,

Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,

Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,

San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,

UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia

observer-(1) Japan





Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)



see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)





Contadora Group (CG)



was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to

reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group

(RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela





Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the

Gulf



see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)





Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)



established-NA 1949



aim-to control the export of strategic

products and technical data from member countries to

proscribed destinations



members-(17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,

Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,

Spain, Turkey, UK, US

cooperating countries-(8) Austria, Finland, Ireland,

South Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland





Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)

also known as CMEA or Comecon,



was established 25 January 1949 to promote the

development of socialist economies and was abolished

1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer),

Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with

USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba,

Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos

(observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua

(observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen

(observer), Yugoslavia (associate)





Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)



established-3 June 1957



effective-30 May 1964



aim-to promote economic integration

among Arab nations



members-(11 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya,

Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine





Liberation Organization Council of the Baltic Sea States

(CBSS)



established-5 March 1992



aim-to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in

the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic

development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment,

cultural and education, and transportation and communication

members-(10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia,

Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden

observers-(2) Belarus, Ukraine





Council of Europe (CE)



established-5 May 1949



effective-3 August 1949



aim-to promote increased unity and

quality of life in Europe



members-(29) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,

Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,

Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK





Council of the Entente (Entente)



established-29 May 1959



aim-to promote economic, social,and political coordination



members-(5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo





Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)



established-15 December 1950



aim-to promote international cooperation

in customs matters



members-(114) Algeria, Angola, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium,

Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,

Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,

Chile, China, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France,

Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,

Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,

Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho,

Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger,

Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,

Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri

Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,

Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia,

Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





developed countries (DCs)



the top group in the comprehensive

but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed

countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former

USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);

includes the market-oriented economies of the

mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South

Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the

First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial

countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of

$10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have

figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC

countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 34 DCs are:

Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda,

Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,

Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ,

Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US



developing countries



an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see

less developed countries (LDCs)





East African Development Bank (EADB)



established-6 June 1967



effective-1 December 1967



aim-to promote economic development



members-(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda





Economic and Social Commission for Asia and

the Pacific (ESCAP)



established-28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East

(ECAFE)



aim-to promote economic development

as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and

Social Council



members-(46) Afghanistan, Australia,

Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France,

India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,

Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,

Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,

Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore,

Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga,

Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK,US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa

associate members-(10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French

Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana

Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific

Islands (Palau)





Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

(ESCWA)



established-9 August 1973 as Economic

Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)



aim-to promote economic development

as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and

Social Council



members-(12 and the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,

Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen,

Palestine Liberation Organization





Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-to coordinate the economic and

social work of the UN; includes five regional

commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa,

Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission

for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and

Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic

and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six

functional commissions

(see Commission for Social Development, Commission on

Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission

on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical

Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on

Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice,

and Commission on Transnational Corporations)



members-(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)



established-29 April 1958



aim-to promote economic development

as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and

Social Council



members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin,

Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote

d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,

Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-

Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,

Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco,

Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome

and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,

Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, Swaziland,

Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe associate members-(2)

France, UK





Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East

(ECAFE)

see Economic and Social Commission

for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)





Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)



established-28 March 1947



aim-to promote economic development

as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council



members-(44) Albania, Austria, Belarus,

Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,

Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San

Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK,

US, Yugoslavia





Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)

see Economic Commission for

Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)





Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean (ECLAC)



established-25 February 1948 as

Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)



aim-to promote economic development

as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and

Social Council



members-(41) Antigua and Barbuda,

Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia,

Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,

Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua,

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and

Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay,

Venezuela

associate members-(6)

Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands

Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands





Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)

see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)





Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-acronym from Communaute

Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale



established-18 October 1983



aim-to promote regional economic

cooperation and establish a Central African Common

Market



members-(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire

observer-(1) Angola





Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries

(CEPGL)



note-acronym from Communaute Economique

des Pays des Grands Lacs



established-26 September 1976



aim-to promote regional economic

cooperation and integration



members-(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire

Economic Community of





West African States (ECOWAS)



established-28 May 1975



aim-to promote regional economic

cooperation



members-(17) Benin, Burkina, Cape

Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal,

Sierra Leone,Togo





Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)



established-1985



aim-to promote regional cooperation

in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural

affairs,and economic development



members-(10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,

Uzbekistan





European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

(EBRD)



established-15 April 1991



aim-to facilitate the transition

of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia)

to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization



members-(58) Albania, Armenia, Australia,

Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt,

European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France,

Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,

Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico,

Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey,

Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan,

Yugoslavia; note-includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an

institution





European Community (EC)



established-8 April 1965



effective-1 July 1967



aim-to integrate the European Atomic





Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel

Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community

(EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a

completely integrated common market and an eventual

federation of Europe



members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France,

Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK





European Free Trade Association (EFTA)



established-4 January 1960



effective-3 May 1960



aim-to promote expansion of free rade



members-(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Leichtenstein,

Norway, Sweden, Switzerland





European Investment Bank EIB)



established-25 March 1957



effective-1 January 1958



aim-to promote economic development

of the EC



members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France,

Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK



European Organization for uclear Research (CERN)



note-acronym retained from the predecessor

organization Conseil Europeen pour la

Recherche Nucleaire established-1 July 1953



effective-29 September 1954



aim-to foster nuclear research for

peaceful purposes only



members-(19) Austria, Belgium, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

observers-(6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations

Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),

Yugoslavia





European Space Agency ESA)



established-31 July 1973



effective-1 May 1975



aim-to promote peaceful cooperation

in space research and technology



members-(13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark,

France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands,

Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

associate member-(1) Finland

cooperating state-(1) Canada





First World



another term for countries ith advanced, industrialized

economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries

(DCs)





Food and Agriculture rganization (FAO)



established-16 October 1945



aim-UN specialized agency to raise

living standards and increase availability of

agricultural products



members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,

Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central

African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica,

Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, EC, Egypt, El Salvador,

Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,

Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,

North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,

Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,

Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,

 Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,

Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint

Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and

Principe, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon

Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swazi

land, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,

Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe associate member-(1) Puerto Rico





Former USSR/Eastern Europe former USSR/EE)



the middle group in the comprehensive

but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed

countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former

USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these

countries are in political and economic transition and

may well be grouped differently in the near future;

this group of 27 countries includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia,

Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia. Moldova, oland,

Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan





Four Dragons



the four small Asian less developed

countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic

growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group

includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan





Four Tigers



another term for the Four Dragons;

see Four Dragons





Franc Zone (FZ)



established-NA



aim-to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are

linked to the French franc



members-(15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon,

Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote

d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali,

Niger, Senegal, Togo; note-France includes

metropolitan France, the four overseas departments

of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique,

Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of

France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the

three overseas territories of France (French

Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)



Front Line States (FLS)



established-NA



aim-to achieve black majority rule

in South Africa



members-(7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique,

Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe





General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)



established-30 October 1947



effective-1 January 1948



aim-to promote the expansion of

international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis



members-(104) Antigua and Barbuda,

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central

African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa

Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador,

Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,

Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary,

Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy,

Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho,

Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,

Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,

Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden,

Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,

Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





Group of 2 (G-2)



established-informal term that came

into use about 1986



aim-bilateral economic cooperation

between the two most powerful economic giants



members-(2) Japan, US





Group of 3 (G-3)



established-NA October 1990



aim-mechanism for policy coordination



members-(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela





Group of 5 (G-5)



established-22 September 1985



aim-the five major non-Communist economic powers



members-(5) France, Germany, Japan,

UK, US





Group of 6 (G-6)



note-not to be confused with theBig Six



established-22 May 1984



aim-to achieve nuclear disarmament



members-(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico,

Sweden, Tanzania





Group of 7 (G-7)



note-membership is the same as the Big Seven



established-22 September 1985



aim-the seven major non-Communist economic powers



members-(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus

Canada and Italy





Group of 8 (G-8)



established-NA October 1975



aim-the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the

Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several

sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977



members-(8) Australia, Canada, EC

(as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

US





Group of 9 (G-9)



established-NA



aim-informal group that meets occasionally

on matters of mutual interest



members-(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,

Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania,

Sweden, Yugoslavia





Group of 10 (G-10)



note-also known as the Paris Club



established-NA October 1962



aim-wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned

and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the

addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984



members-(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,

Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US





Group of 11 (G-11)



note-also known as the Cartagena Group



established-22 June 1984, in Cartagena,

Colombia



aim-forum for largest debtor nations

in Latin America



members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia,

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,

Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela





Group of 15 (G-15)



note-byproduct of the Non-Aligned

Movement



established-1989



aim-to promote economic cooperation

among developing nations; to act as the main political

organ for the Non-Aligned Movement



members-(15) Algeria, Argentina,

Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia,

Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia,

Zimbabwe





Group of 19 (G-19)



established-NA October 1975



aim-the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on

International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA

December 1975 and 3 June

1977



members-(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia





Group of 24 (G-24)



established-NA January 1972



aim-to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia,

and Latin America within the IMF



members-(24) Algeria, Argentina,

Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia,

Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon,

Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri

Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela,

Yugoslavia, Zaire





Group of 30 (G-30)



established-NA 1979



aim-to discuss and propose solutions

to the world's economic problems



members-(30) informal group of 30

leading international bankers, economists, financial

experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes

Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)





Group of 33 (G-33)



established-NA 1987



aim-to promote solutions to international economic

problems



members-(33) leading economists from 13 countries





Group of 77 (G-77)



established-NA October 1967



aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries;

name persists in spite of increased membership



members-(127 plus the Palestine

Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola,

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,

Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,

Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa

Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia,

Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea,

Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,

Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,

Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,

Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts

and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,

Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon

Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,

Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and

Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela,

Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation





Organization Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)



note-also known as the Cooperation Council for the

Arab States of the Gulf



established-25-26 May 1981



aim-to promote regional cooperation in economic, social,

political, and military affairs



members-(6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,

Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE





Habitat



Commission on Human Settlements





Hexagonal Group

see Central European Initiative (CEI)





high-income countries



another term for the industrialized

countries with high per capita GNPs/GDPs; see

developed countries (DCs)





industrial countries



another term for the developed countries; see developed

countries (DCs)



Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IADB)

note-also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)



established-8 April 1959



effective-30 December 1959



aim-to promote economic and social development in Latin

America



members-(44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia,

Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua,

Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,

Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia





Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development

(IGADD)



established-NA January 1986



aim-to promote cooperation on drought-related

matters



members-(6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda





International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)



established-26 October 1956



effective-29 July 1957



aim-to promote peaceful uses of tomic energy



members-(115) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh,

Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma,

Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia,

Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,

Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland,

France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,

Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,

Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,

Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,

Madagascar, alaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,

Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,

Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,

Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,

Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Bank for conomic Cooperation (IBEC)



established in 22 October 1963;



aim was to promote economic cooperation and development;



members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East

Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR,

Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter





International Bank for econstruction and Development

(IBRD)



note-also known as the World Bank



established-22 July 1944



effective-27 December 1945



aim-UN specialized agency that initially

promoted economic rebuilding after World War II and now

provides economic development loans



members-(174) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,

Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote

d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El

Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,

Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,

Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,

Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,

Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,

Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New

Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,

Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent

and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,

Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,

 Solvenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,

Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, ganda, Ukraine, UAE,

UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)



established-NA 1919



aim-to promote free trade and private

enterprise and to represent business interests at

national and international levels



members-(58 national councils) Argentina,

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina,

Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus,

Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon,

Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea,

Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco,

Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan,

Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire





International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)



established-7 December 1944



effective-4 April 1947



aim-UN specialized agency to promote international

cooperation in civil aviation



members-(173) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,

Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape

Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,

Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote

d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,

Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,

Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati,

North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,

Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,

Madagacar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall

Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States

of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,

Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,

Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda,

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San

Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa

(suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,

Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,

Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,

Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu,

Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe





International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)



established-NA 1863



aim-to provide humanitarian aid in wartime



members-(25 individuals) all Swiss nationals





International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

(ICFTU)



established-NA December 1949



aim-to promote the trade union movement



members-(144 national organizations

in the following 104 areas) Antigua and Barbuda,

Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh,

Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana,

Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African

Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands,

Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, The Gambia,

Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See,

Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel,

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Lebanon,

Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco,

Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway,

Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,

Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena,

Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain,

Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand,

Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela,

Western Samoa





International Court of Justice (ICJ)



note-also known as the World Court



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-primary judicial organ of the UN



members-(15 judges) elected by the

General Assembly and Security Council to represent

all principal legal systems





International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)



established-13 June 1956



aim-to promote international cooperation between criminal

police authorities



members-(159) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and

Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana,

Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo,

Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,

Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,

France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,

Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall

Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,

Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands

Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,

Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,

Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,

Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,  Zimbabwe



subbureaus-(5) American Samoa, Bermuda, Cayman Islands,

Gibraltar, Hong Kong





International Development Association

(IDA)



established-26 January 1960



effective-24 September 1960



aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD

affiliate that provides economic loans for low

income countries



members-(147) Part I-(23 more economically advanced countries) Australia,

Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland,

Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa,

Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US



members-Part II-(124 less developed nations) Afghanistan,

Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,

Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape

Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,

Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,

Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,

Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,

Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,

Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain,

Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,

Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,

Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Energy Agency (IEA)



established-15 November 1974



aim-established by the OECD to promote

cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency

oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and

oil producers



members-(21) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland,

Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,

Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US





International Finance Corporation (IFC)



established-25 May 1955



effective-20 July 1956



aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD

affiliate that helps private enterprise sector in economic development



members-(149) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,

Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape

Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia,

Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji,

Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,

Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,

Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait,

Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg,

Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall

Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,

Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,

Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden,

Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,

Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK,

US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western

Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)



established-NA November 1974



aim-UN specialized agency that promotes

agricultural development



members-(147) Category I-(21

industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ,

Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US



members-Category II-(12 petroleum-exporting

aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran,

Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,

UAE, Venezuela

members-Category III-(114 aid recipients) Afghanistan,

Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh,

Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,

Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,

Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,

Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel,

Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Laos,

Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger,

Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint

Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka,

Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,

Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,

Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Investment Bank (IIB)



established on 7 July 1970;

to promote economic development; members were

Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam;

now it is a Russian bank with a new charter





International Labor Organization (ILO)



established-11 April 1919 (affiliated

with the UN 14 December 1946)



aim-UN specialized agency concerned

with world labor issues



members-(158) Afghanistan, Algeria,

Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,

Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,

Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,

Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote

d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,

Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,

El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,

Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,

Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,

Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,

Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,

Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,

Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia,

San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,

Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,

Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,

Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Maritime Organization (IMO)



note-name changed from Intergovernmental

Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982



established-17 March 1958



aim-UN specialized agency concerned

with world maritime affairs



members-(138) Algeria, Angola, Antigua

and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin,

Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia,

Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia,

Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,

Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial

Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,

The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,

Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South

Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg,

Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco,

Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria,

Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome

and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden,

Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad

and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire

associate members-(2) Hong Kong, Macau





International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)



established-3 September 1976



effective-26 July 1979



aim-to provide worldwide communications

for maritime and other applications



members-(66) Algeria, Argentina,

Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil,

Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia,

Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland,

France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South

Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco,

Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,

Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,

Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,

Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,

Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia





International Monetary Fund (IMF)



established-22 July 1944



effective-27 December 1945



aim-UN specialized agency concerned

with world monetary stability and economic development



members-(175) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,

Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote

d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El

Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,

Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,

Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,

Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,

Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,

Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands,

NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New

Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands,

Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,

Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,

UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela,

Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

observers-(3) Holy See, North Korea, Monaco





International Olympic Committee (IOC)



established-23 June 1894



aim-to promote the Olympic ideals

and administer the Olympic games: 1992 Winter Olympics in

Albertville, France (8-23 February); 1992 Summer Olympics

in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer;

Norway (12-27 February); 1996 Summer

Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4

August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date

NA)



members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua

and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan,

Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina,

Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus,

Czech Republic, Denmark,

Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El

Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,

France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,

Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,

Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho,

Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands

Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,

Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar,

Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon

Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,

Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,

Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands,

Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe





International Organization for Migration (IOM)-established

as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the

Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed

Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) on 15

November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in

November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989



established-5 December 1951



aim-to facilitate orderly international

emigration and immigration



members-(46) Angola, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia,

Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras,

Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,

Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia

observers-(41) Albania, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Croatia,

Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council of Australia Inc.,

Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia, Japan, Japan International

Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Morocco,

Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Pakistan, Partnership with the Children

of the Third World, Poland, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief/Episcopal

Church Refuge Council of Australia, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and

Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Vietnam,

Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe





International Organization for Standardization (ISO)



established-NA February 1947



aim-to promote the development of international standards



members-(73 national standards organizations)

Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,

Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile,

China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France,

Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,

Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia,

Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,

Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,

Slovakia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland,

Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK,

US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia

correspondent members-(14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, Hong Kong,

Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, Senegal, UAE, Uruguay

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement



established-NA 1928



aim-to promote worldwide humanitarian

aid through the International Committee of the Red

Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and League of Red Cross

and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in peacetime



members-(9) 2 representatives from

ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 from national societies

elected by the international conference of the

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement





International Telecommunication Union (ITU)



established-9 December 1932



effective-1 January 1934 affiliated

with the UN-15 November 1947



aim-UN specialized agency concerned

with world telecommunications



members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,

Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote

d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial

Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,

Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras,

Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,

Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea,

Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,

Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,

Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,

Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,

Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San

Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands,

Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka,

Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,

Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad

and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,

US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western

Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

(INTELSAT)



established-20 August 1971



effective-12 February 1973



aim-to develop and operate a global

commercial telecommunications satellite system



members-(125) Afghanistan, Algeria,

Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan,

The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin,

Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany,

Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Iceland, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,

Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,

Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco,

Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,

Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New

Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar,

Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri

Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,

Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK,US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





Islamic Development Bank (IDB)



established-15 December 1973



aim-to promote Islamic economic

aid and social development



members-(44 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Algeria,

Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina,

Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The

Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,

Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation

Organization





Latin American Economic System (LAES)



note-also known as Sistema

Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)



established-17 October 1975



aim-to promote economic and

social development through

regional cooperation



members-(26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay,

Venezuela



Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)

note-also known as Asociacion

Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)



established-12 August 1980



effective-18 March 1981



aim-to promote freer regional trade



members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia,

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay,

Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

observers-(16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa

Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,

Inter-American Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua,

Organization of American States, Panama, Portugal,

Spain, United Nations Development Program, United

Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean





League of Arab States (LAS)

see Arab League (AL)





League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

(LORCS)



established-5 May 1919



aim-to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime



members-(148) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The

Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,

Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,

Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia,

Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,

Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea,

South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho,

Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,

Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania,

Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,

Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,

Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New

Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,   Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,

Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK,

US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

associate members-(2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon





least developed countries (LLDCs)

that subgroup of the less developed

countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN

General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant

economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally less

than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the

undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan,

Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma,

Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,

Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho,

Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda,

Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania,

Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen





less developed countries (LDCs)

the bottom group in the comprehensive

but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed

countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former

USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);

mainly countries with low levels of output,

living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs

are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000;

however, the group also includes a number of countries

with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of

growth; includes the advanced developing

countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers),

least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income

countries, newly industrializing economies

(NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries,

undeveloped countries; the 175 LDCs are: Afghanistan,

Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and

Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,

Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia,

Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa

Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands,

Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia,

Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada,

Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-

Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya,

Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,

Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,

Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte,

Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands,

Oman, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua

New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn

Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint

Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre

and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome

and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka,

Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau,

Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE,

Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis

and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa,

Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





low-income countries

another term for those less

developed countries with below-average per capita

GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)





London Suppliers Group

see Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)





Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR)

see Southern Cone Common Market





middle-income countries

another term for those less

developed countries with above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs;

see less developed countries (LDCs)





Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)



established-April 1987



aim-to arrest missile proliferation

by controlling the export of key missile technologies and

equipment



members-(24) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,

Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US





newly industrializing countries (NICs)

former term for the newly industrializing

economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)





newly industrializing economies (NIEs)

that subgroup of the less developed

countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid

industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the

newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing

countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea,

Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico





Nonaligned Movement (NAM)



established-1-6 September 1961



aim-to establish political and military

cooperation apart from the traditional

East or West blocs



members-(102 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)

Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,

CapeVerde, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote

d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,

Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-

Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica,

Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,

Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger,

Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,

Qatar, Rawada, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,

Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

Palestine Liberation Organization

observers-(19) African National Congress, Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization,

Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Dominica, El

Salvador, Islamic Conference, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New

Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist

Congress of Azania, Philippines,

Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, UN, Uruguay

guests-(21) Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech

Republic, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany,

Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland,

Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland





Nordic Council (NC)



established-16 March 1952



effective-12 February 1953



aim-to promote regional economic, cultural, and

environmental cooperation



members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland,

Norway, Sweden; note-Denmark includes Faroe

Islands and Greenland





Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)



established-4 December 1975



effective-1 June 1976



aim-to promote economic cooperation and development



members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland,

Norway, Sweden





North

a popular term for the rich

industrialized countries generally located in the

northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the

counterpart of the South; see developed countries

(DCs)





North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)-an extension of NATO



established-8 November 1991



effective-20 December 1991



aim-to form a forum to discuss cooperation

concerning mutual political and security issues



members-(38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia,

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,

Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,

Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,

UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia



North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)



established-17 September 1949



aim-to promote mutual defense and cooperation



members-(16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark,

France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US





Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)



established-NA 1958



aim-associated with OECD, seeks

to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy



members-(23) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US





Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

note-also known as the London Suppliers Group



established-1974



aim-to establish guidelines on exports

of enrichment and processing plant assistance and

nuclear exports to countries of proliferation concern

and regions of conflict and instability



members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US



Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas

Nucleares en la AmericaLatina y el Caribe (OPANAL)

see Agency for the Prohibition

of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the

Caribbean (OPANAL)





Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD)



established-14 December 1960, effective

30 September 1961



aim-to promote economic cooperation

and development



members-(24) Australia, Austria,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,

Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US special members-(2) EC, Yugoslavia





Organization of African Unity (OAU)



established-25 May 1963



aim-to promote unity and cooperation among African states



members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin,

Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central

African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,

Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,

Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,

Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and

Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia,

Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





Organization of American States (OAS)



established-30 April 1948



effective-13 December 1951



aim-to promote peace and security

as well as economic and social development



members-(35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,

Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba

(excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,

Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay,

Venezuela

observers-(24) Algeria, Austria,

Belgium, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Holy See, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands,

Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, ?





Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)



established-9 January 1968



aim-to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry



members-(11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt,

Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia

(withdrew from active membership in 1986),





UAE Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)



established-18 June 1981



effective-4 July 1981



aim-to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation



members-(7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat,

Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

associate member-(1) British Virgin Islands





Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)



established-14 September 1960



aim-to coordinate petroleum policies



members-(12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,

Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela





Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)



established-22-25 September 1969



aim-to promote Islamic solidarity

and cooperation in economic, social, cultural, and

political affairs



members-(47 plus the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria,

Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina,

Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The

Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria,

Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,

UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

observer-(1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus





Paris Club

see Group of 10





Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)



established-NA 1899



aim-to facilitate the settlement

of international disputes



members-(78) Argentina, Australia,

Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China,

Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland,

France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,

Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy,

Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg,

Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,

Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,

Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia,

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,

Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay,

Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe





Population Commission



established-3 October 1946



aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing

with population matters of importance to the UN



members-(27) selected on a rotating

basis from all regions





Rio Group (RG)



established-NA 1988



aim-a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues

members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico,

Paraguay, Peru (suspended), Uruguay, Venezuela; note-Panama was expelled in

1988; Peru was suspended after April 1992 coup



Second World another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with

authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model;

the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies socialist

countries in general, countries in which the government owns and plans

the use of the major factors of production; note-the term is sometimes

used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries



South a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized

countries generally located south of the developed countries;

the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs)





South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)



established-8 December 1985



aim-to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation



members-(7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,

Pakistan, Sri Lanka





South Pacific Commission (SPC)



established-6 February 1947



effective-29 July 1948



aim-to promote regional

cooperation n economic and social matters



members-(27) American Samoa, Australia,

Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia,

Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States

of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue,

Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory

of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea,

Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga,

Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa





South Pacific Forum (SPF)



established-5 August 1971



aim-to promote regional cooperation

in political matters



members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands,

Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of

Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon

Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa

observer-(1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau)





South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement

(SPARTECA)



established-NA 1981



aim-to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New

Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region



members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,

Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea,

Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa





Southern African Customs Union (SACU)



established-11 December 1969



aim-to promote free trade and cooperation

in customs matters



members-(9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana,

Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda





Southern African Development Community (SADC)



note-evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination

Conference (SADCC) established-17 August 1992



aim-to promote regional economic

development and integration



members-(10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,

Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)



established-26 March 1991



aim-regional economic cooperation



members-(4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,

Uruguay



Statistical Commission



established-21 June 1946



aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing

with development and standardization of national statistics of

interest to the UN



members-(25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

Third World another term for the less developed

countries; the term is fading from use; see less developed

countries (LDCs)





underdeveloped countries

refers to those less developed

countries with the potential for above-average economic growth;

see less developed countries (LDCs)





undeveloped countries

refers to those extremely poor

less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth;

see least developed countries (LLDCs)





Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale

(UDEAC)

see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)

United Nations (UN)



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-to maintain international peace

and security and to promote cooperation involving

economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems



members-(182 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,

Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,

Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central

African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica,

Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,

Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,

Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,

The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,

Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,

Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,

Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco,

Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,

Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua

New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts

and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South

Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,

Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,

Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,

Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe; note-all UN members are represented in the General Assembly

observers-(2 and the Palestine Liberation

Organization) Holy See, Switzerland, Palestine Liberation

Organization





United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II)



note-successor to original UNAVEM



established-20 December 1988



aim-established by the UN Security

Council to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from

Angola



members-(25) Algeria, Argentina,

Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-

Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia,

Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal,

Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Yugoslavia,

Zimbabwe





United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)



note-acronym retained from the predecessor

organization UN International Children's Emergency

Fund established-11 December 1946



aim-to help establish child health and welfare services



members-(41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD)



established-30 December 1964



aim-to promote international trade



members-(186) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga





United Nations Development Program (UNDP)



established-22 November 1965



aim-to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social

development



members-(48) selected on a rotating

basis from all regions



United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)



established-31 May 1974



aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli

ceasefire



members-(4) Austria, Canada, Finland,Poland





United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)



established-16 November 1945



effective-4 November 1946



aim-to promote cooperation in education,

science, and culture



members-(172) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,

Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,

Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,

China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa

Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial

Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,

The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,

Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea,

Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco,

Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,

Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,

Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint

Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino,

Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,

Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,

Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine,

UAE, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia,

Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

associate members-(3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles





United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)



established-15 December 1972



aim-to promote international cooperation

on all environmental matters



members-(58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)



established-4 March 1964



aim-established by the UN Security Council to serve as a

peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus



members-(7) Austria,Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, UK





United Nations General Assembly



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-primary deliberative organ in the UN



members-(183) all UN members are represented in the





General Assembly United Nations Industrial

Development Organization (UNIDO)



established-17 November 1966



effective-1 January 1967



aim-UN specialized agency that promotes

industrial development especially among the members



members-(160) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,

Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,

Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,

Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,

Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros,

Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial

Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The

Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India,

Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,

North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,

Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,

Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,

Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,

Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and

the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,

Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)



established-19 March 1978



aim-established by the UN Security

Council to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli

forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese

authority in southern Lebanon



members-(10) Fiji, Finland, France,

Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland, Sweden





United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)



established-NA 1991



aim-established by the UN Security

Council to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone

established between Iraq and Kuwait



members-(34) Argentina, Austria,

Bangladesh, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland,

France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland,

Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland,

Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay,

Venezuela





United Nations Military Observer Group in India

and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)



established-13 August 1948



aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949

India-Pakistan ceasefire



members-(8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark,

Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay





United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

(MINURSO)



established-NA 1990



aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the

referendum in Western Sahara



members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Egypt,

France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria,

Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Tunisia, UK, US, Venezuela





United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL)



established-NA 1991



aim-established by the UN Security Council to verify ceasefire arrangments and

to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new

National Civil Police



members-(9) Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Ireland, Spain, Sweden,

Venezuela





United Nations Office of the High Commissioner

for Refugees (UNHCR)



established-3 December 1949



effective-1 January 1951



aim-to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent

solutions to refugee problems

members-(46) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,

China, Colombia,Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See,

Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco,

Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines,

Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey,

Uganda,UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire





United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ)



established-NA 1992



aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the

ceasefire



members-(18) Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde,

Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain,

Sweden,





Uruguay, Zambia United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM)



established-NA 1992



aim-established by the UN Security Council to facilitate an

immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire to

promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent

humanitarian assistance



members-(17) Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,

Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, NZ, Norway, Pakistan,

Slovakia, Zimbabwe





United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)



note-acronym retained from predecessor

organization UN Fund for Population Activities



established-NA July 1967



aim-to promote assistance in dealing with population problems



members-(51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)



established-NA 1992



aim-established by the UN Security Council to create conditions for peace

and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the

"Yugoslav" crisis



members-(31) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium,

Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark,

Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Jordan,

Kenya, Luxembourg, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,

Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,

Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, Venezuela





United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

(UNRWA)



established-8 December 1949



aim-to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees



members-(10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon,

Syria, Turkey, UK, US





United Nations Secretariat



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-primary administrative organ

of the UN



member-Secretary General appointed

for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the

recommendation of the Security Council





United Nations Security Council



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-to maintain international peace and security



permanent members-(5)

China, France, Russia, UK, US

nonpermanent members-(10)

elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly;

Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cape Verde (1992-

93), Ecuador (1991-92), Hungary (1992-93), India (1991-

92), Japan (1992-93), Morocco (1992-93), Venezuela (1992-

93), Zimbabwe (1991-92)





United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)



established-NA 1992



aim-established by the UN Security Council to contribute to the restoration

and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections



members-(31) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium,

Bulgaria, Cameroon,Canada, Chile, China, Congo, France, Germany, Ghana, India,

Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland,

Russia, Senegal, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay





United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)



established-NA May 1948



aim-initially established by the UN Security Council to supervise the 1948

Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon,

Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan



members-(19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,

Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France,

Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden,

Switzerland, US





United Nations Trusteeship Council



established-26 June 1945



effective-24 October 1945



aim-to supervise the administration

of the UN trust territories; only one of the original 11

trusteeships remains-the Trust Territory of the Pacific

Islands (Palau)



members-(5) China, France, Russia, UK, US





Universal Postal Union (UPU)



established-9 October 1874, affiliated

with the UN 15 November 1947



effective-1 July 1948



aim-UN specialized agency that promotes

international postal cooperation



members-(178) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,

The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,

Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana,

Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,

Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,

Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial

Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,

France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,

Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,

Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,

Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,

North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia,

Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,

Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,

Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas

Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New

Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts

and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain,

Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,

Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,

Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda,

Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela,

Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





Warsaw Pact (WP)



was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991

to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier

members included East Germany and Albania





West African Development Bank (WADB)

note-also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)



established-14 November 1973



aim-to promote economic development and integration



members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo





West African Economic Community (CEAO)



note-acronym from Communaute Economique

de l'Afrique de l'Ouest



established-3 June 1972



aim-to promote regional economic development



members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania,

Niger, Senegal

observers-(2) Guinea, Togo





Western European Union (WEU)



established-23 October 1954



effective-6 May 1955



aim-mutual defense and progressive political unification



members-(9) Belgium, France, Germany,

Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK

associate member-(1) Iceland

observer-(1) Greece





World Bank



see International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)





World Bank Group

includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),

International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance

Corporation (IFC)





World Confederation of Labor (WCL)



established-19 June 1920 as the

International Federation of Christian Trade Unions

(IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968



aim-to promote the trade union movement



members-(94 national organizations)

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba,

Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,

Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon,

Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,

Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,

El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia,

Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana,

Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica,

Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar,

Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico,

Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger,

Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,

Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and

Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain,

Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand,

Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe





World Court

see International Court of

Justice (ICJ)





World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)



established-NA 1945



aim-to promote the trade union movement



members-(67) Afghanistan, Angola,

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh,

Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia,

Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia,

Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,

India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,

North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar,

Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman,

Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,

Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia,

Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria,

Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire





World Food Council (WFC)



established-17 December 1974



aim-ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and

recommends solutions



members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





World Food Program (WFP)



established-24 November 1961



aim-ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in

development or disaster relief



members-(42) selected on a rotating basis from all regions





World Health Organization (WHO)



established-22 July 1946



effective-7 April 1948



aim-UN specialized agency concerned with health matters



members-(180) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,

Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,

Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,

Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African

Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,

Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,

Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,

Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,

Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,

Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,

Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,

Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea,

Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,

Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,

Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,

Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,

Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,

Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,

Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome

and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,

Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad

and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,

US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,

Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe

associate members-(2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau





World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)



established-14 July 1967



effective-26 April 1970



aim-UN specialized agency concerned

with the protection of literary, artistic, and

scientific works



members-(133) Albania, Algeria,

Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas,

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,

Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada,

Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,

Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El

Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,

India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,

Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,

Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,

Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia,

Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,

Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi

Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa,

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,

Ukraine,

UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





World Meteorological Organization (WMO)



established-11 October 1947



effective-4 April 1951



aim-specialized UN agency concerned

with meteorological cooperation



members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania,

Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,

Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,

Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British

Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,

Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,

Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El

Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia,

Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,

Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,

Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar,

Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,

Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,

Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands,

Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,

Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,

Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda,

Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra

Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa (suspended),

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,

Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,

Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,

Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe





World Tourism Organization (WTO)



established-2 January 1975



aim-promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic

development, international understanding, and peace

members-(110) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh,

Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia,

Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland,

France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea,

Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy,

Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,

Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,

Mauritania,

Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands,

Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San

Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,

Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,

Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,

Zimbabwe

associate members-(4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico

observer-(1) Holy See





Zangger Committee (ZC)



established-early 1970s



aim-to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the nuclear

Non-Proliferation Treaty



members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US



***



Appendix D:

Weights and Measures

Mathmatical Notation

Mathmatical Power                              Name

10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000             one quintillion

10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000                 one quadrillion

10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000                     one trillion

10^9 or 1,000,000,000                          one billion

10^6 or 1,000,000                              one million

10^3 or 1,000                                  one thousand

10^2 or 100                                    one hundred

10^1 or 10                                     ten

10^0 or 1                                      one

10-^1 or 0.1                                   one tenth

10-^2 or 0.01                                  one hundredth

10-^3 or 0.001                                 one thousandth

10-^6 or 0.000 001                             one millionth

10-^9 or 0.000 000 001                         one billionth

10-^12 or0.000 000 000 001                     one trillionth

10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001                one quadrillionth

10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00             one quintillionth



Metric Interrelationships



Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters,

liters, or grams can be done using the table.  For example, to convert from

kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters)

or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals

9.26 kilometers).



Prefix Symbol  Length, weight, or capacity     Area        Volume

exa    E         0^18                          10^36        10^54

peta   P        10^15                          10^30        10^45

tera   T        10^12                          10^24        10^36

giga   G        10^9                           10^18        10^27

mega   M        10^6                           10^12        10^18

hectokilo hk    10^5                           10^10        10^15

myria  ma       10^4                           10^8         10^12

kilo   k        10^3                           10^6          10^9

hecto  h        10^2                           10^4          10^6

basic unit  -   1 meter                     1 meter^2   1 meter^3

                1 gram,

                1 liter

deci  d         10-^1                         10-^2         10-^3

centi c         10-^2                         10-^4         10-^6

milli m         10-^3                         10-^6         10-^9

decimilli dm    10-^4                         10-^8        10-^12

centimilli cm   10-^5                         10-^10        10^15

micro u         10-^6                         10-^12       10-^18

nano  n         10-^9                         10-^18       10-^27

pico  p         10-^12                        10-^24       10-^36

femto f         10-^15                        10-^30       10-^45

atto  a         10-^18                        10-^36       10-^54



Equivalents

Units          Metric Equivalent                    US Equivalent

acre           0.404 685 64 hectares                43,560 feet^2

acre          4,046,856 4 meters^2                 4,840 yards^ 2

acre    0.004 046 856 4 kilometers^2    0.001 562 miles^2,statute

are            100 meters^2                       119.599 yards^2

barrel

 (petroleum, US)   158.987 29 liters                   42 gallons

 (proof spirits, US)  151.416 47 liters                40 gallons

 (beer, US)           117.347 77 liters                31 gallons

bushel         35.239 07 liters                           4 pecks

cable          219.456 meters                         120 fathoms

chain (surveyor's)  20.116 8 meters                       66 feet

cord (wood)   3.624 556 meters^3                       128 feet^3

cup       0.236 588 2 liters                8 ounces, liquid (US)

degrees, celsius

  water boils at 100 degrees C, freezes at 0 degrees C)

  multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to obtain degrees F

degrees, fahrenheit

  subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 to obtain degrees C

  (water boils at 212 degrees F, freezes at 32 degrees F)

dram, avdp.   1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625             5 ounces, avdp

dram, troy    3.887 934 6 grams                0.125 ounces, troy

dram, liquid (US)   3.696 69 milliliters     0.125 ounces, liquid

fathom        1.828 8 meters                               6 feet

foot          30.48 centimeters                         12 inches

foot          0.304 8 meters                    0.333 333 3 yards

foot          0.000 304 8 kilometers  0.000 189 39 miles, statute

foot^2        929.030 4 centimeters^2                144 inches^2

foot          2 0.092 903 04 meters^2         0.111 111 1 yards^2

foot^3        28.316 846 592 liters             7.480 519 gallons

foot^3        0.028 316 847 meters^3               1,728 inches^3

furlong       201.168 meters                            220 yards

gallon, liquid (US)   3.785 411 784 liters       4 quarts, liquid

gill (US)     118.294 118 milliliters            4 ounces, liquid

grain         64.798 91 milligrams     0.002 285 71 ounces, advp.

gram          1,000 milligrams         0.035 273 96 ounces, advp.

hand (height of horse)   10.16 centimeters               4 inches

hectare      10,000 meters^2                    2.471 053 8 acres

hundredweight, long   50.802 345 kilograms       112 pounds, avdp

hundredweight, short   45.359 237 kilograms      100 pounds, avdp

inch         2.54 centimeters                   0.083 333 33 feet

inch^2       6.451 6 centimeters^2            0.006 944 44 feet^2

inch^3       16.387 064 centimeters^3         0.000 578  7 feet^3

inch^3       16.387 064 milliliters        0.029 761 6 pints, dry

inch^3       16.387 064 milliliters     0.034 632 0 pints, liquid

kilogram     0.001 tons, metric            2.204 623 pounds, avdp

kilometer    1,000 meters             0.621 371 19 miles, statute

kilometer^2  100 hectares                        247.105 38 acres

kilometer^2  1,000,000 meters^2      0.386 102 16 miles^2,statute

knot (1 nautical mi/hr)   1.852 kilometers/hour     1.151 statute

                                                       miles/hour

league, nautical   5.559 552 kilometers         3 miles, nautical

league, statute   4.828.032 kilometers           3 miles, statute

link (surveyor's)   20.116 8 centimeters              7.92 inches

liter            0.001 meters^3                61.023 74 inches^3

liter            0.1 dekaliter              0.908 083 quarts, dry

liter            1,000 milliliters       1.056 688 quarts, liquid

meter           100 centimeters                   1.093 613 yards

meter^2         10,000 centimeters^2            1.195 990 yards^2

meter^3         1,000 liters                    1.307 951 yards^3

micron          0.000 001 meter                0.000 039 4 inches

mil             0.025 4 millimeters                    0.001 inch

mile, nautical  1.852 kilometers       1.150 779 4 miles, statute

mile^2, nautical  3.429 904 kilometers^2   1.325 miles^2, statute

mile, statute   1.609 344 kilometers     5,280 feet or 8 furlongs

mile^2 statute  258.998 811 hectares       640 acres or 1 section

mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2  0.755 miles2, nautical

minim (US)  0.061 611 52 milliliters  0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid

ounce,avoirdupois   28.349 523 125 grams             437.5 grains

ounce, liquid (US)  29.573 53 milliliters   0.062 5 pints, liquid

ounce, troy         31.103 476 8 grams                 480 grains

pace                76.2 centimeters                    30 inches

peck                8.809 767 5 liters              8 quarts, dry

pennyweight         1.555 173 84 grams                  24 grains

pint, dry (US)      0.550 610 47 liters           0.5 quarts, dry

pint, liquid (US)   0.473 176 473 liters       0.5 quarts, liquid

point (typographical)  0.351 459 8 millimeters   0.013 837 inches

pound, avdp         453.592 37 grams              16 ounces, avdp

pound, troy         373.241 721 6 grams           12 ounces, troy

quart, dry (US)     1.101 221 liters                 2 pints, dry

quart, liquid (US)  0.946 352 946 liters          2 pints, liquid

quintal             100 kilograms        220.462 26 pounds, avdp.

rod                 5.029 2 meters                      5.5 yards

scruple             1.295 978 2 grams                   20 grains

section (US)        2.589 988 1 kilometers^2    1 mile^2, statute

                                                     or 640 acres

span                22.86 centimeters                    9 inches

stere               1 meter^3                    1.307 95 yards^3

tablespoon          14.786 76 milliliters             3 teaspoons

teaspoon            4.928 922 milliliters   0.333 333 tablespoons

ton, long or deadweight

                    1,016.046 909 kilograms   2,240 pounds, avdp.

ton, metric         1,000 kilograms       2,204.623 pounds, avdp.

ton, metric         1,000 kilograms        32,150.75 ounces, troy

ton, register       2.831 684 7 meters^3               100 feet^3

ton, short          907.184 74 kilograms      2,000 pounds, avdp.

township (US)       93.239 572 kilometers^2   36 miles^2, statute

yard                0.914 4 meters                         3 feet

yard^2              0.836 127 36 meters^2                9 feet^2

yard^3              0.764 554 86 meters^3               27 feet^3

yard^3              764.554 857 984 liters        201.974 gallons



***



Appendix E

Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names

This list indicates where various names including all United States Foreign

Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical

portions of larger entities can be found in The World Fact-book. Spellings

are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic

Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses;

additional information is included in brackets.





Name Entry in The World Factbook



A

Abidjan [US Embassy]

Cote d'Ivoire



Abu Dhabi [US Embassy]

United Arab Emirates



Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office]

Nigeria



Acapulco [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Accra [US Embassy]

Ghana



Adamstown

Pitcairn Islands



Adana [US Consulate]

Turkey



Addis Ababa [US Embassy]

Ethiopia



Adelaide [US Consular Agency]

Australia



Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) [claimed by France]

Antarctica



Aden

Yemen



Aden, Gulf of

Indian Ocean



Admiralty Islands

Papua New Guinea



Adriatic Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Aegean Islands

Greece



Aegean Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Afars and Issas, French Territory of the (F.T.A.I.)

Djibouti



Agalega Islands

Mauritius



Agana

Guam



Aland Islands

Finland



Alaska

United States



Alaska, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Aldabra Islands

Seychelles



Alderney

Guernsey



Aleutian Islands

United States



Alexander Island

Antarctica



Alexandria [US Consulate General]

Egypt



Algiers [US Embassy]

Algeria



Alhucemas, Penon de

Spain



Alma-Ata (Almaty)

Kazakhstan



Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy]

Kazakhstan



Alofi

Niue



Alphonse Island

Seychelles



Amami Strait

Pacific Ocean



Amindivi Islands

India



Amirante Isles

Seychelles



Amman [US Embassy]

Jordan



Amsterdam [US Consulate General]

Netherlands



Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands



Amundsen Sea

Pacific Ocean



Amur

China; Russia



Andaman Islands

India



Andaman Sea

Indian Ocean



Andorra la Vella

Andorra



Anegada Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Sudan



Anjouan

Comoros



Ankara [US Embassy]

Turkey



Annobon

Equatorial Guinea



Antananarivo [US Embassy]

Madagascar



Antipodes Islands

New Zealand



Antwerp [US Consulate General]

Belgium



Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya]

Chad



Apia [US Embassy]

Western Samoa



Aqaba, Gulf of

Indian Ocean



Arabian Sea

Indian Ocean



Arafura Sea

Pacific Ocean



Argun

China; Russia



Ascension Island

Saint Helena



Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

Turkmenistan



Ashkhabad [US Embassy]

Turkmenistan



Asmara [US Embassy]

Eritrea



Asmera (see Asmara)

Eritrea



Assumption Island

Seychelles



Asuncion [US Embassy]

Paraguay



Asuncion Island

Northern Mariana Islands



Atacama

Chile



Athens [US Embassy]

Greece



Attu

United States



Auckland [US Consulate General]

New Zealand



Auckland Islands

New Zealand



Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai)

French Polynesia



Avarua

Cook Islands



Axel Heiberg Island

Canada



Azores

Portugal



Azov, Sea of

Atlantic Ocean



B

Bab el Mandeb

Indian Ocean



Babuyan Channel

Pacific Ocean



Babuyan Islands

Philippines



Baffin Bay

Arctic Ocean



Baffin Island

Canada



Baghdad

[US Embassy temporarily suspended; US Interests Section located in

Poland's embassy in Baghdad]

Iraq



Baku [US Embassy]

Azerbaijan



Baky (Baku)

Azerbaijan



Balabac Strait

Pacific Ocean



Balearic Islands

Spain



Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea)

Atlantic Ocean



Bali [US Consular Agency]

Indonesia



Bali Sea

Indian Ocean



Balintang Channel

Pacific Ocean



Balintang Islands

Philippines



Balleny Islands

Antarctica



Balochistan

Pakistan



Baltic Sea

Atlantic Ocean





Bamako [US Embassy]

Mali



Banaba (Ocean Island)

Kiribati



Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy]

Brunei



Banda Sea

Pacific Ocean



Bangkok [US Embassy]

Thailand



Bangui [US Embassy]

Central African Republic



Banjul [US Embassy]

Gambia, The



Banks Island

Canada



Banks Islands (Iles Banks)

Vanuatu



Barcelona [US Consulate General]

Spain



Barents Sea

Arctic Ocean



Barranquilla [US Consulate]

Colombia



Bashi Channel

Pacific Ocean



Basilan Strait

Pacific Ocean



Bass Strait

Indian Ocean



Basse-Terre

Gaudeloupe



Basseterre

Saint Kitts and Nevis



Batan Islands

Philippines



Basutoland

Lesotho



Bavaria (Bayern)

Germany



Beagle Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Bear Island (Bjornoya)

Svalbard



Beaufort Sea

Arctic Ocean



Bechuanaland

Botswana



Beijing [US Embassy]

China



Beirut [US Embassy]

Lebanon



Belau

Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the



Belem [US Consular Agency]

Brazil



Belep Islands (Iles Belep)

New Caledonia



Belfast [US Consulate General]

United Kingdom



Belgian Congo

Zaire



Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not maintain full diplomatic relations with

 Serbia and Montenegro]

Serbia and Montenegro



Belize City [US Embassy]

Belize



Belle Isle, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Bellingshausen Sea

Pacific Ocean



Belmopan

Belize



Belorussia

Belarus



Bengal, Bay of

Indian Ocean



Bering Sea

Pacific Ocean



Bering Strait

Pacific Ocean



Berkner Island

Antarctica



Berlin [US Branch Office]

Germany



Berlin, East

Germany



Berlin, West

Germany



Bern [US Embassy]

Switzerland



Bessarabia

Romania; Moldova



Bijagos, Arquipelago dos

Guinea-Bissau



Bikini Atoll

Marshall Islands



Bilbao [US Consulate]

Spain



Bioko

Equatorial Guinea



Biscay, Bay of

Atlantic Ocean



Bishkek [Interim Chancery]

Kyrgyzstan



Bishop Rock

United Kingdom



Bismarck Archipelago

Papua New Guinea



Bismarck Sea

Pacific Ocean



Bissau [US Embassy]

Guinea-Bissau



Bjornoya (Bear Island)

Svalbard



Black Rock

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)



Black Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Bloemfontein

South Africa



Boa Vista

Cape Verde



Bogota [US Embassy]

Colombia



Bombay [US Consulate General]

India



Bonaire

Netherlands Antilles



Bonifacio, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Bonin Islands

Japan



Bonn [US Embassy]

Germany



Bophuthatswana

South Africa



Bora-Bora

French Polynesia



Bordeaux [US Consulate General]

France



Borneo

Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia



Bornholm

Denmark



Bosporus

Atlantic Ocean



Bothnia, Gulf of

Atlantic Ocean



Bougainville Island

Papua New Guinea



Bougainville Strait

Pacific Ocean



Bounty Islands

New Zealand



Brasilia [US Embassy]

Brazil



Bratislava [US Embassy]

Slovakia



Brazzaville [US Embassy]

Congo



Bridgetown [US Embassy]

Barbados



Brisbane [US Consulate]

Australia





British East Africa

Kenya



British Guiana

Guyana



British Honduras

Belize



British Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands



British Somaliland

Somalia



Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission to European Communities,

US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)]

Belgium



Bucharest [US Embassy]

Romania



Budapest [US Embassy]

Hungary



Buenos Aires [US Embassy]

Argentina



Bujumbura [US Embassy]

Burundi



Burnt Pine

Norfolk Island



Byelorussia

Belarus



C

Cabinda

Angola



Cabot Strait

Atlantic Ocean



Caicos Islands

Turks and Caicos Islands



Cairo [US Embassy]

Egypt



Calcutta [US Consulate General]

India



Calgary [US Consulate General]

Canada



California, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Campbell Island

New Zealand



Canal Zone

Panama



Canary Islands

Spain



Canberra [US Embassy]

Australia



Cancun [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Canton (Guangzhou)

China



Canton Island

Kiribati



Cape Town [US Consulate General]

South Africa



Caracas [US Embassy]

Venezuela



Cargados Carajos Shoals

Mauritius



Caroline Islands

Micronesia, Federated States of; Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the



Caribbean Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Carpentaria, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Casablanca [US Consulate General]

Morocco



Castries

Saint Lucia



Cato Island

Australia



Cayenne

French Guiana



Cebu [US Consulate General]

Philippines



Celebes

Indonesia



Celebes Sea

Pacific Ocean



Celtic Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Central African Empire

Central African Republic



Ceuta

Spain



Ceylon

Sri Lanka



Chafarinas, Islas

Spain



Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands)

British Indian Ocean Territory



Channel Islands

Guernsey; Jersey



Charlotte Amalie

Virgin Islands



Chatham Islands

New Zealand



Cheju-do

Korea, South



Cheju Strait

Pacific Ocean



Chengdu [US Consulate General]

China



Chesterfield Islands (Iles Chesterfield)

New Caledonia



Chiang Mai [US Consulate General]

Thailand



Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai)

Pacific Ocean



China, People's Republic of

China



China, Republic of

Taiwan



Chisinau [US Embassy]

Moldova



Choiseul

Solomon Islands



Christchurch [US Consular Agency]

New Zealand



Christmas Island [Indian Ocean]

Australia



Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] (Kiritimati)

Kiribati



Chukchi Sea

Arctic Ocean



Ciskei

South Africa



Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General]

Mexico



Cochabamba [US Consular Agency]

Bolivia



Coco, Isla del

Costa Rica



Cocos Islands

Cocos (Keeling) Islands



Colombo [US Embassy]

Sri Lanka



Colon [US Consular Agency]

Panama



Colon, Archipielago de (Galapagos Islands)

Ecuador



Commander Islands (Komandorskiye Ostrova)

Russia



Conakry [US Embassy]

Guinea



Congo (Brazzaville)

Congo



Congo (Kinshasa)

Zaire



Congo (Leopoldville)

Zaire



Con Son Islands

Vietnam



Cook Strait

Pacific Ocean



Copenhagen [US Embassy]

Denmark



Coral Sea

Pacific Ocean



Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz)

Nicaragua



Corsica

France



Cosmoledo Group

Seychelles



Cotonou [US Embassy]

Benin



Crete

Greece



Crooked Island Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands



Curacao [US Consulate General]

Netherlands Antilles



Cusco [US Consular Agency]

Peru



Czechoslovakia

Czech Republic; Slovakia



D

Dahomey

Benin



Daito Islands

Japan



Dakar [US Embassy]

Senegal



Daman (Damao)

India



Damascus [US Embassy]

Syria



Danger Atoll

Cook Islands



Danish Straits

Atlantic Ocean



Danzig (Gdansk)

Poland



Dao Bach Long Vi

Vietnam



Dardanelles

Atlantic Ocean



Dar es Salaam [US Embassy]

Tanzania



Davis Strait

Atlantic Ocean



Deception Island

Antarctica



Denmark Strait

Atlantic Ocean



D'Entrecasteaux Islands

Papua New Guinea



Devon Island

Canada



Dhahran [US Consulate General]

Saudi Arabia



Dhaka [US Embassy]

Bangladesh



Diego Garcia

British Indian Ocean Territory



Diego Ramirez

Chile



Diomede Islands

Russia [Big Diomede]; United States [Little Diomede]



Diu

India



Djibouti [US Embassy]

Djibouti



Dodecanese

Greece



Dodoma

Tanzania



Doha [US Embassy]

Qatar



Douala [US Consulate]

Cameroon



Douglas

Man, Isle of



Dover, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Drake Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Dubai (Dubayy) [US Consulate General]

United Arab Emirates



Dublin [US Embassy]

Ireland



Durango [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Durban [US Consulate General]

South Africa



Dushanbe [Interim Chancery]

Tajikistan



Dusseldorf [US Consulate General]

Germany



Dutch East Indies

Indonesia



Dutch Guiana

Suriname



E

East China Sea

Pacific Ocean



Easter Island (Isla de Pascua)

Chile



Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait or Tsushima Strait)

Pacific Ocean



East Germany (German Democratic Republic)

Germany



East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel or Tsushima Strait)

Pacific Ocean



East Pakistan

Bangladesh



East Siberian Sea

Arctic Ocean



East Timor (Portuguese Timor)

Indonesia



Edinburgh [US Consulate General]

United Kingdom



Elba

Italy



Ellef Ringnes Island

Canada



Ellesmere Island

Canada



Ellice Islands

Tuvalu



Elobey, Islas de

Equatorial Guinea



Enderbury Island

Kiribati



Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll)

Marshall Islands



England

United Kingdom



English Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Eniwetok Atoll

Marshall Islands



Epirus, Northern

Albania; Greece

Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela]

Guyana



Etorofu

Russia [de facto]



F

Farquhar Group

Seychelles



Fernando de Noronha

Brazil



Fernando Po (Bioko)

Equatorial Guinea



Finland, Gulf of

Atlantic Ocean



Florence [US Consulate General]

Italy



Florida, Straits of

Atlantic Ocean



Formosa

Taiwan



Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait)

Pacific Ocean



Fort-de-France [US Consulate General]

Martinique



Frankfurt am Main [US Consulate General]

Germany



Franz Josef Land

Russia



Freetown [US Embassy]

Sierra Leone



French Cameroon

Cameroon



French Indochina

Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam



French Guinea

Guinea



French Sudan

Mali



French Territory of the Afars and Issas (F.T.A.I.)

Djibouti



French Togo

Togo



Friendly Islands

Tonga



Frunze (Bishkek)

Kyrgyzstan



Fukuoka [US Consulate]

Japan



Funafuti

Tuvalu



Funchal [US Consular Agency]

Portugal



Fundy, Bay of

Atlantic Ocean



Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands)

Wallis and Futuna



G

Gaborone [US Embassy]

Botswana



Galapagos Islands (Archipielago de Colon)

Ecuador



Galleons Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier)

French Polynesia



Gaspar Strait

Indian Ocean



Geneva [Branch Office of the US Embassy, US Mission to European Office of the

UN and Other International Organizations]

Switzerland



Genoa [US Consulate General]

Italy



George Town [US Consular Agency]

Cayman Islands



Georgetown [US Embassy]

Guyana



German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

Germany



German Federal Republic of (West Germany)

Germany



Gibraltar

Gibraltar



Gibraltar, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Gilbert Islands

Kiribati



Goa

India



Gold Coast

Ghana



Golan Heights

Syria



Good Hope, Cape of

South Africa



Goteborg

Sweden



Gotland

Sweden



Gough Island

Saint Helena



Grand Banks

Atlantic Ocean



Grand Cayman

Cayman Islands



Grand Turk [US Consular Agency]

Turks and Caicos Islands



Great Australian Bight

Indian Ocean



Great Belt (Store Baelt)

Atlantic Ocean



Great Britain

United Kingdom



Great Channel

Indian Ocean



Greater Sunda Islands

Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia



Green Islands

Papua New Guinea



Greenland Sea

Arctic Ocean



Grenadines, Northern

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines



Grenadines, Southern

Grenada



Guadalajara [US Consulate General]

 Mexico



Guadalcanal

Solomon Islands



Guadalupe, Isla de

Mexico



Guangzhou [US Consulate General]

China



Guantanamo [US Naval Base]

Cuba



Guatemala [US Embassy]

Guatemala



Gubal, Strait of

Indian Ocean



Guinea, Gulf of

Atlantic Ocean



Guayaquil [US Consulate General]

Ecuador



H

Ha'apai Group

Tonga



Habomai Islands

Russia [de facto]



Hague, The [US Embassy]

Netherlands



Haifa [US Consular Agency]

Israel



Hainan Dao

China



Halifax [US Consulate General]

Canada



Halmahera

Indonesia



Hamburg [US Consulate General]

Germany



Hamilton [US Consulate General]

Bermuda



Hanoi

Vietnam



Harare [US Embassy]

Zimbabwe



Hatay

Turkey



Havana [US post not maintained, representation by US Interests Section (USINT)

of the Swiss Embassy]

Cuba



Hawaii

United States



Heard Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands



Helsinki [US Embassy]

Finland



Hermosillo [US Consulate]

Mexico



Hispaniola

Dominican Republic; Haiti



Hokkaido

Japan



Hong Kong [US Consulate General]

Hong Kong



Honiara [US Consulate]

Solomon Islands



Honshu

Japan



Hormuz, Strait of

Indian Ocean



Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos)

Chile



Horne, Iles de

Wallis and Futuna



Horn of Africa

Ethiopia; Somalia



Hudson Bay

Arctic Ocean



Hudson Strait

Arctic Ocean

I

Inaccessible Island

Saint Helena



Indochina

Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam



Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol)

China



Ionian Islands

Greece



Ionian Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Irian Jaya

Indonesia



Irish Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Islamabad [US Embassy]

Pakistan



Islas Malvinas

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)



Istanbul [US Consulate General]

Turkey



Italian Somaliland

Somalia



Ivory Coast

Cote d'Ivoire



Iwo Jima

Japan



Izmir [US Consulate General]

Turkey



J

Jakarta [US Embassy]

Indonesia



Jamestown

Saint Helena



Japan, Sea of

Pacific Ocean



Java

Indonesia



Java Sea

Indian Ocean



Jeddah [US Consulate General]

Saudi Arabia



Jerusalem [US Consulate General]

Israel; West Bank



Johannesburg [US Consulate General]

South Africa



Juan de Fuca, Strait of

Pacific Ocean



Juan Fernandez, Isla de

Chile



Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth)

Cuba



K

Kabul [US Embassy now closed]

Afghanistan



Kaduna [US Consulate General]

Nigeria



Kalimantan

Indonesia

Kamchatka Peninsula (Poluostrov Kamchatka)

Russia



Kampala [US Embassy]

Uganda



Kampuchea

Cambodia



Karachi [US Consulate General]

Pakistan



Kara Sea

Arctic Ocean



Karimata Strait

Indian Ocean



Kathmandu [US Embassy]

Nepal



Kattegat

Atlantic Ocean



Kauai Channel

Pacific Ocean



Keeling Islands

Cocos (Keeling) Islands



Kerguelen, Iles

French Southern and Antarctic Lands



Kermadec Islands

New Zealand



Khabarovsk

Russia



Khartoum [US Embassy]

Sudan



Khmer Republic

Cambodia



Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria Muria Islands)

Oman



Khyber Pass

Pakistan



Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal)

Atlantic Ocean



Kiev [US Embassy]

Ukraine



Kigali [US Embassy]

Rwanda



Kingston [US Embassy]

Jamaica



Kingston

Norfolk Island



Kingston

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines



Kinshasa [US Embassy]

Zaire



Kirghiziya

Kyrgyzstan



Kiritimati (Christmas Island)

Kiribati



Kishinev (Chisinau)

Moldova



Kithira Strait

Atlantic Ocean



Kodiak Island

United States



Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov)

Russia



Kolonia [US Embassy]

Micronesia, Federated States of



Korea Bay

Pacific Ocean



Korea, Democratic People's Republic of

Korea, North



Korea, Republic of

Korea, South



Korea Strait

Pacific Ocean



Koror [US Liaison Office]

Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of



Kosovo

Serbia and Montenegro



Kowloon

Hong Kong



Krakow [US Consulate General]

Poland



Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy]

Malaysia



Kunashiri (Kunashir)

Russia [de facto]



Kuril Islands

Russia [de facto]



Kuwait [US Embassy]

Kuwait



Kwajalein Atoll

Marshall Islands



Kyushu

Japan



Kyyiv (Kiev)

Ukraine



L

Labrador

Canada



Laccadive Islands

India



Laccadive Sea

Indian Ocean



La Coruna [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Lagos [US Embassy]

Nigeria



Lahore [US Consulate General]

Pakistan



Lakshadweep

India



La Paz [US Embassy]

Bolivia



La Perouse Strait

Pacific Ocean



Laptev Sea

Arctic Ocean



Las Palmas [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Lau Group

Fiji



Leipzig [US Consulate General]

Germany



Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg)

Russia



Lesser Sunda Islands

Indonesia



Leyte

Philippines



Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan]

Korea, South



Libreville [US Embassy]

Gabon



Ligurian Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Lilongwe [US Embassy]

Malawi



Lima [US Embassy]

Peru



Lincoln Sea

Arctic Ocean



Line Islands

Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll



Lisbon [US Embassy]

Portugal



Ljubljana [US Embassy]

Slovenia



Lobamba

Swaziland



Lombok Strait

Indian Ocean



Lome [US Embassy]

Togo



London [US Embassy]

United Kingdom



Longyearbyen

Svalbard



Lord Howe Island

Australia



Louisiade Archipelago

Papua New Guinea



Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute)

New Caledonia



Luanda [US Liaison Office]

Angola



Lubumbashi [US Consulate General closed since October 1991]

Zaire



Lusaka [US Embassy]

Zambia



Luxembourg [US Embassy]

Luxembourg



Luzon

Philippines



Luzon Strait

Pacific Ocean



Lyon [US Consulate General]

France



M

Macao

Macau



Macedonia

Bulgaria



Macquarie Island

Australia



Madeira Islands

Portugal



Madras [US Consulate General]

India



Madrid [US Embassy]

Spain



Magellan, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Maghreb

Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia



Mahe Island

Seychelles



Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands)

Nicaragua



Majorca (Mallorca)

Spain



Majuro [US Embassy]

Marshall Islands



Makassar Strait

Pacific Ocean



Malabo [US Embassy]

Equatorial Guinea



Malacca, Strait of

Indian Ocean



Malaga [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Malagasy Republic

Madagascar



Male [US post not maintained, representation from Colombo, Sri Lanka]

Maldives



Mallorca (Majorca)

Spain



Malpelo, Isla de

Colombia



Malta Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Malvinas, Islas

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)



Mamoutzou

Mayotte



Managua [US Embassy]

Nicaragua



Manama [US Embassy]

Bahrain



Manaus [US Consular Agency]

Brazil



Manchukuo

China



Manchuria

China



Manila [US Embassy]

Philippines



Manipa Strait

Pacific Ocean



Mannar, Gulf of

Indian Ocean



Manua Islands

American Samoa



Maputo [US Embassy]

Mozambique



Maracaibo [US Consulate]

Venezuela



Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima)

Japan



Mariana Islands

Guam; Northern Mariana Islands



Marion Island

South Africa



Marmara, Sea of

Atlantic Ocean



Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises)

French Polynesia



Marseille [US Consulate General]

France



Martin Vaz, Ilhas

Brazil



Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)

Chile



Mascarene Islands

Mauritius; Reunion



Maseru [US Embassy]

Lesotho



Matamoros [US Consulate]

Mexico



Mata Utu

Wallis and Futuna



Mazatlan [US Consulate]

Mexico



Mbabane [US Embassy]

Swaziland



McDonald Islands

Heard Island and McDonald Islands



Medan [US Consulate]

Indonesia



Mediterranean Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Melbourne [US Consulate General]

Australia



Melilla

Spain



Mensk (Minsk)

Belarus



Merida [US Consulate]

Mexico



Messina, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Mexico [US Embassy]

Mexico



Mexico, Gulf of

Atlantic Ocean



Milan [US Consulate General]

Italy



Minami-tori-shima

Japan



Mindanao

Philippines



Mindoro Strait

Pacific Ocean



Minicoy Island

India



Minsk [US Embassy]

Belarus



Mogadishu [US Liaison Office]

Somalia



Moldovia

Moldova



Mombasa [US Consulate]

Kenya



Monaco

Monaco



Mona Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Monrovia [US Embassy]

Liberia



Montego Bay [US Consular Agency]

Jamaica



Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro



Monterrey [US Consulate General]

Mexico



Montevideo [US Embassy]

Uruguay



Montreal

[US Consulate General,

US Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)]

Canada



Moravian Gate

Czech Republic



Moroni [US Embassy]

Comoros



Mortlock Islands

Micronesia, Federated States of



Moscow [US Embassy]

Russia



Mozambique Channel

Indian Ocean



Mulege [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Munich [US Consulate General]

Germany



Musandam Peninsula

Oman; United Arab Emirates



Muscat [US Embassy]

Oman



Muscat and Oman

Oman



Myanma, Myanmar

Burma



N

Naha [US Consulate General]

Japan



Nairobi [US Embassy]

Kenya



Nampo-shoto

Japan



Naples [US Consulate General]

Italy



Nassau [US Embassy]

Bahamas, The



Natuna Besar Islands

Indonesia



N'Djamena [US Embassy]

Chad



Netherlands East Indies

Indonesia



Netherlands Guiana

Suriname



Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis



New Delhi [US Embassy]

India



Newfoundland

Canada



New Guinea

Indonesia; Papua New Guinea



New Hebrides

Vanuatu



New Siberian Islands

Russia



New Territories

Hong Kong



New York, New York [US Mission to the United Nations (USUN)]

United States



Niamey [US Embassy]

Niger



Nice [US Consular Agency]

France



Nicobar Islands

India



Nicosia [US Embassy]

Cyprus



Nightingale Island

Saint Helena



North Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean



North Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Northeast Providence Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Northern Epirus

Albania; Greece



Northern Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines



Northern Ireland

United Kingdom



Northern Rhodesia

Zambia



North Island

New Zealand



North Korea

Korea, North



North Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean



North Sea

Atlantic Ocean



North Vietnam

Vietnam



Northwest Passages

Arctic Ocean



North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)

Yemen



Norwegian Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Nouakchott [US Embassy]

Mauritania



Noumea

New Caledonia



Nuku' alofa

Tonga



Novaya Zemlya

Russia



Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate]

Mexico



Nuuk (Godthab)

Greenland



Nyasaland

Malawi



O

Oahu

United States



Oaxaca [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Ocean Island (Banaba)

Kiribati



Ocean Island (Kure Island)

United States



Ogaden

Ethiopia; Somalia



Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago)

British Indian Ocean Territory



Okhotsk, Sea of

Pacific Ocean



Okinawa

Japan



Oman, Gulf of

Indian Ocean



Ombai Strait

Pacific Ocean



Oporto [US Consulate]

Portugal



Oran [US Consulate]

Algeria



Oranjestad

Aruba



Oresund (The Sound)

Atlantic Ocean



Orkney Islands

United Kingdom



Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General]

Japan



Oslo [US Embassy]

Norway



Otranto, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Ottawa [US Embassy]

Canada



Ouagadougou [US Embassy]

Burkina



Outer Mongolia

Mongolia



P

Pagan

Northern Mariana Islands



Pago Pago

American Samoa



Palau

Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the



Palawan

Philippines



Palermo [US Consulate General]

Italy



Palk Strait

Indian Ocean



Palma de Mallorca [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Pamirs

China; Tajikistan



Panama [US Embassy]

Panama



Panama Canal

Panama



Panama, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Papeete

French Polynesia



Paramaribo [US Embassy]

Suriname



Parece Vela

Japan



Paris

[US Embassy, US Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific,

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]

France



Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island)

Chile



Passion, Ile de la

Clipperton Island



Pashtunistan

Afghanistan; Pakistan



Peking (Beijing)

China



Pemba Island

Tanzania



Pentland Firth

Atlantic Ocean



Perim

Yemen



Perouse Strait, La

Pacific Ocean



Persian Gulf

Indian Ocean



Perth [US Consulate General]

Australia



Pescadores

Taiwan



Peshawar [US Consulate]

Pakistan



Peter I Island

Antarctica



Philip Island

Norfolk Island



Philippine Sea

Pacific Ocean



Phnom Penh [US Embassy]

Cambodia



Phoenix Islands

Kiribati



Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud)

Cuba



Piura [US Consular Agency]

Peru



Pleasant Island

Nauru



Plymouth

Montserrat



Ponape (Pohnpei)

Micronesia



Ponta Delgada [US Consulate]

Portugal



Port-au-Prince [US Embassy]

Haiti



Port Louis [US Embassy]

Mauritius



Port Moresby [US Embassy]

Papua New Guinea



Porto Alegre [US Consulate]

Brazil



Port-of-Spain [US Embassy]

Trinidad and Tobago



Porto-Novo

Benin



Port Said [US Consular Agency]

Egypt



Portuguese Guinea

Guinea-Bissau



Portuguese Timor (East Timor)

Indonesia



Port-Vila

Vanuatu



Poznan [US Consulate General]

Poland



Prague [US Embassy]

Czech Republic



Praia [US Embassy]

Cape Verde



Pretoria [US Embassy]

South Africa



Pribilof Islands

United States



Prince Edward Island

Canada



Prince Edward Islands

South Africa



Prince Patrick Island

Canada



Principe

Sao Tome and Principe



Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency]

Dominican Republic



Puerto Vallarta [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Pusan [US Consulate]

Korea, South



P'yongyang

Korea, North



Q

Quebec [US Consulate General]

Canada



Queen Charlotte Islands

Canada



Queen Elizabeth Islands

Canada



Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway]

Antarctica



Quito [US Embassy]

Ecuador



R

Rabat [US Embassy]

Morocco



Ralik Chain

Marshall Islands



Rangoon [US Embassy]

Burma



Ratak Chain

Marshall Islands



Recife [US Consulate]

Brazil



Redonda

Antigua and Barbuda



Red Sea

Indian Ocean



Revillagigedo Island

United States



Revillagigedo Islands

Mexico



Reykjavik [US Embassy]

Iceland



Rhodes

Greece



Rhodesia

Zimbabwe



Rhodesia, Northern

Zambia



Rhodesia, Southern

Zimbabwe



Riga [US Embassy]

Latvia



Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate General]

Brazil



Rio de Oro

Western Sahara



Rio Muni

Equatorial Guinea



Riyadh [US Embassy]

Saudi Arabia



Road Town

British Virgin Islands



Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas a Tierra)

Chile



Rocas, Atol das

Brazil



Rockall [disputed]

United Kingdom



Rodrigues

Mauritius



Rome

[US Embassy, US Mission to the UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)]

Italy



Roncador Cay

Colombia



Roosevelt Island

Antarctica



Roseau

Dominica



Ross Dependency [claimed by New Zealand]

Antarctica



Ross Island

Antarctica



Ross Sea

Antarctica



Rota

Northern Mariana Islands



Rotuma

Fiji



Ryukyu Islands

Japan



S

Saba

Netherlands Antilles



Sabah

Malaysia



Sable Island

Canada



Sahel

Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,

Senegal



Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)

Vietnam



Saint Brandon

Mauritius



Saint Christopher and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis



Saint-Denis

Reunion



Saint George's [US Embassy]

Grenada



Saint George's Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Saint Heliar

Jersey



Saint John's [US Embassy]

Antigua and Barbuda



Saint Lawrence, Gulf of

Atlantic Ocean



Saint Lawrence Island

United States



Saint Lawrence Seaway

Atlantic Ocean



Saint Martin

Guadeloupe



Saint Martin (Sint Maarten)

Netherlands Antilles



Saint Paul Island

Canada



Saint Paul Island

United States



Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands



Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo)

Brazil



Saint Peter Port

Guernsey



Saint Petersburg [US Consulate]

Russia



Saint-Pierre

Saint Pierre and Miguelon



Saint Vincent Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Saipan

Northern Mariana Islands



Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin)

Russia



Sala y Gomez, Isla

Chile



Salisbury (Harare)

Zimbabwe



Salvador de Bahia [US Consular Agency]

Brazil



Salzburg [US Consulate General]

Austria



Sanaa [US Embassy]

Yemen



San Ambrosio

Chile



San Andres y Providencia, Archipielago

Colombia



San Bernardino Strait

Pacific Ocean



San Felix, Isla

Chile



San Jose [US Embassy]

Costa Rica



San Juan

Puerto Rico



San Luis Potosi [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



San Marino

San Marino



San Miguel Allende [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



San Salvador [US Embassy]

El Salvador



Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency]

Bolivia



Santa Cruz Islands

Solomon Islands



Santiago [US Embassy]

Chile



Santo Domingo [US Embassy]

Dominican Republic



Sao Luis [US Consular Agency]

Brazil



Sao Paulo [US Consulate General]

Brazil



Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de

Brazil



Sao Tome

Sao Tome and Principe



Sapporo [US Consulate General]

Japan



Sapudi Strait

Indian Ocean



Sarajevo

Bosnia and Herzegovina



Sarawak

Malaysia



Sardinia

Italy



Sargasso Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Sark

Guernsey



Scotia Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Scotland

United Kingdom



Scott Island

Antarctica



Senyavin Islands

Micronesia, Federated States of

Seoul [US Embassy]

Korea, South



Serbia

Serbia and Montenegro



Serrana Bank

Colombia



Serranilla Bank

Colombia



Settlement, The

Christmas Island



Severnaya Zemlya (Northland)

Russia



Seville [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Shag Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands



Shag Rocks

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)



Shanghai [US Consulate General]

China



Shenyang [US Consulate General]

China



Shetland Islands

United Kingdom



Shikoku

Japan



Shikotan (Shikotan-to)

Japan



Siam

Thailand



Sibutu Passage

Pacific Ocean



Sicily

Italy



Sicily, Strait of

Atlantic Ocean



Sikkim

India



Sinai

Egypt



Singapore [US Embassy]

Singapore



Singapore Strait

Pacific Ocean



Sinkiang (Xinjiang)

China



Sint Eustatius

Netherlands Antilles



Sint Maarten (Saint Martin)

Netherlands Antilles



Skagerrak

Atlantic Ocean



Skopje

Macedonia



Society Islands (Iles de la Societe)

French Polynesia



Socotra

Yemen



Sofia [US Embassy]

Bulgaria



Solomon Islands, northern

Papua New Guinea



Solomon Islands, southern

Solomon Islands



Soloman Sea

Pacific Ocean



Songkhla [US Consulate]

Thailand



Sound, The (Oresund)

Atlantic Ocean



South Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean



South China Sea

Pacific Ocean



Southern Grenadines

Grenada



Southern Rhodesia

Zimbabwe



South Georgia

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands



South Island

New Zealand



South Korea

Korea, South



South Orkney Islands

Antarctica



South Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean



South Sandwich Islands

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands



South Shetland Islands

Antarctica



South Tyrol

Italy



South Vietnam

Vietnam



South-West Africa

Namibia



South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)

Yemen



Soviet Union

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, Uzbekistan



Spanish Guinea

Equatorial Guinea



Spanish Sahara

Western Sahara



Spitsbergen

Svalbard



Stanley

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)



Stockholm [US Embassy]

Sweden



Strasbourg [US Consulate General]

France



Stuttgart [US Consulate General]

Germany



Suez, Gulf of

Indian Ocean



Sulu Archipelago

Philippines



Sulu Sea

Pacific Ocean



Sumatra

Indonesia



Sumba

Indonesia



Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles)

Indonesia; Malaysia



Sunda Strait

Indian Ocean



Surabaya [US Consulate]

Indonesia



Surigao Strait

Pacific Ocean



Surinam

Suriname



Suva [US Embassy]

Fiji



Swains Island

American Samoa



Swan Islands

Honduras



Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia



T

Tahiti

French Polynesia



Taipei

Taiwan



Taiwan Strait

Pacific Ocean



Tallin [US Embassy]

Estonia



Tampico [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Tanganyika

Tanzania



Tangier

Morocco



Tarawa

Kiribati



Tartar Strait

Pacific Ocean



Tashkent [US Embassy]

Uzbekistan



Tasmania

Australia



Tasman Sea

Pacific Ocean



Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra)

Russia



Tegucigalpa [US Embassy]

Honduras



Tehran [US post not maintained, representation by Swiss Embassy]

Iran



Tel Aviv [US Embassy]

Israel



Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) [claimed by France]

Antarctica



Thailand, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Thessaloniki [US Consulate General]

Greece



Thimphu

Bhutan



Thurston Island

Antarctica



Tibet (Xizang)

China



Tibilisi (Tbilisi) [US Embassy]

Georgia



Tierra del Fuego

Argentina; Chile



Tijuana [US Consulate General]

Mexico



Timor

Indonesia



Timor Sea

Indian Ocean



Tinian

Northern Mariana Islands



Tiran, Strait of

Indian Ocean



Tirane [US Embassy]

Albania



Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago



Tokyo [US Embassy]

Japan



Tonkin, Gulf of

Pacific Ocean



Toronto [US Consulate General]

Canada



Torres Strait

Pacific Ocean



Torshavn

Faroe Islands



Toshkent (Tashkent)

Uzbekistan



Transjordan

Jordan



Transkei

South Africa



Transylvania

Romania



Trieste [US Consular Agency]

Italy



Trindade, Ilha de

Brazil



Tripoli [US post not maintained, representation by Belgian Embassy]

Libya



Tristan da Cunha Group

Saint Helena



Trobriand Islands

Papua New Guinea



Trucial States

United Arab Emirates



Truk Islands

Micronesia



Tsugaru Strait

Pacific Ocean



Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu)

French Polynesia



Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai)

French Polynesia



Tunis [US Embassy]

Tunisia



Turin

Italy



Turkish Straits

Atlantic Ocean



Turkmeniya

Turkmenistan



Turks Island Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Tyrol, South

Italy



Tyrrhenian Sea

Atlantic Ocean



U

Udorn [US Consulate]

Thailand



Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy]

Mongolia



Ullung-do

Korea, South



Unimak Pass [strait]

Pacific Ocean



Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, Uzbekistan



United Arab Republic

Egypt; Syria



Upper Volta

Burkina



USSR

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, Uzbekistan



V

Vaduz [US post not maintained, representation from Zurich,

Switzerland]

Liechtenstein



Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan)

Afghanistan



Valencia [US Consular Agency]

Spain



Valletta [US Embassy]

Malta



Valley, The

Anguilla



Vancouver [US Consulate General]

Canada



Vancouver Island

Canada



Van Diemen Strait

Pacific Ocean



Vatican City [US Embassy]

Holy See



Velez de la Gomera, Penon de

Spain



Venda

South Africa



Veracruz [US Consular Agency]

Mexico



Verde Island Passage

Pacific Ocean



Victoria [US Embassy]

Seychelles



Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to International Organizations in Vienna

(UNVIE)]

Austria



Vientiane [US Embassy]

Laos



Vilnius [US Embassy]

Lithuania



Vladivostok [US Consulate]

Russia



Volcano Islands

Japan



Vostok Island

Kiribati



Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island)

Russia



W

Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan Corridor)

Afghanistan



Wales

United Kingdom



Walvis Bay

South Africa



Warsaw [US Embassy]

Poland



Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission of the USA to the Organization of

American States (OAS)]

United States



Weddell Sea

Atlantic Ocean



Wellington [US Embassy]

New Zealand



Western Channel (West Korea Strait)

Pacific Ocean



West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)

Germany



West Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands



West Korea Strait (Western Channel)

Pacific Ocean



West Pakistan

Pakistan



Wetar Strait

Pacific Ocean



White Sea

Arctic Ocean



Willemstad

Netherlands Antilles



Windhoek [US Embassy]

Namibia



Windward Passage

Atlantic Ocean



Winnipeg [US Consular Agency]

Canada



Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya)

Russia [de facto]



Y

Yamoussoukro

Cote d'Ivoire



Yaounde [US Embassy]

Cameroon



Yap Islands

Micronesia



Yellow Sea

Pacific Ocean



Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]

Yemen



Yemen Arab Republic

Yemen



Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic]

Yemen



Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic]

Yemen



Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of

Yemen



Yemen, South [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]

Yemen



Yerevan [US Embassy]

Armenia



Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud)

Cuba



Yucatan Channel

Atlantic Ocean



Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia



Z

Zagreb [US Embassy]

Croatia



Zanzibar

Tanzania



Zurich [US Consulate General]

Switzerland



***End of the Project Gutenberg Edition of the 1993 World Factbook





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